Multimorbidity（referred to as comorbidity）has become an increasingly prominent global public health challenge，and the traditional single-disease diagnosis and treatment model struggles to address its complexity.Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM），with its holistic concept，syndrome differentiation-based treatment，and preventive treatment theories，demonstrates unique advantages in the prevention and management of comorbidity.This article systematically reviews the evolution of the concept of comorbidity，the current status of western medical diagnosis and treatment，and the problems it faces，such as unclear mechanisms，diagnostic difficulties，limited interventions，polypharmacy，and a lack of assessment tools，and proposes research strategies for TCM in addressing comorbidity.The discussion focuses on key aspects including the core pathogenesis and syndrome characteristics of comorbidity，the establishment of syndrome diagnostic criteria，individualized intervention strategies，the development of tools for efficacy and prognosis evaluation，emphasizing the research ideas of″combining disease pattern and syndrome pattern″and″guiding disease treatment with syndromes″.The aim is to provide theoretical foundations and methodological support for clinical research on comorbidity in TCM.

Objective:To explore the traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）syndromes and the distribution patterns of syndrome elements in elderly sarcopenia through literature analysis，providing a theoretical basis for clinical syndrome differentiation and treatment.Methods:Clinical research literature on TCMsyndromes of sarcopenia was retrieved from CNKI，PubMed，and Wanfang databases.Syndrome elements，basic syndromes and symptom information were screened and extracted from the literature.An Excel database was established and frequency analysis was performed，while factor analysis，cluster analysis，and complex network analysis were conducted using SPSS，Origin，and Gephi software.Results:A total of 71 studies were ultimately included.After standardization，51 types of TCM syndromes were identified，involving 14 pathogenic factors and 9 lesion locations.The distribution of syndromes was mainly characterized by Spleen-Stomach deficiency and Spleen-Kidney deficiency syndromes；deficiency-related pathogenic factors were primarily Qi deficiency，Yin deficiency，Yang deficiency，Essence deficiency，and blood deficiency，while excess-related syndrome elements were mainly Dampness，blood stasis，Heat，and Phlegm；lesion locations were mainly the Spleen，Kidney，Stomach，Liver，and meridians. Core symptoms and signs included fatigue，weakness of limbs，lassitude，poor appetite，muscle atrophy，loose stools，soreness of the waist and knees，shortness of breath，pale tongue，and thin pulse.Pathogenic factor clustering resulted in five categories:Spleen-Stomach Qi deficiency syndrome，Liver-Kidney deficiency syndrome，Yin-Yang deficiency syndrome，Damp-Heat infiltration syndrome，and Phlegm-stasis interlocking syndrome. Conclusion:The fundamental pathogenesis of sarcopenia in the elderly is Spleen-Stomach deficiency.The syndromes show a mixture of deficiency and excess in characteristics，mainly deficiency syndromes，while Damp-Heat and Phlegm-stasis are important pathological products.

Objective:The purpose of this study is to analyze the medication patterns of Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）in the treatment of sarcopenia in the elderly using data mining，and to explore the mechanism of action of the core drug combination for sarcopenia through network pharmacology.Methods:A database was established using relevant literature sourced from Chinese and English databases such as CNKI，WanFang Data，VIP Journal Full-text Database and PubMed.The drug frequency and flavor meridian analysis were orgenized.Medication patterns were investigated based on frequency analysis，association rule analysis，cluster analysis，and complex network analysis.Network pharmacology was applied to elucidate the mechanism of action of the core drug combination in treating sarcopenia.Results:A total of 40 prescriptions involving 117 Chinese medicinal herbs with a cumulative frequency of 450 were included.The high-frequency drugs were respectively Baizhu（Atractylodes macrocephala），Gancao（Glycyrrhizae Radix），Fuling（Poria），Huangqi（Astragali Radix），Dangshen（Codonopsis Radix）.The majority of herbs were sweet and pungent in taste，warm and neutral in nature，and primarily associated with the Liver，Spleen，and Kidney meridians.Ten categories of herbs were involved.Association rule analysis revealed a high lift value between Baizhu（Atractylodes macrocephala）and Gancao（Glycyrrhizae Radix）. Cluster analysis categorized high-frequency herbs into three groups，and complex network analysis identified a core drug combination comprising Baizhu（Atractylodes macrocephala），Gancao（Glycyrrhizae Radix），Fuling（Poria），Dangshen（Codonopsis Radix），Chenpi（Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae）and Huangqi（Astragali Radix）.The core drug combination was found to involve 296 compounds and 118 potential targets in the treatment of sarcopenia in the elderly，with pathways such as adipocytokine signaling pathway，longevity regulating pathway，and insulin resistance being closely related.Molecular docking results showed that key active compounds like Vitamin D3，Emodin，and Calycosin had high binding activity with critical target proteins. Conclusion:The clinical use of TCMfor sarcopenia in the elderly focuses on the Spleen as the core，emphasizing the simultaneous replenishment of qi and blood，as well as the harmonization of liver and kidney functions，while also attending to blood circulation and removing blood stasis.The core drug combination may ameliorate sarcopenia through regulating lipid metabolism and inflammation-related pathways via multiple pathways and targets.

Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive decline of muscle mass，strength，and physical function，and its pathological changes are closely related to tissues such as muscles，bones，and tendons.The five organs dominate the five bodily tissues. Bones，tendons，and muscles，as the core of the musculoskeletal system，are closely related to the liver，spleen，and kidneys.The coordination of these three organs maintains normal physical function.Deficiency or damage in the Liver，Spleen，and Kidney can lead to malnutrition of bones，tendons，and muscles，thereby inducing degenerative diseases such as sarcopenia.The Spleen governs the transformation and transportation of flesh，the Kidney stores Essence and governs bones，and the Liver stores blood and governs tendons.The three organs coordinate to maintain the physiological balance of the musculoskeletal system.Age-related deficiency of the Liver，Spleen，and Kidney is the core pathogenesis of sarcopenia，described as ″weak bones-withered tendons-atrophied muscles″. Clinically，based on the ho listic view of bones，tendons，and muscles in traditional Chinese medicine，an intervention strategy for sarcopenia is proposed:″harmonize the Liver，Spleen and Kidney，and treat bones，tendons，and muscles simultaneously″.This approach uses internal administration of Chinese herbal formulas combined with external treatments such as acupuncture，moxibustion and traditional Gongfu exercises，aimed at improving muscle atrophy and functional decline.It works by coordinating the Liver，Spleen and Kidney to regulate the production and distribution of Essence，blood and body Fluid，thereby ameliorating malnutrition in bones，tendons and muscles.

Objective:To systematically review the disease names and symptom terminology related to sarcopenia in ancient medical texts and to establish standardized traditional Chinese medicine recommended terminology for sarcopenia.Methods:According to standards such as Clinical Terminology ofTraditional Chinese Medicine and Classification and Codes ofTCM Diseases and Symptoms，vocabulary related to flesh，tendons，and bones was selected as search terms and searched in the 5th edition of Zhong Hua Yi Dian database.The retrieved entries were standardized through deduplication，review，information completion，and unification of variant characters，and then recorded in an Excel program following the template″year-author-book-chapter-original text″to build the″Ancient Medical Text Corpus for Sarcopenia″database.Following the principles of terminology standardization，TCMterms were extracted from the corpus，preferred terms and synonyms were determined，meanings were analyzed based on sarcopenia diagnostic criteria，and after usability evaluation，recommended terms and definitions were finalized to complete the standardization.Results:A total of 3732 entries related to sarcopenia were obtained from 1156 ancient TCMtexts，from which 154 TCMterms were extracted and 14 recommended terms for sarcope nia were formed. Conclusion:Five disease name terms（Rouwei，Zhiwei，Rouji，Tuorou，Roushuo）and nine symptom terms（Rouxiao，Rouhuan，Rouxian，Pojiong，Xieyi，Duoye，quadriplegia，limping，hand and foot dysfunction）were proposed as recommended normalized TCMterms for sarcopenia.

Objective:To screen differentially expressed genes associated with cuproptosis in alcoholic liver cirrhosis using bioinformatics methods，explore their mechanisms of action，and identify traditional Chinese medicines with potential therapeutic effects.Methods:Datasets of patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis meeting the criteria were selected from the GEO database.Differentially expressed genes（DEGs）were identified using software analysis，followed by KEGG pathway analysis and protein-protein interaction（PPI）network analysis to screen key genes.Random forest and SVMmodels，commonly used in machine learning，were applied to study the key genes. In addition，literature was reviewed to obtain cuproptosis-related genes（CRGs）.The DEGs and CRGs were intersected to identify core genes associated with cuproptosis，followed by GSEA enrichment analysis. Core genes retrieved from the Coremine database were used to predict therapeutic Chinese herbs.Results:By screening gene chips GSE167308 and GSE142530，278 DEGs were obtained.Through further selection via PPI and validation with GSE143318，10 key genes were identified.Literature review collected 38 CRGs，and the intersection yielded 2 cuproptosis core genes-CDKN2A（Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2）and PLAT（Plasminogen Activator）.GSEA analysis indicated that the core genes are closely associated with linoleic acid metabolism，amino acid biosynthesis，arginine biosynthesis，HIF-1 signaling pathway，phenylalanine metabolism，and others. Chinese herbs such as Huci（Indian damnacanthus herb），Fengfang（Honeycomb），Diren（Melastoma dode candrum lour），Xiazhicao（Lagopsis supina），Hudilong（Lumbricus）and Qishe（Agkistrodon acutus）were identified through database search，and the attributes of the herbs including their four Qi，five Flavor，and meridian tropism were summarized. Conclusion:CDKN2A and PLAT are core genes related to cuproptosis in alcoholic cirrhosis.Prediction identified 35 Chinese herbs，which may serve as potential treatments for alcoholic cirrhosis.

