ArchiveShrimp meat is abundant in protein and low in fat, making it a quintessential high-protein, low-fat food. Shrimps are important aquatic products with worldwide distribution and huge consumption volume. However, they are highly susceptible to microorganisms, endogenous enzymes and other influencing factors during fishing, processing, storage and transportation, which easily lead to quality deterioration such as spoilage and blackening. As the most widely used preservation method in production, chemical preservatives have the advantages of good practical effect, low price and simple operation. However, their strict use limit is difficult to guarantee in production practice. Other technologies, such as irradiation preservation, fluidized ice, slightly acidic electrolyzed water, ultra-high pressure, nanomaterials and biologically-derived preservatives, each have distinct advantages but also suffer from various drawbacks, including high costs, complex operations, poor practicality and low efficiency. This paper reviewed the existing anti-blackening and preservation technologies for shrimp, focused on the combination strategies of different barrier factors and their collaborative anti-blackening and preservation effectiveness, aiming to provide ideas for the development of new, efficient and environmentally friendly shrimp preservation technologies.
To optimize the method for free astaxanthin detection and develop an extraction process for astaxanthin from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous powder.
By optimizing the detection time and mobile phase ratio, an analytical method for free astaxanthin based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established. On this basis, using Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous powder as raw material, the extraction process for astaxanthin from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous powder was developed via single-factor experiments, Plackett-Burman design, and response surface methodology, using astaxanthin extraction yield as the evaluation index.
The limit of detection was 0.55 μg/g, and the limit of quantitation was 0.16 μg/g. The spike recoveries ranged from 105.12% to 127.70%, and the relative standard deviation in the precision test was less than 0.14%. The extraction process for astaxanthin from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous powder was developed and optimized as follows: The average particle size of superfine Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous powder was 0.55 μm;the water addition ratio was 3.30:1 (mL:g); the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) addition ratio was 41.25:1 (mL:g); the acetone addition ratio was 137.50:1 (mL:g); the extraction was performed twice; after water addition, the mixture was incubated at 45 ℃ for 5 min; and after DMSO addition, it was incubated at 45 ℃ for 15 min. The extraction yield was 2.74 mg/g.
The established HPLC method for free astaxanthin is sensitive, accurate and reproducible, enabling rapid quantitative analysis of free astaxanthin in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. The optimized extraction process is efficient, stable and environmentally friendly. This study provides technical support for the application of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous astaxanthin in aquaculture, food and other fields.
To explore the effects of cold oxygen plasma (COP) coupling ultraviolet (UV) technology on microbial inactivation in Spirulina platensis slurry, and optimize sterilization conditions based on parameters such as color and cell fragmentation.
Spirulina platensis slurry with varying mass fractions was processed by adjusting the power and time of COP-UV technology and measuring changes in total bacterial count, pathogenic bacteria count, color and protein solubility.
After comprehensively considering the sterilization efficiency, cost and algal cell rupture, the optimal sterilization conditions for COP-UV technology were as follows: 200 mL 20%(m:V) algal slurry with 800 W COP and 40 W UV for 5 min treatment, the maximum temperature was only 38 ℃, the sterilization efficiency of the algal slurry reached 95.66% and the dissolution rate of algal cell protein was only 10.56%, the total color of Spirulina platensis slurry showed only slight visible changes. In addition, the sterilization order of COP-UV technology on 3 kinds of pathogenic bacteria was: Bacillus subtilis (74.86%)>Escherichia coli(61.45%)>Staphylococcus aureus (58.53%), which might be attributed to the difference in the composition of the cell membrane and wall of pathogenic bacteria.
COP-UV technology can achieve effective sterilization with minimal structural damage to cells of Spirulina platensis, ensuring the safety and quality of Spirulina platensis powder and related products. Therefore, COP-UV technology will hold great potential applications in ensuring the quality and safety of heat-sensitive products.
To study the optimal application conditions for alginate lyase and construction the optimal process for a specialized composite enzyme preparation targeting Ascophyllum nodosum.
The optimal reaction conditions of alginate lyase were determined by the control variable method. Based on these optimal conditions, Ascophyllum nodosum was selected as the research material, and cellulase, pectinase and papain were used for composite enzyme preparation. The optimal technological parameters for compound enzymatic hydrolysis of Ascophyllum nodosum were obtained via response surface methodology. Under the optimized conditions, Ascophyllum nodosum from different geographical populations (Peru, Chile and France) were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. Using the extraction rate of alginate oligosaccharides as the evaluation index, the degradation capacity of the compound enzyme preparation against seaweed from different origins was analyzed. By comparing the extraction rate of alginate oligosaccharides and the solid conversion rate of enzymatic hydrolysis products, the hydrolysis efficiency of the composite enzyme preparation was verified.
