Multimorbidity（referred to as comorbidity）has become an increasingly prominent global public health challenge，and the traditional single-disease diagnosis and treatment model struggles to address its complexity.Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM），with its holistic concept，syndrome differentiation-based treatment，and preventive treatment theories，demonstrates unique advantages in the prevention and management of comorbidity.This article systematically reviews the evolution of the concept of comorbidity，the current status of western medical diagnosis and treatment，and the problems it faces，such as unclear mechanisms，diagnostic difficulties，limited interventions，polypharmacy，and a lack of assessment tools，and proposes research strategies for TCM in addressing comorbidity.The discussion focuses on key aspects including the core pathogenesis and syndrome characteristics of comorbidity，the establishment of syndrome diagnostic criteria，individualized intervention strategies，the development of tools for efficacy and prognosis evaluation，emphasizing the research ideas of″combining disease pattern and syndrome pattern″and″guiding disease treatment with syndromes″.The aim is to provide theoretical foundations and methodological support for clinical research on comorbidity in TCM.

Objective:To explore the traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）syndromes and the distribution patterns of syndrome elements in elderly sarcopenia through literature analysis，providing a theoretical basis for clinical syndrome differentiation and treatment.Methods:Clinical research literature on TCMsyndromes of sarcopenia was retrieved from CNKI，PubMed，and Wanfang databases.Syndrome elements，basic syndromes and symptom information were screened and extracted from the literature.An Excel database was established and frequency analysis was performed，while factor analysis，cluster analysis，and complex network analysis were conducted using SPSS，Origin，and Gephi software.Results:A total of 71 studies were ultimately included.After standardization，51 types of TCM syndromes were identified，involving 14 pathogenic factors and 9 lesion locations.The distribution of syndromes was mainly characterized by Spleen-Stomach deficiency and Spleen-Kidney deficiency syndromes；deficiency-related pathogenic factors were primarily Qi deficiency，Yin deficiency，Yang deficiency，Essence deficiency，and blood deficiency，while excess-related syndrome elements were mainly Dampness，blood stasis，Heat，and Phlegm；lesion locations were mainly the Spleen，Kidney，Stomach，Liver，and meridians. Core symptoms and signs included fatigue，weakness of limbs，lassitude，poor appetite，muscle atrophy，loose stools，soreness of the waist and knees，shortness of breath，pale tongue，and thin pulse.Pathogenic factor clustering resulted in five categories:Spleen-Stomach Qi deficiency syndrome，Liver-Kidney deficiency syndrome，Yin-Yang deficiency syndrome，Damp-Heat infiltration syndrome，and Phlegm-stasis interlocking syndrome. Conclusion:The fundamental pathogenesis of sarcopenia in the elderly is Spleen-Stomach deficiency.The syndromes show a mixture of deficiency and excess in characteristics，mainly deficiency syndromes，while Damp-Heat and Phlegm-stasis are important pathological products.

Objective:The purpose of this study is to analyze the medication patterns of Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）in the treatment of sarcopenia in the elderly using data mining，and to explore the mechanism of action of the core drug combination for sarcopenia through network pharmacology.Methods:A database was established using relevant literature sourced from Chinese and English databases such as CNKI，WanFang Data，VIP Journal Full-text Database and PubMed.The drug frequency and flavor meridian analysis were orgenized.Medication patterns were investigated based on frequency analysis，association rule analysis，cluster analysis，and complex network analysis.Network pharmacology was applied to elucidate the mechanism of action of the core drug combination in treating sarcopenia.Results:A total of 40 prescriptions involving 117 Chinese medicinal herbs with a cumulative frequency of 450 were included.The high-frequency drugs were respectively Baizhu（Atractylodes macrocephala），Gancao（Glycyrrhizae Radix），Fuling（Poria），Huangqi（Astragali Radix），Dangshen（Codonopsis Radix）.The majority of herbs were sweet and pungent in taste，warm and neutral in nature，and primarily associated with the Liver，Spleen，and Kidney meridians.Ten categories of herbs were involved.Association rule analysis revealed a high lift value between Baizhu（Atractylodes macrocephala）and Gancao（Glycyrrhizae Radix）. Cluster analysis categorized high-frequency herbs into three groups，and complex network analysis identified a core drug combination comprising Baizhu（Atractylodes macrocephala），Gancao（Glycyrrhizae Radix），Fuling（Poria），Dangshen（Codonopsis Radix），Chenpi（Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae）and Huangqi（Astragali Radix）.The core drug combination was found to involve 296 compounds and 118 potential targets in the treatment of sarcopenia in the elderly，with pathways such as adipocytokine signaling pathway，longevity regulating pathway，and insulin resistance being closely related.Molecular docking results showed that key active compounds like Vitamin D3，Emodin，and Calycosin had high binding activity with critical target proteins. Conclusion:The clinical use of TCMfor sarcopenia in the elderly focuses on the Spleen as the core，emphasizing the simultaneous replenishment of qi and blood，as well as the harmonization of liver and kidney functions，while also attending to blood circulation and removing blood stasis.The core drug combination may ameliorate sarcopenia through regulating lipid metabolism and inflammation-related pathways via multiple pathways and targets.

Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive decline of muscle mass，strength，and physical function，and its pathological changes are closely related to tissues such as muscles，bones，and tendons.The five organs dominate the five bodily tissues. Bones，tendons，and muscles，as the core of the musculoskeletal system，are closely related to the liver，spleen，and kidneys.The coordination of these three organs maintains normal physical function.Deficiency or damage in the Liver，Spleen，and Kidney can lead to malnutrition of bones，tendons，and muscles，thereby inducing degenerative diseases such as sarcopenia.The Spleen governs the transformation and transportation of flesh，the Kidney stores Essence and governs bones，and the Liver stores blood and governs tendons.The three organs coordinate to maintain the physiological balance of the musculoskeletal system.Age-related deficiency of the Liver，Spleen，and Kidney is the core pathogenesis of sarcopenia，described as ″weak bones-withered tendons-atrophied muscles″. Clinically，based on the ho listic view of bones，tendons，and muscles in traditional Chinese medicine，an intervention strategy for sarcopenia is proposed:″harmonize the Liver，Spleen and Kidney，and treat bones，tendons，and muscles simultaneously″.This approach uses internal administration of Chinese herbal formulas combined with external treatments such as acupuncture，moxibustion and traditional Gongfu exercises，aimed at improving muscle atrophy and functional decline.It works by coordinating the Liver，Spleen and Kidney to regulate the production and distribution of Essence，blood and body Fluid，thereby ameliorating malnutrition in bones，tendons and muscles.