Multidrug resistance（MDR）in tumors is a key reason for the failure of clinical chemotherapy and severely limits the expected efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs.Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）has a clear therapeutic value in reversing drug resistance，manifested in reducing resistance proteins，inhibiting mutant genes，and enhancing cellular sensitivity.The treatment of chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer can be approached based on the four pathological factors of″Phlegm，″″blood stasis，″″Toxin″，and ″deficiency.″At the microscopic level，Chinese medicine formulas and extracts can effectively regulate resistance proteins such as P-glycoprotein（P-gp），multidrug resistance-associated protein（MRP），and lung resistance-associated protein（LRP）；specific enzymes such as GST-π，ToPoⅡ，PKC；and the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes Bax，Bcl-2，and p53，thereby exerting therapeutic effects in reversing chemotherapy resistance.Future basic research on TCMin reversing drug resistance may focus on the ″classical pathway″，″non-classical pathway″，and ″apoptotic pathway″，designing resistance proteins，specific enzymes，and apoptosis genes as research targets，which could form a more comprehensive efficacy evaluation system. By exploring related signaling pathways along these three pathways，potential mechanisms for reversing drug resistance may be identified，aiming to reveal the objective molecular biological mechanisms of tumor multidrug resistance（MDR）.

Alzheimer's disease（AD）and osteoporosis（OP）are both related to the brain and correspond to the traditional Chinese medicine categories of″dementia″and″bone atrophy″，respectively.In traditional Chinese medicine，the brain is considered the sea of marrow，governing all the body's marrow.The brain marrow and bone marrow are interconnected；when the sea of marrow is abundant，the mind is vigorous，and the tendons and bones are strong and healthy.Insufficient marrow sea can lead to an inadequacy of brain marrow and bone marrow，potentially causing ″dementia″and ″osteoporosis″.Therefore，possible common pathogenic factors for AD and OP include β-amyloid deposition，estrogen deficiency，oxidative stress，vitamin deficiency，and APOE-ε4 gene expression.Exploring the correlation between AD and OP may broaden strategies for the prevention and treatment of both conditions.

The obstruction of the vertical orifice after stroke is closely related to the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis as well as the pathogenesis of″Toxin-damaged cerebral collaterals″.Marked by Wind，Fire，Phlegm，blood stasis，and Toxin，with disrupted Qi circulation as the root cause，detoxifying and opening the Fu is an important therapeutic principle for post-stroke vertical orifice obstruction.The brain，the Spleen and Stomach and the intestine are relatively unified in both function and structure:physiologically，they are generally interconnected in terms of meridian Qi circulation，Zang and Fu functions as well as the generation of fine substances；pathologically，post-stroke brain symptoms can affect intestinal responses，leading to a series of gastrointestinal complications. Conversely，gastrointestinal dysfunction can disturb the brain's orifices，causing a loss of mental ability.As an initiating factor，Wind，Fire，Phlegm，stasis and Toxins coagulate intractably and ascend to attack the brain，damaging cerebral collaterals.Through the bridge function of the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis，this circulates throughout the body，causing viscera obstruction，and subsequently impairing both physical and mental aspects of the body. Clinically，emphasis should be placed on detoxifying and dredging the Fu，with acupuncture and medicine，and harmonizing the relationship between body and mind.In stroke，the disease is in the brain，but the treatment of dredging the Fu targets the stomach and intestines.Treating the upper disease from the lower organs，and descending the Yang ming meridian，allows the toxins ascending to the brain collaterals to be cleared via the brain-Spleen and Stomach-intestine axis，which effectively refreshes，promotes the circulation of Qi and blood，supports the Zheng Qi and benefits patient's recovery.

The theory of″warming with Qi for those with insufficient form″was first proposed in Huang Di Nei Jing，which means that the method of warming Yang and replenishing Qi can be applied to treat deficiency-type diseases caused by a decline of patients'Yang Qi.Elderly insomnia is often primarily caused by a deficiency of form and Qi，with the latter being the key pathological mechanism.Deficiency of Qi in the Five Zang can damage the Five Shen，leading to different types of insomnia.However，diagnosing insomnia should not be confined to ″deficiency″alone.According to the clinical manifestations of elderly insomnia，treatment can be applied separately through five warming methods:warming Lung Qi，warming Heart Qi，warming Spleen Qi，warming Liver Qi as well as warming Kidney Qi.Warming Lung Qi to nourish the Po，i.e.with Bufei Decoction along with Lung-dispersing herbs such as Jiegeng（Platycodon）；warming heart Qi to nourish the Shen，i.e.with Guizhi Gancao Longgu Muli Decoction combined with blood-activating herbs such as Danshen（Salvia）and Danggui（Angelica）；warming Spleen Qi to nourish Yi，i.e.with Guipi Decoction along with stomach-harmonizing herbs such as Shanzha（Hawthorn）and Jineijin（Chicken's gizzard lining）；warming Liver Qi to nourish Hun，i.e.with Wumei Pill combined with liver-soothing herbs such as Chaihu（Bupleurum）and Xiangfu（Cyperus）；warming Kidney Qi to nourish Zhi，i.e.with Jingui Shenqi Pill along with heavy-settling herbs such as Longgu（Ossa draconis）and Muli（Oyster）.