The optimal application conditions for the alginate lyase were an enzyme dosage of 0.50%, pH 7.5, reaction time 18 h and hydrolysis temperature 45 ℃. The optimal process conditions for the composite enzyme preparation of Ascophyllum nodosum enzymatic hydrolysis were cellulase 1.82%, pectinase 1.2%, papain 1.5% and alginate lyase 0.6%, solid-liquid ratio was 1:25 (g:mL), with an enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 45 ℃, pH 7.22 and a reaction time of 18 h. Under these conditions, the extraction rates of alginate oligosaccharides was 14.46%.
By analyzing the degradation effects of the composite enzyme preparation from this study on Ascophyllum nodosum from different sources, it is found that this composite enzyme preparation effectively degrades Ascophyllum nodosum from various sources, and its enzymatic efficacy surpasses that of commercially available composite enzyme preparations on the market. The composite enzyme preparation constructed in this study can directly enzymolyze Ascophyllum nodosum to prepare alginate oligosaccharides, realizing the direct utilization of seaweed resources. It provides a new idea and technical reference for the low-cost preparation of functional alginate oligosaccharides and the development of related agricultural biological products.
To evaluate the degradation effects of Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora A1 on Saccharina japonica and systematically analyze the polysaccharide characteristics of the degradation products.
A strain of Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora A1 capable of degrading Saccharina japonica was obtained through screening. The fermentation broth acquired after Saccharina japonica fermentation was analyzed. The content determination, monosaccharide composition analysis and molecular weight analysis were performed on the fermentation broth and its fractional ethanol precipitation components, and the Saccharina japonica residues were observed by scanning electron microscopy.
This strain could significantly damage the cell wall of Saccharina japonica. The degradation products contained polysaccharides and oligosaccharides with a wide molecular weight range, while the supernatant mainly enriched oligosaccharides of 1.4–1.7 kDa. Further analysis of the precipitated components revealed that the content of fucose was relatively high, with 70% alcohol precipitation reaching 4.08%; the monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that the precipitation was rich in fucose, galactose and mannose, and the characteristic units of alginate were detected, confirming that the products contained sulfated fucopolysaccharides and alginate.
Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora A1 has the function of decomposing Saccharina japonica, destroying the cell wall and releasing the carbohydrate compounds. Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides with different molecular weights from Saccharina japonica can be effectively obtained by alcohol precipitation, providing a method to develop kelp polysaccharides and oligosaccharides through fermentation technology and obtain bioactive materials for the food industry.
To establish an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 19 kinds of metal elements in Oviductus ranae by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Samples were digested using a microwave-assisted digestion system with a HNO3-H2O2 (5:2, V:V) mixed acid system. Spectral interferences were eliminated using an eight-stage rod collision/reaction cell system, and instrument parameters were optimized to improve sensitivity and accuracy. Quantification was performed using the internal standard method.
Method validation using certified reference material (GSB-28) and spiked recovery tests showed that the recoveries for the 19 kinds of elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ba, Tl, Pb, U) ranged from 87.8% to 108.6%, with relative standard deviations less than 10%. The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 48.3 μg/kg. Analysis of actual samples indicated higher content of elements such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Sr, while levels of Cr, As and Cd were relatively low.
The established method is simple in sample preparation, highly sensitive and exhibits good stability. It is suitable for the rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple trace elements in Oviductus ranae, providing technical support for quality control and standard formulation.
To establish an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 15 kinds of quinolone residues in aquatic products by magnetic solid-phase extraction purification technology combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).
Samples were extracted with acetonitrile-methanol (80:20, V:V) solution, and the extract was purified and enriched using Fe3O4@ZIF-8 core-shell structured magnetic nanomaterials. The mobile phase consisted of 0.2% formic acid water and methanol, with gradient elution, and analysis was performed under positive ion mode with electrospray ionization.
The 15 kinds of quinolones showed a good linear relationship within the range of 2.0–500.0 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients all greater than 0.998; the limits of detection were 0.05–0.28 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 0.16–0.84 μg/kg. At 3 spiked levels, the average recovery ranged from 75.3% to 108.1%, with relative standard deviations of 1.1%–9.3%.
This method is simple, rapid and highly sensitive, and the magnetic materials used exhibit excellent adsorption performance and are reusable, conforming to green environmental protection principles. It has been successfully applied to the analysis and detection of quinolones in aquatic products such as grass carp, crucian carp, snakehead, loach, eel, bullfrog and geiwei shrimp.