Objective:To systematically review the disease names and symptom terminology related to sarcopenia in ancient medical texts and to establish standardized traditional Chinese medicine recommended terminology for sarcopenia.Methods:According to standards such as Clinical Terminology ofTraditional Chinese Medicine and Classification and Codes ofTCM Diseases and Symptoms，vocabulary related to flesh，tendons，and bones was selected as search terms and searched in the 5th edition of Zhong Hua Yi Dian database.The retrieved entries were standardized through deduplication，review，information completion，and unification of variant characters，and then recorded in an Excel program following the template″year-author-book-chapter-original text″to build the″Ancient Medical Text Corpus for Sarcopenia″database.Following the principles of terminology standardization，TCMterms were extracted from the corpus，preferred terms and synonyms were determined，meanings were analyzed based on sarcopenia diagnostic criteria，and after usability evaluation，recommended terms and definitions were finalized to complete the standardization.Results:A total of 3732 entries related to sarcopenia were obtained from 1156 ancient TCMtexts，from which 154 TCMterms were extracted and 14 recommended terms for sarcope nia were formed. Conclusion:Five disease name terms（Rouwei，Zhiwei，Rouji，Tuorou，Roushuo）and nine symptom terms（Rouxiao，Rouhuan，Rouxian，Pojiong，Xieyi，Duoye，quadriplegia，limping，hand and foot dysfunction）were proposed as recommended normalized TCMterms for sarcopenia.

Objective:To screen differentially expressed genes associated with cuproptosis in alcoholic liver cirrhosis using bioinformatics methods，explore their mechanisms of action，and identify traditional Chinese medicines with potential therapeutic effects.Methods:Datasets of patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis meeting the criteria were selected from the GEO database.Differentially expressed genes（DEGs）were identified using software analysis，followed by KEGG pathway analysis and protein-protein interaction（PPI）network analysis to screen key genes.Random forest and SVMmodels，commonly used in machine learning，were applied to study the key genes. In addition，literature was reviewed to obtain cuproptosis-related genes（CRGs）.The DEGs and CRGs were intersected to identify core genes associated with cuproptosis，followed by GSEA enrichment analysis. Core genes retrieved from the Coremine database were used to predict therapeutic Chinese herbs.Results:By screening gene chips GSE167308 and GSE142530，278 DEGs were obtained.Through further selection via PPI and validation with GSE143318，10 key genes were identified.Literature review collected 38 CRGs，and the intersection yielded 2 cuproptosis core genes-CDKN2A（Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2）and PLAT（Plasminogen Activator）.GSEA analysis indicated that the core genes are closely associated with linoleic acid metabolism，amino acid biosynthesis，arginine biosynthesis，HIF-1 signaling pathway，phenylalanine metabolism，and others. Chinese herbs such as Huci（Indian damnacanthus herb），Fengfang（Honeycomb），Diren（Melastoma dode candrum lour），Xiazhicao（Lagopsis supina），Hudilong（Lumbricus）and Qishe（Agkistrodon acutus）were identified through database search，and the attributes of the herbs including their four Qi，five Flavor，and meridian tropism were summarized. Conclusion:CDKN2A and PLAT are core genes related to cuproptosis in alcoholic cirrhosis.Prediction identified 35 Chinese herbs，which may serve as potential treatments for alcoholic cirrhosis.

Multidrug resistance（MDR）in tumors is a key reason for the failure of clinical chemotherapy and severely limits the expected efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs.Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）has a clear therapeutic value in reversing drug resistance，manifested in reducing resistance proteins，inhibiting mutant genes，and enhancing cellular sensitivity.The treatment of chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer can be approached based on the four pathological factors of″Phlegm，″″blood stasis，″″Toxin″，and ″deficiency.″At the microscopic level，Chinese medicine formulas and extracts can effectively regulate resistance proteins such as P-glycoprotein（P-gp），multidrug resistance-associated protein（MRP），and lung resistance-associated protein（LRP）；specific enzymes such as GST-π，ToPoⅡ，PKC；and the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes Bax，Bcl-2，and p53，thereby exerting therapeutic effects in reversing chemotherapy resistance.Future basic research on TCMin reversing drug resistance may focus on the ″classical pathway″，″non-classical pathway″，and ″apoptotic pathway″，designing resistance proteins，specific enzymes，and apoptosis genes as research targets，which could form a more comprehensive efficacy evaluation system. By exploring related signaling pathways along these three pathways，potential mechanisms for reversing drug resistance may be identified，aiming to reveal the objective molecular biological mechanisms of tumor multidrug resistance（MDR）.

Alzheimer's disease（AD）and osteoporosis（OP）are both related to the brain and correspond to the traditional Chinese medicine categories of″dementia″and″bone atrophy″，respectively.In traditional Chinese medicine，the brain is considered the sea of marrow，governing all the body's marrow.The brain marrow and bone marrow are interconnected；when the sea of marrow is abundant，the mind is vigorous，and the tendons and bones are strong and healthy.Insufficient marrow sea can lead to an inadequacy of brain marrow and bone marrow，potentially causing ″dementia″and ″osteoporosis″.Therefore，possible common pathogenic factors for AD and OP include β-amyloid deposition，estrogen deficiency，oxidative stress，vitamin deficiency，and APOE-ε4 gene expression.Exploring the correlation between AD and OP may broaden strategies for the prevention and treatment of both conditions.

The obstruction of the vertical orifice after stroke is closely related to the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis as well as the pathogenesis of″Toxin-damaged cerebral collaterals″.Marked by Wind，Fire，Phlegm，blood stasis，and Toxin，with disrupted Qi circulation as the root cause，detoxifying and opening the Fu is an important therapeutic principle for post-stroke vertical orifice obstruction.The brain，the Spleen and Stomach and the intestine are relatively unified in both function and structure:physiologically，they are generally interconnected in terms of meridian Qi circulation，Zang and Fu functions as well as the generation of fine substances；pathologically，post-stroke brain symptoms can affect intestinal responses，leading to a series of gastrointestinal complications. Conversely，gastrointestinal dysfunction can disturb the brain's orifices，causing a loss of mental ability.As an initiating factor，Wind，Fire，Phlegm，stasis and Toxins coagulate intractably and ascend to attack the brain，damaging cerebral collaterals.Through the bridge function of the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis，this circulates throughout the body，causing viscera obstruction，and subsequently impairing both physical and mental aspects of the body. Clinically，emphasis should be placed on detoxifying and dredging the Fu，with acupuncture and medicine，and harmonizing the relationship between body and mind.In stroke，the disease is in the brain，but the treatment of dredging the Fu targets the stomach and intestines.Treating the upper disease from the lower organs，and descending the Yang ming meridian，allows the toxins ascending to the brain collaterals to be cleared via the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis，which effectively refreshes，promotes the circulation of Qi and blood，supports the Zheng Qi and benefits patient's recovery.