To objectively compare the quality characteristics of Apostichopus japonicus cultivated under the “North-to-South cultivation” model (geographical translocation) versus those from the native Dalian habitat, and conduct a comprehensive quality evaluation.
Using the 2 kinds of dominant market forms—ready-to-eat and dried Apostichopus japonicus—from Dalian (native) and Fujian (“North-to-South cultivation”) as research subjects, comprehensive physicochemical profiling, sensory evaluation and nutritional composition analysis were conducted. Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to systematically elucidate the quality differentiation and its material basis between Apostichopus japonicus from different origins.
The geographical environment significantly reshaped the nutritional profiles of the 2 groups. Dalian Apostichopus japonicus exhibited superior lipid quality and amino acid composition, characterized by significantly higher content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and essential amino acids/total amino acids(EAA/TAA), accompanied by a lower atherogenicity index (AI) compared to Fujian Apostichopus japonicus. Conversely, Fujian “North-to-South cultivation” Apostichopus japonicus were distinguished by the accumulation of functional bioactive components, showing relatively higher levels of Apostichopus japonicus polysaccharides, saponins and total sugars. Correlation analysis revealed that the enrichment of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids contributed to the distinctive fresh “grassy” aroma of Dalian samples, while the accumulation of saponins and sugars formed the mellow “fatty” aroma of Fujian samples. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), based on 10 screened core physicochemical indicators, accurately classified all samples into 4 distinct clusters, effectively identifying characteristic differences driven by origin and processing methods. A principal component analysis (PCA)-based comprehensive evaluation model further confirmed significant “origin-specific” differences in nutritional composition between the 2 groups.
This study elucidates the patterns of quality differentiation caused by the “North-to-South cultivation” model from the perspective of chemical material basis. It reveals distinct origin-based characteristics: Dalian Apostichopus japonicus are defined by high-quality lipids and proteins, whereas Fujian Apostichopus japonicus are characterized by the enrichment of bioactive substances such as polysaccharides and saponins. These findings provide a vital theoretical basis for scientific quality evaluation, product differentiation and deep processing strategies in the Apostichopus japonicus industry.
Glass products are widely used in various food contact articles, including food packaging and kitchenware, due to their texture, stable chemical properties and inherent safety. However, the diversification of glass raw materials and the increasing complexity of processing technologies in recent years, while enhancing product aesthetics and texture, have also raised potential safety concerns regarding the migration of metallic elements such as cobalt and chromium. To better safeguard consumer health, various countries and regions have successively introduced or revised regulations and standards for food-contact glass products. The increase in unknown food safety risks in food-contact glass products and the changes in regulations and standards have greatly increased the compliance difficulty for the industry in global trade. This paper systematically reviewed the regulatory standards for food-contact glass products across key organizations, nations, and regions—including the International Organization for Standardization, China, the European Union and its member states, the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea and Russia. A comparative analysis of their food safety requirements was conducted from 5 dimensions: Regulatory frameworks, limit specifications, testing conditions, analytical methods and compliance assessment criteria. Furthermore, recommendations were proposed for product quality and compliance management within the food-contact glass products industry, as well as for future research directions in this domain. The aim of this study is to provide a reference for enhancing food safety risk control, compliance governance and standard optimization for food-contact glass products.
Chloropropanols (e.g., 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol) are non-intentionally added contaminants in paper and paperboard materials intended for food contact. They exhibit multiple toxicological effects. These compounds primarily originate from side reactions occurring during the synthesis of wet-strength agents based on polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins, which are commonly used in papermaking processes. If not effectively removed, chloropropanols may migrate from food packaging materials into food, posing potential health risks to consumers. China has already established relevant national food safety standards that set maximum limits for chloropropanol residues in paper and paperboard intended for food contact. Similar risk management measures have also been implemented internationally. This article reviewed the pollution sources, formation mechanisms and supervision measures of chloropropanols in paper and paperboard materials, and provided an overview of existing research on chloropropanol residues in paper and paperboard intended for food contact. The aim is to enhance awareness among industry stakeholders and the general public regarding the health risks associated with these contaminants, thereby supporting further research and improving risk management to better protect consumer health.
To comprehensively understand the regulatory standards for the management of primary aromatic amines (PAAs) and analyze their potential sources and migration patterns in food flexible packaging, this paper systematically reviewed the application characteristics, toxicological hazards, relevant domestic and international regulations and standards and detection technologies of PAAs. It further explored their sources and migration mechanisms in such packaging and proposed systematic control strategies from the perspective of the entire food contact material supply chain. The study found that PAAs, as key raw materials in substances such as azo dyes and polyurethane resins, were internationally recognized as high-risk substances in food contact materials due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic toxicity. Currently, regions such as China and the European Union adopted a “total control and individual limit” management model to regulate their food safety risks. In flexible food packaging, PAAs primarily originate from intentional or unintentional additives in raw materials, and the migration levels were influenced by multiple factors such as material properties, production processes, usage temperatures and contact media, made their migration risks a matter of significant concern. Therefore, enterprises could reduce PAAs migration risks through measures such as raw material substitution, packaging structure optimization, process control and standardized usage, and conduct migration testing based on the intended use of the final product to ensure compliance. Furthermore, this paper outlined 3 key research directions: The development of PAAs migration prediction models, the innovation of new barrier materials and the advancement of detection technologies, providing technical support for the compliance management and food safety assurance of PAAs in the flexible food packaging industry.
To clarify the regulatory logic and key compliance requirements for food contact materials across different economies, this paper conducted a comparative analysis of the relevant regulations in China, Japan and the European Union from 4 dimensions: Regulatory frameworks, new substance assessment, product information transmission and notification and alert mechanisms. The results showed that all 3 jurisdictions took “ensuring food safety” as the core objective and had established a dual-layer framework consisting of general regulations and material-specific requirements, with common features in areas such as good manufacturing practice (GMP) requirements and regulatory notification systems. The differences were mainly reflected in new substance assessment, where the processes in China and the European Union are relatively well developed, while Japan’s system remains to be further improved; and in labeling management, where China and the European Union had clear standards, whereas Japan had yet to establish a unified approach. This study can provide reference for cross-border compliance of Chinese food contact material enterprises and offer theoretical support for the further alignment of China’s regulatory system with international standards.
To investigate the migration levels of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in food-contact paper products sold in Shanghai and assess their potential health risks to the population.
A total of 119 samples including paper cups, paper plates, paper dishes and paper bowls were collected. According to the 2019 manual China national food contamination and harmful factors risk monitoring (volume II), 4 kinds of food simulants (10% ethanol, 4% acetic acid, olive oil and isooctane) were selected for migration tests. The extreme assumption method for food contact materials specified by the European Union and the consumption factor evaluation method adopted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were respectively applied, and a comprehensive evaluation was further conducted in combination with the partition coefficients of different migrants.
Statistically significant differences were observed in the detection rate, exceeding standard rate and migration amount of 3-MCPD in food-contact paper products among different food simulants (χ2=113.24, χ2=119.58, χ2=115.21, P<0.001). The detection rates in aqueous (10% ethanol) and acidic (4% acetic acid) simulants reached 71.43% and 73.95%, respectively, with exceeding standard rates of 68.91% and 70.59%, and average migration amounts of 57.79 μg/kg and 42.30 μg/kg. The detection rates and migration amounts in oily simulants (olive oil and isooctane) were relatively lower. No statistically significant differences were found in the detection rate, exceeding standard rate or migration amount of 3-MCPD among paper products for different purposes (P>0.05), except for the detection rate in isooctane simulant (χ2=6.03, P=0.049). There was no statistically significant difference in 3-MCPD migration of paper products among different sales channels (farmers’ markets, shopping malls and online stores) (P>0.05). Dietary exposure assessment showed that the general-exposure population (mean and median) exposure levels from 3-MCPD migration in 10% ethanol and 4% acetic acid simulants, as well as the high-exposure population(P95) exposure levels from 10% ethanol, 4% acetic acid and isooctane simulants, exceeded 10% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI). The comprehensive dietary exposure calculated using the FDA partition coefficient also exceeded 10% of the TDI, which was likely to pose potential health risks.
Before the implementation of GB 4806.8—2022 National food safety standard-Food contact paper and board materials and their products, the residue of 3-MCPD in commercially available food-contact paper products is relatively serious, presenting certain health risks to the population. As an emerging high-concern contaminant in the field of food-contact paper products, the risks of such residues cannot be ignored. It is urgent to further strengthen relevant risk assessments and implement control measures for wet strength agents that may be the source. This study provides support for clarifying the migration characteristics and risks of 3-MCPD in food-contact paper, as well as for industrial pollution control and health protection.