The theory of″warming with Qi for those with insufficient form″was first proposed in Huang Di Nei Jing，which means that the method of warming Yang and replenishing Qi can be applied to treat deficiency-type diseases caused by a decline of patients'Yang Qi.Elderly insomnia is often primarily caused by a deficiency of form and Qi，with the latter being the key pathological mechanism.Deficiency of Qi in the Five Zang can damage the Five Shen，leading to different types of insomnia.However，diagnosing insomnia should not be confined to ″deficiency″alone.According to the clinical manifestations of elderly insomnia，treatment can be applied separately through five warming methods:warming Lung Qi，warming Heart Qi，warming Spleen Qi，warming Liver Qi as well as warming Kidney Qi.Warming Lung Qi to nourish the Po，i.e.with Bufei Decoction along with Lung-dispersing herbs such as Jiegeng（Platycodon）；warming heart Qi to nourish the Shen，i.e.with Guizhi Gancao Longgu Muli Decoction combined with blood-activating herbs such as Danshen（Salvia）and Danggui（Angelica）；warming Spleen Qi to nourish Yi，i.e.with Guipi Decoction along with stomach-harmonizing herbs such as Shanzha（Hawthorn）and Jineijin（Chicken's gizzard lining）；warming Liver Qi to nourish Hun，i.e.with Wumei Pill combined with liver-soothing herbs such as Chaihu（Bupleurum）and Xiangfu（Cyperus）；warming Kidney Qi to nourish Zhi，i.e.with Jingui Shenqi Pill along with heavy-settling herbs such as Longgu（Ossa draconis）and Muli（Oyster）.

Bladder cancer should be treated from perspective of Middle Qi，focusing on the deficiency or excess of the Middle Qi to guide the treatment according to the disease pattern.On the one hand，the method of supporting the Zheng Qi can be used to tonify the Middle Qi，thereby replenishing the vital energy，balancing the body's Qi and blood as well as the Yin and Yang，enhancing the body's anti-cancer ability，reconstructing the internal environment，and eliminating the cancer Toxins and their physical basis.On the other hand，according to the specific symptoms，the method of removing pathogenic factors，with the principle of″eliminating the stasis and Toxins，and the vital Qi returning″being used，to regulate the Middle Qi and eliminate tumors，achieving anti-tumor effects and stopping hematuria.For patients who do not meet surgical indications or have recurrent and metastatic disease，efforts are made to achieve tumor-bearing survival and prolong the co-existence of human and tumor.For patients with physical weakness after surgery，radiotherapy，or chemotherapy，supporting the Zheng Qi and relieving deficiency aim to improve patients'quality of life and extend their lifespan.In summary，treatment requires balancing the methods of supporting the Zheng Qi and attacking the pathogenic factors，targeting the tangible while dispersing the intangible，according to the pattern to ensure the harmonious condition of Yin and Yang as well as Qi and blood，guaranteeing the removal of pathogenic factors without harming the Zheng Qi，and supporting the Zheng Qi to enhance its effectiveness.

″San Yin Jie Wei Zhi Shui″is a highly summarized explanation of the pathogenesis of edema in Su Wen·Ying Yang Bie Lun，which has influenced the treatment theories of Dampness-related diseases in later generations.This theory means that edema results from the dysfunction of the Lung，Spleen，and Kidney Qi mechanisms，leading to abnormal Water metabolism.Similarly，diabetic nephropathy edema is characterized by ″deficiency of Zheng Qi and excess of the Evil Factors″inducing the dysfunction of the Lung，Spleen，and Kidney Qi mechanisms and then the accumulation of Water.The specific pathophysiological changes of the ″San Yin Jie″are as follows:Heat injures Qi and Yin，external pathogens invade the Lung，the Lung loses its Qi dispersing and descending function，and dredging and regulating dysfunctions of the Lung are brought about，leading to Water accumulation；When there is Spleen deficiency with Damp-Heat syndrome，mutual accumulation of Dampness and stasis is caused，which damages Qi and Yin，causing abnormal transportation and accumulation of Water；Kidney deficiency with blood stasis，internal accumulation of masses and Wind concealing in the collaterals induce impaired Qi Hua and Water accumulation.The three Zang often suffer simultaneously，so treatment should be carried out to clarify the pathogenesis，address the multiple Zang，with therapies such as strengthening the Spleen and tonifying the Kidney as well as relieving Dampness and activating blood circulation to achieve ideal therapeutic effects.

The saying of″Food stagnation，Water retention and improper living circumstances being root of disease″comes from Su Wen ·Bi Lun，which means that diet is also an important factor in the occurrence of Bi syndrome.If diet is imbalanced，the internal organs become disharmonious，the skin and interstices lose their proper function opening and closing，and the acupoints are not firm enough to protect the Evil Factors，which leads to the three pathogenic energies of Wind，Cold，and Dampness to invade，to flow into the Zang and Fu organs，and to generate disease.In the early onset of rheumatoid arthritis（RA），the etiology and pathogenesis are due to dietary obstruction，stagnation of Qi and accumulation of Dampness，leading to stasis and Bi syndrome.During the active stage，it is caused by prolonged dietary accumulation，damage to the Yang of the Middle Jiao，and the Damp-Heat and blood stasis obstruction.During remission period，it is characterized by deficiency of the Zang and Fu organs，deficiency of the Zheng Qi with excess pathogenic factors，and lingering obstruction causing Bi syndrome. Clinical treatment of Bi syndrome should be based on the retention of pathogenic factors from food and drink to promote digestion，regulate Qi to relieve Dampness，unblocking the meridians，and removing Bi syndrome.Treatment should also combine differentiation according to the strength of pathogens and the condition of the organs to apply methods such as resolving Dampness，promoting blood circulation，tonifying deficiency，and tonifying Yang to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.In the early stage of RA，treatment should focus on promoting digestion，regulating Qi and transforming Dampness，unblocking the meridians，and removing Bi syndrome，by using Dayangwei Decoction combined with Zhizhong Decoction；in the active stage，treatment should focus on resolving stagnation，expelling retained fluids，tonifying the Stomach and tonifying Yang，eliminating Dampness-Heat and blood stasis，by using Shizao Decoction combined with Shengyang Sanhuo Decoction；in the remission stage，treatment should focus on tonifying the Zang and Fu organs，supporting the Zheng Qi to expel pathogens，removing stagnation and Bi syndrome，by using Wubi Shanyao Pill or Anshen Pill.

The Du meridian acupoints，Beishu acupoints and Jiaji acupoints，which are interconnected and possess continuous functional effects，have overlapping meridian energy circulation.Together，they form a synergistic and related holistic system that can regulate Zang and Fu disorders and reflect on the body surface，referred to as″Du meridian in broad sense″. Based on the segmental rules of the″Du meridian in broad sense″，the corresponding relationship between it and the Zang and Fu diseases can be roughly divided as follows:T1-T6 region is the segmental area governing cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions；T6-L2 region is the segmental area governing digestive system disorders；below L2 is the segmental area governing urinary and reproductive conditions.The ″Du meridian in broad sense″theory combines the traditional Chinese medicine concepts of″Shang Jing Shang and Xia Jing Xia″of the holographic theory，expanding the application of classical meridian theory in clinical acupuncture diagnosis and treatment. By integrating modern medical understanding of the segmental nerve control of visceral organ functions，evidence supporting the segmental effects of acupuncture treatment on visceral diseases is reinforced. Based on classical meridian -based point selection principles，the ″Du meridian in broad sense″theory emphasizes the significance of point selection according to spinal nerve segment control and explores the diagnostic and therapeutic value of relevant local acupoint sensitization.