To establish an analytical method for the determination of content and migration of silver in silver-loaded silicone rubber products by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
The 3 mL nitric acid and 2 mL hydrofluoric acid were used as digestion acid for pretreatment of silver content, which were digested by microwave digestion method. The migration was simulated with 0.07 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution,4% acetic acid and artificial saliva. After shaking at 40 ℃ for 24 h, the immersion solution was filtered, and the quantitative analysis was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
The silver content had good linearity in the mass concentration range of 0–100 μg/L, the correlation coefficient (r) was 1.0000, the limit of detection was 0.0009 mg/kg, the limit of quantitation was 0.0029 mg/kg, and the recovery rates were 95.5%–102.2%. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.92%–2.25%. In 0.07 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, 4% acetic acid solution and artificial saliva mimics, silver had good linearity in the mass concentration range of 0–100 μg/L, and the correlation coefficients (r) were greater than 0.9995. The limits of detection were 0.0002, 0.0012 and 0.0024 mg/kg, respectively. The limits of quantitation were 0.0006, 0.0036 and 0.0077 mg/kg, the recoveries were 92.3%–101.8%, and the RSD was 1.03%–2.67%. The total silver content of 22 samples was not detected to 9.76 mg/kg, and the detection rate was 81.8%. The migration results of 4% acetic acid solution, 0.07 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution and artificial saliva were not detected to 0.0767 mg/kg, not detected to 0.1061 mg/kg and not detected to 0.0270 mg/kg, respectively, and the detection rates were 22.7%, 45.5% and 9.1%, respectively.
This method is convenient, sensitive, accreted and is suitable for quantitative analysis of total content and migration of silver in silicone rubber.
To address the bottlenecks of waste and low added value of leaves, flowers and other by-products in the Dendrobium officinale industry, consider strategic demands of the “Great Food View” and “Healthy China 2030”, this paper conducted a systematic review on the resource characteristics, physiological activities and high-value processing technologies of Dendrobium officinale leaves and flowers by-products. The results showed that Dendrobium officinale leaves and flowers were rich in active components. These components included flavonoids, polysaccharides and polyphenols, with functions of antioxidant, immunomodulatory and hypoglycemic activities, complementing the components in the stems. A diversified technical system including solvent extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction and vacuum freeze-drying was established. Products were extended to the fields of food, health products, and daily chemicals. However, problems existed such as high technical costs, lack of standards and insufficient industrialization transformation. Relevant studies in Guangxi were particularly weak. It provides the scientific and technological support for constructing a whole-chain value-added model for the Dendrobium officinale industry in Guangxi. It facilitates the green transformation of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials industry and rural revitalization, offering references for the high-value utilization of medicine and food homology by-products.
To establish a method for the detection of 4 kinds of quinolone drugs illegally added to anti-inflammatory health foods by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
The sample was dissolved in acetonitrile, extracted by sonication, purified using a modified QuEChERS method with low-temperature centrifugation, separated using a C18 chromatographic column, and then analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode with an electrospray ionization source.
This method showed good linearity for 4 kinds of quinolone drugs, with a correlation coefficient (r) greater than 0.997. The limits of detection were 0.01–0.02 mg/kg, the limits of quantitation were 0.02–0.05 mg/kg, the recoveries rates were 70.16%–109.26% and the precisions were 1.27%–4.56%.
This method is accurate, simple and easy to implement, enabling accurate detection of quinolone drugs illegally added to anti-inflammatory health foods, and providing technical support for risk monitoring of illegally added quinolone drugs in health foods.
To discuss the feasibility of analyzing bisacodyl, desacetyl bisacodyl and bisacodyl dicycloproyl carboxylate in health foods by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
After ultrasonic extraction with acetonitrile, the sample was analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS.
GC-MS could be used for preliminary qualitative analysis of bisacodyl and its analogues, while LC-MS/MS was suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of bisacodyl and its analogues. The 3 kinds of target analytes showed good linear relationships between 0.1–20.0 ng/mL by LC-MS/MS, with correlation coefficients (r) better than 0.998. The limits of detection were between 0.003–0.006 ng/mL and the limits of quantitation were all lower than 0.020 ng/mL. At the 3 kinds of spiked levels, the recoveries ranged from 83.35%–116.90% and the relative standard deviations were 0.48%–8.22% (n=6), respectively. GC-MS analysis was applied in 10 suspected samples, while bisacodyl structural analogues were detected in 3 samples. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that bisacodyl and desacetyl bisacodyl were present in the 3 suspected samples, with content in the ranges of 0.12%–1.92%.
The developed method is accurate, simple and rapid, which can satisfy the requirements of related identification work and provide a reference for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances with similar structures.
To explore the efficient extraction method and biological activity of black Crabapple polysaccharides (BCP).
Using black Crabapple as the raw material, the extraction conditions of BCP were optimized through single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology. The monosaccharide composition was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, and its in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated based on the scavenging rates of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radicals,2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate acid) diammonium salt cation (ABTS⁺) radicals and hydroxyl radicals.