The Shaoyang is considered the pivot，when the Shaoyang pivot functions smoothly，it can open and close properly，thus harmonizing the Yin and Yang of the exterior and interior.When the Shaoyang pivot is not functioning well，it affects the Spleen and Stomach in the Middle Jiao and disrupts the balance between Wood and Earth，leading to insufficient generation of Qi and blood，and abnormal opening and closing due to the influence of Taiyang，which results in dysfunction of impaired Yang energy warming the internal organs.Professor Li Xian，with the theory of″Shaoyang acting as the pivot″as a starting point，believes that improper diet，overwork，excessive intake of cold and raw foods，and emotional stress are major causes of ulcerative colitis.The dysfunction of the Shaoyang pivot and imbalance of Qi and blood are the key pathological mechanisms.Treatment should focus on regulating the Shaoyang pivot，supplemented by methods to tonify Qi and blood，to harmonize Cold and Heat，and to facilitate the smooth flow between Liver and Spleen.Psychological guidance and health education are also provided to treat both body and mind，restoring the operation of the Shaoyang pivot and harmonizing Qi and blood，leading to recovery and peace for the patient.

Dysregulation of the mitochondrial quality control（MQC）system is a key factor in the development of post-arrest myocardial dysfunction（PAMD）.Traditional Chinese medicine can target the regulation of the mitochondrial quality control system through mechanisms such as mitochondrial biogenesis，mitochondrial dynamics，mitochondrial energy metabolism，calcium overload，mitochondrial oxidative stress，and mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis，thereby preventing and treating post-arrest myocardial dysfunction.The treatment is notable for its efficacy and advantages of multi-component，multi-target，and multi-level action.Targeting MQC to restore cellular homeostasis has become an important research direction for the prevention and treatment of PAMD.However，the following issues still exist in this field:In the MQC system，apart from the main pathways，other regulatory mechanisms remain unclear and require further investigation；research on TCMinterventions in MQC is still in its early stages，with the drug targets and mechanisms not yet fully understood，necessitating further analysis of their multi-component and multi-target regulatory mechanisms using techniques such as bioinformatics and molecular docking；most existing studies are based on animal or cell experiments，and future efforts should focus on strengthening clinical translational research to promote the translation of basic research findings into clinical treatment strategies，providing a more solid theoretical basis and practical support for TCMprevention and treatment of PAMD.

Atherosclerosis（AS）is fundamentally rooted in Qi deficiency，with phlegm and blood stasis as its key pathological products. The mutual entanglement of phlegm and blood stasis leading to vascular obstruction is its main pathological manifestation.Effective monomers，herbal pairs，and compound prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine that tonify Qi，resolve phlegm，activate blood，and unblock collaterals can intervene in the progression of AS through mechanisms such as anti-inflammation，antioxidation，regulation of lipid metabolism，inhibition of cell apoptosis，and improvement of vascular endothelial function，demonstrating the significant advantages of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of AS.The method of benefiting Qi，resolving phlegm，and removing stasis serves as a potential strategy for early intervention in AS and plays an important role in preventing complications such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.In the future，the methodology and evaluation system for integrating traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）syndromes with animal models should be further improved. By incorporating findings from modern medical research，the mechanisms of″Qi deficiency，Phlegm and blood stasis″should be explored in depth.At the same time，multicenter，large -sample clinical trials should be conducted to uncover the correlation rules between TCMsyndromes and modern medicine，aiming to provide objective evidence and new insights for the early prevention of atherosclerosis，drug development，optimization of TCM diagnostic and treatment standards，and individualized therapy.

The microbiota-gut-brain axis（MGBA）plays an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of post-stroke depression（PSD）.The gut microbiota，as a key regulatory factor of this pathway，participates in the onset of PSD through neural，endocrine，metabolic，and immune systems，and maintains bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut.Research indicates that traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）can act on the MGBA through multiple pathways.Single herbs such as Chaihu（Bupleurum），Roucongrong（Cistanches Herba）and Ciwujia（Acanthopanax root）can regulate the gut microbiota，inhibit inflammation，and modulate the HPA axis. Compound formulas，such as Xiaoyao Powder and Chaigui Granule，can increase short-chain fatty acids，regulate amino acid metabolism，and collaboratively restore neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factor levels.Animal experiments have confirmed that TCM monomers and compound preparations can regulate the overall function of the gut microbiota. Combined with dietary interventions and gut microbiota transplantation，they can regulate the proportion of beneficial and harmful bacteria，restoring microbial structure and metabolic balance.In the future，it is necessary to explore how traditional Chinese medicine can target the gut microbiota and transform its active components to exert biological effects，promote multidisciplinary and multi-target research，clarify the pathogenesis of PSD，enhance fecal microbiota transplantation and Chinese medicine-microbiota co-culture techniques，and systematically validate the value of the MGBA in individualized and precise treatment of PSD by integrating animal experiments with clinical practice.

Endothelial-mesenchymal transition（EndMT）plays a key role in the pathological development of atherosclerosis（AS）by contributing to plaque fibrosis and affecting plaque instability.It is crucial in the onset，progression，and outcome of AS.In-depth exploration of the potential regulatory mechanisms of EndMT in unstable plaques can aid early intervention and delay AS progression.Active compounds，derivatives，and classical prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine can regulate endothelial cell function through various pathways，such as modulating the release of vascular active substances，antioxidative stress，anti-inflammatory effects，and balancing coagulation and anticoagulation systems，showing advantages in multiple targets and processes in the prevention and treatment of AS.The classical prescription Danshen Drink can inhibit EndMT through the LASP1/PI3K/AKT signaling axis，providing new ideas for anti-AS treatment.Various Chinese herbal monomers and classical prescriptions have multi-target effects including lipid regulation，anti-inflammation，anti -platelet aggregation，antioxidative stress，regulation of endothelial function，and inhibition of EndMT，which can synergistically delay AS progression from multiple angles.Future research should further explore the regulatory mechanisms of EndMT and its role in the progression and instability of inflammation induced AS plaques，aiming to provide important scientific evidence for developing innovative strategies to stabilize and reverse AS plaques.

Oxidative stress is a key factor in the occurrence and development of acute liver failure（ALF），while nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2（Nrf2）has antioxidant，anti-inflammatory，and cytoprotective effects，making it a potential target for the prevention and treatment of ALF.Active components of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）show significant potential in preventing and treating oxidative stress in ALF by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Studies have shown that various TCMs and their active components，including those that can clear Heat and detoxify（e.g.，Huangqin（Scutellaria baicalensis），Huangbai（Phellodendron）），can tonify，can promote blood circulation，can strengthen the Spleen，promote diuresis，and dispel Wind-Dampness，can activate the Nrf2 pathway，upregulate antioxidant enzyme activities，inhibit the production of oxidative stress products such as ROS，MDA，and MPO，and significantly improve liver oxidative damage.In addition，the Nrf2 pathway may alleviate inflammatory responses by inhibiting inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and play a role in inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis and improving mitochondrial function.However，current research still has some limitations，such as relatively singular Nrf2-related targets and downstream oxidative indicators，unclear interaction mechanisms and cross-targets between Nrf2 and other pathways，and the unclear mechanisms of synergistic antioxidant effects of multiple active components.In the future，it is necessary to use multi-omics and network pharmacology approaches to systematically elucidate the mechanisms by which multiple TCMcomponents regulate Nrf2，and to strengthen high-quality randomized controlled trials to assess the precise efficacy of TCMactive components in regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway for the treatment of ALF，providing stronger evidence for the development and clinical application of new TCMdrugs.

Diabetic nephropathy falls under the category of″Xiaoke Kidney disease″in traditional Chinese medicine and is considered a challenging condition resulting from prolonged and unresolved Xiaoke disease.Professor Nan Zheng believes that the key pathogenesis of Xiaoke Kidney disease lies in ″Toxin-induced damage to the Kidney collateral″.In clinical practice，the development of Xiaoke Kidney disease is analyzed from perspective of″Wind Toxin″as a pathogenic factor and its pathogenesis is explored.The treatment principle of″dispelling Wind and detoxifying as well as unblocking collateral network and protecting Kidney″is proposed.This approach emphasizes diagnosing the cause，considering treatment according to the cause，addressing the root of the disease as well as balancing both symptom relief and root treatment.

Deficiency of brain Qi and failure of Qi Hua are the fundamental causes of this disease.when Qi Hua is impaired，Dampness and Turbidity Toxins are generated internally，and when these Toxins rise upwards the brain marrow is damaged.with the reduction of marrow，the brain declines，and coupled with the disturbance of Shen caused by toxins，the functional failure of Shen activity appears.In clinical practice，treatment is often staged according to the different stages of neurogenic bladder.In the early stage，the pathological changes are mainly characterized by brain Qi deficiency，Kidney Qi deficiency and impaired Qi Hua.The disease is relatively mild and often only presents mild symptoms such as frequent urination，difficulty urinating，and increased nocturia.Treatment mainly focuses on tonifying brain Qi and assisting Yang to transform Qi.In the middle stage，the patient's condition is more complex than before，with both brain Qi deficiency and internally generated Dampness-Turbidity Toxins，damage to brain marrow，and a mix of deficiency and excess，where the root is deficient while the symptom is excess.The pathological mechanism is relatively complex，so treatment often addresses both the root and the symptom，tonifying deficiency while draining excess.Interventions are tailored according to specific symptoms，which may also include remedies for resolving Turbidity，promoting diuresis，and facilitating urination，which works effectively on both cause and manifestation.In the late stage，internal Dampness-Turbidity accumulation gives rise to Toxins，which ascend and impair the brain marrow，and disturb the brain Shen.At this stage，patients have brain Qi deficiency，marrow depletion，and dysfunction of the brain Shen，with deficiency being the main issue.Thus focusing on supporting the Zheng Qi is crucial.Treatment primarily involves nourishing the Kidney and marrow and warming the Kidney to strengthen the brain.Once the Zheng Qi is restored，with additional methods to expel the pathogenic factors being employed.

In clinical practice，application of medicine pares with character of being opposing and complementary in treatment of constipation Theory are as follows:（1）Ascending and descending:The intestines function properly with smooth downward Qi movement.The Middle Jiao（Spleen and Stomach）serves as the pivot for the ascending and descending transport of waste.Spleen Qi governs ascent while Stomach Qi governs descent.The Liver governs ascent and the Lung govern descent.The ascent and descent must coordinate with each other，regulating the flow of Qi.In pathological conditions，when Qi movement is abnormal-either due to weakened Spleen and Stomach transportation and absorption functions or stagnant Qi-the large intestine cannot function properly，leading to retained waste and constipation.（2）Zang and Fu Organ:The large intestine is a hollow organ，responsible for transporting waste but not storing it；it can be full but not solid.Its main function is to move waste.The Lung is solid organ that store vital essence without excreting it；they can be full but not solid.The Lung prefer moisture and dislike Dryness，governing the downward movement and regulating water passages，providing the motive force for the large intestine to expel waste.Pathologically，if Lung Dryness-Heat descends to the large intestine，or its descending function fails，the large intestine cannot transport properly，which causes constipation.（3）Exterior and interior:The large intestine is hollows and belong to the exterior，while the Lung is solid and belong to the interior.The Lung and large intestine interconnect via meridians，establishing exterior-interior relationship between organs，coordinating physiologically and affecting each other pathologically.（4）Deficiency and excess:Constipation involves both deficiency and excess patterns.Heat，Qi and cold-related constipation are excess patterns，while constipation caused by deficiency of Qi，blood and Yin or Yang belongs to deficiency.Different types of constipation often overlap or transform from one type to another，with excess leading to deficiency or deficiency leading to excess.（5）Dryness and Dampness:The large intestine governs Fluid，absorbing water during waste transport to regulate bodily Fluid metabolism.If there is excess Heat in the intestines，it excessively consumes water，leading to Dryness and hard stools；if cold deficiency affects the large intestine，it fails to absorb water，leading to loose stools and other illnesses.（6）Yin and Yang:The large intestine is active and belongs to Yang；when Yang is diseased，Yin accumulates，leading to stagnation and constipation.Professor Mao Dexi proposed that in treating constipation，one should closely follow the disease mechanism，using opposing and complementary medicine pairs，emphasizing medication balance in ascent and descent；combining Cold and Heat to promoting Yang with warming medicine to relieve constipation；using attack and tonification method at the same time to strengthen Spleen and relieve constipation；combining firmness and gentleness in medicine applying to moisten the intestines and relieve constipation；harmonizing Zang and Fu to treat at top aiming at curing disease of lower part of body，i.e.regulating the bowels.All of the above show significant clinical efficacy.