The optimal extraction process for BCP was a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20:1 (mL:g), extraction temperature of 72 ℃ and extraction time of 45 min, yielding a polysaccharide recovery rate of (19.98±0.25)%. BCP consisted of 8 kinds of monosaccharides, including glucose, galactose and arabinose, confirming its identity as an acidic heteropolysaccharide. Antioxidant experiments demonstrated that BCP exhibited concentration-dependent scavenging capabilities against DPPH radicals, ABTS⁺ radicals and hydroxyl radicals. At a mass concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, the inhibition rates for these 3 kinds of radicals were (84.70±0.38)%, (71.20±0.91)% and (92.40±0.51)% respectively, indicating its favorable in vitro antioxidant activity.
This study optimizes the extraction process of BCP and proves its excellent antioxidant properties, providing a theoretical reference for promoting the high-value development of black Crabapple.
To employ ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-HRMS) to systematically analyze the metabolites in Astragalus membranaceus under different dried and fresh states, explore the differences of alkaloid substances.
Differential metabolites were screened using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, and enrichment analysis was conducted based on pathways from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.
Total of 4771 kinds of metabolites were identified in both dried and fresh Astragalus membranaceus, including 49 kinds of alkaloids belonging to 12 categories: Indoles, pyridines, isoquinolines, pyrrolidines, imidazoles, piperidines, purines, diterpenoids, tropanes, indolizidines, organic amines and steroids. Alkaloid compounds with significant different content were screened using the criteria of P<0.05, fold change>2 or <0.5, and variable importance in projection>1. Among these, α-calcaine was found in highercontent in fresh Astragalus membranaceus, whereas dauricine, 2-hydroxyadenine, 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine, nicotinamide, L-valine and N-oxide (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) were more abundant in the dried samples.
This study reveals the differences in alkaloid compounds between fresh and dried Astragalus membranaceus, providing a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of its bioactive alkaloid components in this medicinal herb.
To establish an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 12 kinds of organic acids (tartaric acid, hydroxycitric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid and ferulic acid) in Hibiscus sabdariffa L. wine by solid-phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography.
Mixed-mode strong anion exchange polymeric anion exchange (PAX) solid-phase extraction cartridges were used for purification and enrichment. The samples were eluted with 0.1% formic acid in water and methanol as mobile phases and separated on a CAPECELL PAK ADME C18 liquid chromatography column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), and a diode array multi-wavelength detection were employed.
The 12 kinds of organic acids were effectively separated; there was a good linear relationship within the linear range of various mass concentrations, with correlation coefficients (r) all above 0.9998;the average spiked recovery rates ranged from 82.78%–101.52%, with relative standard deviations of 0.90%–4.79%. The limits of detection were 0.00047–0.49392 mg/L and the limits of quantitation were 0.00157–1.64640 mg/L.
This method is simple to operate, good separation effect, accurate data and high sensitivity, making it suitable for the quantitative and qualitative detection of organic acids in Hibiscus sabdariffa L. wine.
To establish a method for determining tryptophan in special medical purpose formula milk powder by enzymatic hydrolysis based on amino acid analyzer.
Based on single-factor experiments, the Box-Behnken response surface methodology was employed, with enzyme addition amount, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature and enzymatic hydrolysis time as influencing factors, and tryptophan recovery rate as the response value. The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were determined, and the effects of different purification methods on the results were also compared.
The optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were: Enzyme addition amount 0.74 mL, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 45.2 ℃ and enzymatic hydrolysis time 12 h. Through experimental comparison, 12% trichloroacetic acid was identified as the optimal precipitant. Under the optimized conditions: Methodological validation showed a tryptophan recovery rate of 95.5%–101.0%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=7) ranging from 0.9% to 1.6%, and limit of detection (LOD) andlimit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.3 mg/100 g and 1.0 mg/100 g, respectively.
This method offers ease of operation, high accuracy and excellent precision, making it suitable for the quantitative determination of tryptophan in special medical purpose formula milk powder.
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is one of the most significant foodborne pathogens worldwide, capable of causing serious diseases such as diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, posing a continuous threat to public health and the food industry. With the globalization of food supply chains and the increasing consumption of fresh and ready-to-eat foods, the concealment and complexity of STEC contamination have been further exacerbated, raising higher demands on the sensitivity, specificity and timeliness of detection technologies. This review systematically summarized research progress in STEC detection technologies and standard systems in foods both domestically and internationally, with a focus on the application status, advantages and limitations of conventional culture-based methods, immunological assays, molecular biological techniques, as well as emerging approaches such as bacteriophage-based methods and biosensors. The results indicated that STEC detection was evolving from traditional culture-based confirmation toward integrated strategies combining rapid molecular screening with viable bacterial isolation. While advanced methods demonstrated clear advantages in detection speed, target coverage and risk identification, they still faced challenges including high equipment dependence, operational complexity and limited efficiency in isolating viable bacteria from positive samples. This study further evaluated these technologies in terms of advancement, practicality and reliability, aiming to provide references for the optimization, standardization and practical application of STEC detection methods in food safety management.
Heat-resistant Bacillus subtilis species are widely distributed throughout the food production chain and can form biofilms under environmental stress, posing significant risks to food safety and product quality. In recent years, key regulatory elements—including transcription factors Spo0A and DegU, the signaling molecules c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP, as well as the Rap-Phr quorum-sensing system and the sinR-sinI regulatory network—have been progressively elucidated, providing a theoretical basis for understanding and controlling biofilm formation in heat-resistant Bacillus subtilis. However, systematic summaries remain lacking regarding how food type, processing parameters and hygiene conditions influence bacterial adhesion, microcolony maturation and biofilm dispersal. Based on a comprehensive review of domestic and international research and integrating our team’s findings on acoustic-thermal coupling technology for biofilm removal, this study analyzed the molecular regulatory mechanisms and control strategies of biofilm formation and further explored the synergistic effects of acoustic-thermal coupling in balancing food quality preservation and energy efficiency. Future research should focus on elucidating molecular mechanisms, optimizing technological integration and constructing green prevention systems to facilitate the practical application of biofilm control technologies in the food industry.
Food safety issues are one of the current focuses of social concern in China. Lean meat powder is a type of drug that can promote lean meat growth in animals and improve the meat-to-feed ratio. The residue of lean meat powder in animal-derived foods poses a serious threat to consumer health, so the development of rapid and sensitive detection technologies is vital importance. Quantum dots, as a new type of nanomaterial, have shown broad application prospects in the field of food analysis due to their unique optical and electrical properties. This paper reviewed the latest application progress of rapid detection technologies in the detection of lean meat powder residues from 2 aspects: Quantum dots and detection methods. It mainly introduced the basic structure and significant characteristics of quantum dots, focused on the specific application of quantum dots in the detection of ractopamine residues, systematically elaborated on the research status of 3 mainstream analytical techniques (fluorescence analysis technology based on the fluorescence characteristics of quantum dots, immunoassay technology combining the specificity of antigen-antibody reactions and electrochemical analysis technology that enhanced sensitivity by modifying electrodes with quantum dots), summarized the challenges faced by quantum dot sensing technology in current research and looked forward to its future development directions. This article aims to provide valuable references for the development of new, highly sensitive, rapid and portable detection technology for lean meat powder.
To establish a method for rapid detection oxytetracycline (OTC) residues in animal-derived foods by carbon dots (CDs) fluorescent probe.
Blue-emissive carbon dots (B-CDs) were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method using salicylic acid and o-phenylenediamine as precursors, and a fluorescent probe for OTC detection was constructed.
The as-prepared B-CDs exhibited near-spherical morphology, uniform size distribution, good water dispersibility and stable fluorescence. The fluorescence of B-CDs could be selectively quenched by OTC. Under optimized conditions, the fluorescent probe exhibited good linear response and sensitivity for OTC in the range of 0–1.00 mg/kg (Y=1070.95–673.35X, r2=0.9959), with a limit of detection as low as 3.60 μg/kg and a limit of quantitation of 11.99 μg/kg. In spiked recovery tests using real samples, recoveries ranged from 94.00% to 102.00%, with relative standard deviations between 0.17% and 2.25%.
The proposed method is simple to operate, highly sensitive, reliable and cost-effective, demonstrating promising potential for rapid screening of OTC residues in food samples.
To establish a method for the simultaneous detection of 154 kinds of pesticides and their metabolites in roasted coffee by liquid chromatography-quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometry.
The samples were extracted with 1% acetic acid in acetonitrile, followed by salting-out and dehydration using sodium chloride and anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The lipids in the extract were then removed with the enhanced lipid removal product Bond Elut EMR-Lipid. Further purification was performed using Carbon S and primary secondary amine (PSA) solid-phase sorbents. Analysis was carried out via multiple reaction monitoring, information-dependent acquisition and enhanced product ion (EPI) scanning, combined with library searching against the EPI spectral library of 154 kinds of pesticides in a multi-step mode. Matrix-matched external standard method was adopted for quantitative determination.