Objective:This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which Shenghui Decoction alleviates cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease（AD）by counteracting oxidative stress through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.Methods:From a total of 45 mice，9 were randomly selected as the normal control group，while the remaining 36 were injected with Aβ25-35 oligomers via stereotaxic brain injection to establish an AD model.The model mice were divided into a model group，a low-dose Shenghui Decoction group，a high-dose Shenghui Decoction group，and a donepezil group，with 9 mice in each group.（1）Behavioral experiments were conducted to assess learning and memory abilities. Immunofluorescence technology was used to detect hippocampal amyloid β-protein（Aβ）deposition in mice，and the effects of Shenghui Decoction on AD-related oxidative stress were explored in combination with fluorescent probes and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）.（2）Through network pharmacology methods，the active components and related targets of Shenghui Decoction were screened and intersected with disease targets for AD and oxidative stress，thereby constructing a ″Shenghui Decoction active components-targets-AD-oxidative stress″network and protein-protein interaction（PPI）network.Key active components of Shenghui Decoction were identified.In addition，Metascape database and MCODE algorithm were used to obtain target cluster modules，and molecular docking of key active components with cluster module targets was validated using AutoDockTools software.（3）Western blot（WB）experiments were performed to assess the protein expression levels of molecules with the best docking binding energies.Results:Behavioral experiments indicated that Shenghui Decoction（SHD）can improve learning and memory abilities in AD mice，reduce Aβdeposition（P＜0.05），increase superoxide dismutase levels（P＜0.05），and decrease reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content（P＜0.05）.Atotal of 48 active components and 114 overlapping targets related to ″AD-SHD-oxidative stress″were identified.The key active components include kaempferol，β-sitosterol，stigmasterol，scopolamine，and tetrahydropalmatine.Eight core targets were involved in important biological processes such as oxidative stress response，reactive nitrogen species response，and hypoxia response，including caspase -3（CASP3），signal transducer and activator of transcription 1（STAT1），peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma（PPARG），nuclear factor erythroid 2（Nrf2），intercellular adhesion molecule-1（ICAM-1），heme oxygenase-1（HO-1），vascular cell adhesion molecule 1（VCAM1），and caspase-1（CASP1）.Molecular docking results showed that the core target HO-1 had the best binding effect with key active components of SHD.WB experiments verified that SHD exerts antioxidant effects by regulating the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1. Conclusion:SHD can improve learning and memory abilities in AD mice，reduce Aβproduction，and inhibit oxidative stress，with its mechanism related to the regulation of protein expression levels in the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Objective:To explore the molecular mechanism of acupotomy intervention in knee osteoarthritis（KOA）based on transcriptome sequencing technology.Methods:Nine New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into a blank group（3 rabbits）and a KOA modeling group（6 rabbits）.The modeling group was subjected to a modified Videman method fixation for6 weeks to establish the KOA model.After removing the fixation device，the rabbits were further randomly divided into a model group and an acupotomy group（3 rabbits each）according to Lequesne scores and intervened for 4 weeks.After the intervention，behavioral assessments were conducted，and transcriptome sequencing，Gene Ontology（GO），and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG）analyses were performed on the rabbit knee cartilage.Results:（1）After the intervention，compared with the model group，the Lequesne scores in the acupotomy group were significantly reduced（P＜0.01）；（2）Compared with the blank group，a total of 1 055 differentially expressed genes（DEGs）were identified in the model group.GO biological process analysis mainly involved functions such as ″inflammatory response″，″immune response″，and″extracellular matrix organization″.KEGG Level 2 analysis showed that the model group was mainly enriched in pathways related to ″infectious diseases″，″signal transduction″，and″immune system″.In addition，the upregulated DEGs in the model group were enriched in pathways such as″cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction″and″phagosome″，while the downregulated DEGs were enriched in ″cancer pathways″and ″axon guidance″. Compared with the model group，312 differentially expressed genes were identified in the acupotomy group.GO analysis indicated that these genes primarily involved functions such as″inflammatory response″，″tumor necrosis factor response″，and ″semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway″.KEGG Level 2 analysis showed enrichment mainly in pathways related to ″signal transduction″，″infectious diseases″，and ″immune system″.Moreover，downregulated DEGs in the acupotomy group were enriched in ″cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction″，″phagosome″，and ″osteoclast differentiation″，while upregulated DEGs were enriched in ″axon guidance″and ″protein digestion and absorption″.（3）qRT-PCR validation showed that acupotomy intervention significantly reduced the mRNA expression of CCL2，CCL7，and IL34. Conclusion:The molecular mechanism of acupotomy intervention in KOA mainly involves functions related to joint cartilage ″signal transduction″，″immune-inflammatory response″，and pathways such as ″cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction″，″phagosome″，and ″axon guidance″.

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of Diyu Qingbi Ointment on imiquimod cream（IMQ）-in duced psoriasis model mice.Methods:Fifty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups:blank group，model group，modified Jiawei Qingbi group（treated with modified Diyu Qingbi Ointment），Diyu group（treated with Diyu Qingbi Ointment），and Calcipotriol ointment group.Each group contained 10 mice.The blank group received daily application of Vaseline ointment，while the remaining groups were subjected to daily 5% IMQ application to induce the model，followed 6 hours later by the corresponding drug intervention，continuously for 7 days.On day 7，psoriasis lesion area and severity index（PASI）scores were recorded；after the intervention，mice were sacrificed，psoriatic lesions were collected for HE staining to observe pathological morphological changes.ELISA was used to detect serum expression levels of interleukin-6（IL-6），interleukin-22（IL-22），and tumor necrosis factor-alpha（TNF-α）.qPCR was used to detect mRNA expression levels of Janus kinase 1（JAK1）and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3（STAT3）in lesion tissues；Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression levels of JAK1，p-STAT3/STAT3，and Survivin proteins in psoriatic lesions.Results:HE staining results showed that mice in the model group exhibited erythema，scaling，infiltrative lesions，as well as abnormal keratinization，hyperkeratosis，and Munro microabscesses，indicating psoriasis-like pathological changes. Compared with the model group，the pathological manifestations of each treatment group were alleviated to varying degrees，and PASI scores were significantly reduced，with the modified formula group showing lower PASI scores than the calcipotriol group（P＜0.05）.ELISA results indicated that compared with the blank group，the model group had significantly elevated levels of IL-6，IL-22，and TNF-α（P＜0.05）；compared with the model group，levels of IL-6，IL-22，and TNF-αin each treatment group were significantly reduced（P＜0.05）；IL-6 levels in the modified formula and Sanguisorba officinalis groups were significantly lower than those in the calcipotriol group（P＜0.05），and IL-22 levels in the modified formula group were significantly lower than those in both the Sanguisorba officinalis and calcipotriol groups（P＜0.05）.qPCR and Western blot results showed that compared with the blank group，the model group had significantly higher protein expression levels of JAK1，p-STAT3/STAT3，and Survivin，as well as elevated mRNA levels of JAK1 and STAT3（P＜0.05）；compared with the model group，expression levels of JAK1，p-STAT3/STAT3，Survivin proteins，and JAK1 and STAT3 mRNA were significantly reduced in the treatment groups（P＜0.05）；p-STAT3/STAT3 in the modified formula group was significantly lower than in the Sanguisorba officinalis group（P＜0.05），and JAK1 mRNA expression in the modified formula group was significantly lower than in the calcipotriol group（P＜0.05）. Conclusion:Modified Diyu Qingbi Ointment can reduce the severity of skin lesions in psoriatic model mice and improve their pathological manifestations，performing overall better than Sanguisorba officinalis Qingbi ointment.Its mechanism may be related to reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6，IL-22，TNF-α，and inhibiting theJAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway as well as the expression of the apoptosis-inhibiting protein Survivin.

Objective:To explore the neuroprotective mechanism of Zuogui Pills in Parkinson's disease（PD）mice based on the p53/p21 pathway.Methods:Sixty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control group，model group，low-dose Zuogui Pills group（1.8 g·kg^-1·d^-1），medium-dose Zuogui Pills group（3.6 g·kg^-1·d^-1），high-dose Zuogui Pills group（7.2 g·kg^-1·d^-1），and Madopar group（50 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）using a random number table method.Except for the control group，all other groups were modeled by intraperitoneal injection with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1，2，3，6-tetrahydropyridine（MPTP）（30 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）for five consecutive days.From the first day of modeling，the treatment groups were administered orally once daily for 10 days. Behavioral assessment，immunohistochemistry，Western Blot，ELISA，β-galactosidase（SA-β-gal）staining，and immunofluorescence staining were used to observe the effect of Zuogui Pills on cellular senescence in PD mice.Results:The open field test results showed that，compared with the control group，the total distance traveled by mice in the model group was reduced（P＜0.01）；compared with the model group，the total distance traveled by mice in the medium-dose and high-dose Zuogui Pill groups，as well as the Madopar group，was increased（P＜0.01）.The pole-climbing test results showed that，compared with the control group，the time for mice in the model group to climb the pole was prolonged（P＜0.05）；compared with the model group，the pole -climbing time was shortened in the high-dose Zuogui Pill group（P＜0.05）.Immunohistochemistry and Western Blot detection of tyrosine hydroxylase（TH）protein showed that，compared with the control group，TH protein expression in the model group was decreased（P＜0.01）；compared with the model group，TH protein expression was increased in the medium-dose and high-dose Zuogui Pill groups，as well as in the Madopar group（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）.ELISA results showed that，compared with the control group，the levels of dopamine（DA），dihydroxy-phenyl acetic acid（DOPAC），and homovanillic acid（HVA）in the substantia nigra and striatum tissues of the model group were decreased（P＜0.01）；compared with the model group，the levels of DA，DOPAC，and HVA in the substantia nigra and striatum tissues were increased in the low-dose，medium-dose，and high-dose Zuogui Pill groups，as well as in the Madopar group（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）.Immunofluorescence double staining results showed that compared with the control group，the number of Lamin B1（nuclear lamina protein B1）positive cells in the model group was reduced（P＜0.01），and the number of GFAP（glial fibrillary acidic protein）positive cells was increased（P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group，the numbers of Lamin B1 positive cells in the low-dose，medium-dose，and high-dose Zuogui pills groups，as well as in the Madopar group，were increased（P＜0.01），while the numbers of GFAP positive cells were decreased（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）.Western blot results showed that compared with the control group，the protein levels of p53（tumor protein 53，TP53），CDKN1A（Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A，p21），and CDKN2A（Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A，p16）in the substantia nigra tissue of the model group were all elevated（P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group，the protein levels of p53，p21，and p16 in the substantia nigra tissue were reduced in the low-dose，medium-dose，and high-dose Zuogui pills groups，as well as in the Madopar group（P＜0.01）.SA-β-gal staining results showed that compared with the control group，the area of SA-β-gal positive expression in the substantia nigra tissue of the model group was increased（P＜0.01）；compared with the model group，the area of SA-β-gal positive expression was decreased in the medium-dose and high-dose Zuogui pills groups，as well as in the Madopar group（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）.ELISA results showed that compared with the control group，the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the substantia nigra tissue of the model group were increased（P＜0.01）；compared with the model group，the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the substantia nigra tissue were reduced in the low-，medium-，and high-dose Zuogui Pill groups，as well as in the Madopar group（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Conclusion:Zuogui Pill may exert a protective effect on PD model mice by alleviating cellular senescence through inhibition of the p53/p21 pathway.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of Xijiao Dihuang Decoction combined with Tripterygium Glycosides Tablet（GTW）in treating patients with allergic purpura（Henoch-Schonlein purpura，HSP）of the blood-heat-wandering syndrome type. Methods:Eighty-two patients with simple skin-type allergic purpura diagnosed with blood-heat-wandering syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine were randomly divided into the Xijiao Dihuang Decoction group（TCMgroup，40 cases）and the GTW group（42 ca ses）.The TCMgroup received Xijiao Dihuang Decoction in addition to conventional Western medical treatment，while the GTW group received GTW along with conventional Western treatment；both groups were treated continuously for 8 weeks.The clinical cure rate，rash remission time，recurrence frequency of skin purpura，and changes in TCMsyndrome scores，urinary microalbumin（M-Alb），β2-microglobulin（β2-Mb），N -acetyl -β-D -glucosaminidase（NAG）enzyme，blood routine，liver and kidney function，and serum Gd-IgA1 levels before and after treatment were compared.Follow-up was conducted up to 26 weeks to evaluate the clinical efficacy，renal protection，and medication safety of the GTW group，and the correlation between serum Gd-IgA1 expression levels and clinical symptoms was analyzed.Results:After 8 weeks of treatment，compared with the Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）group，the GTW group showed significantly better outcomes in effective rate，rash resolution time，frequency of HSP recurrence，TCMsyndrome scores，urine M-Alb，β2-MG，NAG enzyme，and serum Gd-IgA1 levels（P＜0.05）. Compared with pretreatment levels in the same group，the GTWgroup showed significant reductions in the aforementioned blood and urine indicators（P＜0.05），whereas in the TCMgroup，post-treatment urine M-Alb and NAG enzyme levels were significantly higher than before treatment（P＜0.05）. Comparisons of red blood cells，ALT，AST，and creatinine levels between the two groups showed no statistically significant differences（P＞0.05）.White blood cell and platelet levels in the GTWgroup were significantly decreased（P＜0.05），but remained within the normal range. Before treatment，serum Gd-IgA1 levels in 82 patients were positively correlated with TCM syndrome scores（r =0.748）.At 26 -week follow-up，the incidence of nephritis in the GTWgroup was significantly lower than in the TCMgroup（P＜0.05），and the onset was significantly delayed（P＜0.05）. Conclusion:GTW can significantly improve clinical symptoms in HSP patients，reduce the recurrence of purpura and the incidence of purpura nephritis，and effectively prevent kidney damage.Its mechanism may be related to the reduction of serum Gd-IgA1 levels in patients with allergic purpura，thereby exerting a renal protective effect.

Objective:This study aims to explore the independent risk factors for portal vein thrombosis（PVT）formation after splenectomy and selective shunt surgery，to construct a nomogram model predicting postoperative PVT，and to clarify the clinical efficacy of inte grative medicine interventions in preventing postoperative PVT.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data of inpatients undergoing splenectomy or selective shunt surgery for liver cirrhosis at the affiliated hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine from August 2014 to December 2022.The study was divided into two parts:Patients were grouped into PVT and non-PVT groups based on the presence of postoperative PVT.Univariate analysis，LASSO regression，and binary logistic regression were performed on general patient characteristics，preoperative and postoperative indicators.A nomogram prediction model was then constructed，with model evaluation using ROC and calibration curves.For patients who received Western medical intervention，they were further divided into a control group and a treatment group based on whether they took traditional Chinese medicine promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis.The effects of intervention timing and methods on postoperative PVT formation were analyzed，along with comparisons of blood routine and coagulation indices between the two groups.Additionally，the composition of specific traditional Chinese medicines used in the integrated intervention group was statistically analyzed.Results:Analysis of independent risk factors for postoperative PVT formation and the establishment of a nomogram model:This part of the study ultimately included 227 patients，of which 112 developed PVT postoperatively，and 115 did not. Compared with the non-PVT group，patients in the PVT group had differences in age，portal vein diameter（PVD），white blood cell count（WBC）on postoperative day 1，platelet count（PLT），PLT increase，and PLT and PLT increase on postoperative days 3 and 7，all of which were statistically significant（P＜0.05）.According to LASSO-Logistic regression analysis，PVD and PLT increase on postoperative day 7 were independent risk factors for postoperative PVT formation.When PVD ≥ 15.1 mm and PLT increase on postoperative day 7 ≥278.5 ×10⁹ L^-1，the incidence of PVT significantly increased. Based on the Logistic regression analysis，a nomogram prediction model was constructed with an AUC value of 0.756，95% CI（0.693-0.820），and the calibration curve showed good fit，indicating good predictive performance.Evaluation of postoperative PVT formation with integrated Chinese and Western medicine intervention:This part of the study included 127 patients，of whom 60 developed PVT postoperatively，and 67 did not. Compared with the non-PVT group，patients in the PVT group-initiated intervention later，with statistically significant differences（P＜0.05）. Compared with the Western medicine intervention group，the integrated Chinese and Western medicine intervention group had a lower postoperative PVT incidence，with statistically significant differences（P＜0.05）.After treatment，the integrated group also had lower levels ofWBC，PLT，D-dimer（D-D），and fibrin degradation products（FDP），with statistically significant differences（P＜0.05）. Conclusion:PVD and PLT increase on postoperative day 7 are independent risk factors for postoperative PVT formation.When PVD ≥15.1 mm and PLT increase on postoperative day 7 ≥278.5 ×10⁹ L^-1，the incidence of PVT significantly increases.Integrated Chinese and Western medicine intervention can inhibit postoperative PLT elevation，reduce WBC，D-D，and FDP levels，and decrease the occurrence of PVT.

Objective:To explore the effects of Baizi Weijing Decoction combined with acupoint massage on children with mycoplasma pneumonia in terms of respiratory mechanics，pulmonary function，and T-cell subsets.Methods:80 children with mycoplasma pneumonia were selected as research subjects and randomly divided into two groups，40 cases each. Both groups received conventional treatment，the control group additionally received acupoint massage，and the observation group was treated with Baizi Weijing Decoction based on the control group.The clinical efficacy，traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores，relevant respiratory mechanics indicators，T lymphocyte subsets，and pulmonary function of the two groups were compared.Results:The observation group had shorter hospital stays（6.59 ±1.15 days），time to body temperature normalization（3.18 ±0.85 hours），time for cough disappearance（3.98 ±0.96 days），time for lung rales disappearance（5.82 ±0.54 days），and time for dyspnea disappearance（3.74 ±0.34 days）compared to the control group，which had hospital stays of（9.26 ±1.25 days），time to body temperature normalization（5.87 ±1.03 hours），time for cough disappearance（5.18 ±0.72 days），time for lung rales disappearance（7.11 ±0.69 days），and time for dyspnea disappearance（5.42 ±0.45 days）.The differences between the two groups were statistically significant（P＜0.05）；after treatment，the traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores for sore throat，fever，cough，and muscle aches in the observation group were（1.15 ±0.26），（1.39 ±0.17），（0.93 ±0.11），and（1.07 ±0.20），respectively，which were lower than those in the control group（P＜0.05）.After treatment，both groups of children showed improvements in oxygenation index and respiratory rate，with the observation group having a higher oxygenation index and a significantly lower respiratory rate than the control group（P＜0.05）.After treatment，the comparison of pulmonary function-related indicators and T lymphocyte subsets between the two groups showed the observation group was significantly better than the control group（P＜0.05）. Conclusion:Baizi Weijing Decoction with acupoint massage can improve the clinical efficacy，accelerate recovery，and improve respiratory mechanics and lung function in children with mycoplasma pneumonia.

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of small needle-knife combined with ozone water in the treatment of patients with gout stones.Methods:84 gout patients were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group，with 42 cases in each group.The control group received conventional treatment，while the observation group received a combination of small needle knife and ozone water external therapy in addition to the treatment given to the control gr-oup. Both groups were treated for 3 weeks. Blood uric acid levels，dual-source CT gout stone volume，visual analogue scale（VAS）scores，and traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）syndrome scores were compared after treatment.Results:After treatment，blood uric acid levels，VAS scores，and TCMsyndrome scores in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment（P＜0.01），and the observation group showed lower blood uric acid levels，VAS scores，and TCMsyndrome scores compared to the control group（P＜0.05）.After treatment，dual-source CT showed that the gout stone volume in the observation group was significantly reduced（P＜0.01），which was also significantly smaller than that of the control group at the same time point（P＜0.01）.The effective rate in the observation group was 95.24%，compared to 76.19% in the control group，with the observation group showing a significantly higher effective rate（P＜0.01）. Conclusion:External treatment with small needle-knife combined with ozone water can significantly reduce the size of gout stones in patients，alleviate clinical symptoms，improve quality of life and demonstrate high clinical efficacy and safety.

Objective:To analyze the research trends and hotspots of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）in the treatment of perimenopausal insomnia，providing references for clinical treatment in this field.Methods:Literature related to TCMtreatment of perimenopausal insomnia was retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI），VIP Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database（VIP），Wanfang Database，and China Biomedical Literature Service System（SinoMed）from database inception to June 26，2024. CiteSpace 6.1R6 software was used for visual analysis of keywords，authors，and research institutions.Results:A total of 1 401 related publications were included，involving 626 authors，with core authors represented by Li Hong，Yu Xintong，and Ding Shudong.Research institutions with higher publication output include Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine，Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine，and Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine.A total of 608 keywords were included，with high centrality and high-frequency keywords including insomnia，menopause，perimenopausal insomnia，and acupuncture.Eleven keyword clusters were formed，with cluster labels including perimenopausal insomnia，sleep disorders，sleep quality，and clinical research.Emerging keywords include menopausal syndrome，traditional Chinese medicine therapies，and sex hormones. Conclusion:Research on treating perimenopausal insomnia with traditional Chinese medicine in China is steadily increasing，mainly focusing on clinical studies.Research on TCMtreatments for perimenopausal insomnia is centered on the clinical efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine，acupuncture，auricular acupressure，and other therapies，while the efficacy of acupoint application therapy is receiving increasing attention.