The linear relationship of 154 kinds of pesticides was good linearity with in the range of 2–200 ng/mL (r>0.990). At the spiked levels of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg, the average recovery rates were 70.4%–117.5%. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=6) were 1.7%–14.9%. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation of the method were 0.07–3.00 µg/kg and 0.25–10.00 µg/kg, respectively. The method was accurate and effective. It complied with the testing requirements for pesticide residue limits in China, the European Union and Japan.
This method is simple, rapid and reliable, and can be used for the rapid screening and quantitative analysis of 154 kinds of pesticide residues in roasted coffee.
To establish a rapid method for the determination of 21 kinds of mycotoxins in spices, including conventional mycotoxins and 5 kinds of emerging mycotoxins such as alternariol monomethyl ether by solid-phase extraction pretreatment coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Sample extracts were purified by dispersive solid-phase extraction, separated on an HSS T3 column. Gradient elution was performed using a mobile phase consisting of aqueous solution containing 0.1% formic acid and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate, and methanol solution containing 0.1% formic acid and 3 mmol/L ammonium acetate. Electrospray ionization was adopted with rapid switching between positive and negative ion modes. Multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for data acquisition, and external standard method was applied for quantitative analysis.
All 21 kinds of mycotoxins showed good linear relationships within a certain concentration range, and the correlation coefficients (r) were all no less than 0.99. The limits of detection were 0.10–6.00 µg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 0.30–22.00 µg/kg. The average recovery rates of the target substances were 78.5% to 100.5%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.50% to 7.98%.
The method has excellent accuracy and precision, and can be used for rapid and accurate detection of many mycotoxins in spices.
To establish a method for the detection of gamithromycin residues in Oryctolagus cuniculus meat by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).
Oryctolagus cuniculus meat samples were extracted using acetonitrile, subjected to defatting with n-hexane, and further purified with Qasis MCX solid-phase extraction cartridges, and analyzed by Xevo TQ-XS UPLC-MS/MS with gradient elution, electrospray ionization positive scan mode (ESI+), multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) and internal standard method were applied for quantitative analysis.
There was an excellent linear correlation between the target peak area and the injection mass concentrations of gamithromycin at the range of 0.25–50.00 ng/mL (r2>0.999). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.25 μg/kg and 0.50 μg/kg. The average recoveries ranged from 76.8% to 102.3%, with intra-batch and inter-batch relative standard deviations both lower than 15% (n=6) at the addition levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 50.0 μg/kg.
The method is sensitive, accurate, and suitable for the detection of residues of gamithromycin in Oryctolagus cuniculus meat. This study can provide scientific basis and technical support for the monitoring and quality safety control of veterinary drug residues in Oryctolagus cuniculus meat products.
To understand the residues and dissipation dynamics of pyrethroid insecticides in Prunus persica L. fruits from the Xiaogan City and assess their dietary intake risk.
Prunus persica L. fruit samples were homogenized, and the target compounds were extracted using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent. The extracts were purified using a combination of primary secondary amine and Florisil. Chromatographic separation was performed on an RTX-5 capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm), and detection was carried out using an electron capture detector. Quantification was achieved by the external standard method to determine the residue levels in fruits at 0–23 days after application under different dilution treatments.
Method validation results showed that the 4 kinds of pyrethroid insecticides exhibited good linearity within the concentration range of 0.01–1.00 mg/kg (r2≥0.9942). The average recoveries ranged from 78.85% to 97.62%, with relative standard deviations between 2.12% and 6.85%. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation were 0.001 mg/kg and 0.003 mg/kg, respectively, indicating that the method possesses satisfactory sensitivity and accuracy. Field trial results demonstrated that the residue levels of the 4 kinds of insecticides in peach fruits decreased significantly over time, following first-order kinetic dissipation patterns, with half-lives ranging from 2.60 to 12.95 days. The initial residue concentration increased significantly with higher application concentrations. Residues decreased to 20%–40% of the initial values by day 5 after application, and most treatments showed residue levels below 0.50 mg/kg at 16–23 days, meeting the pre-harvest interval requirements for food safety. Dietary risk assessment indicated that the national estimated daily intakes of the 4 kinds of pesticides under different dilution treatments were substantially lower than their corresponding acceptable daily intakes. The risk quotients ranged from 0.002 to 0.103 (all<1).
Under regular application concentrations and harvest interval conditions, the health risk to consumers is relatively low. Based on the dissipation kinetic data, it is recommended that for the rapidly degrading fenpropathrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, the pre-harvest interval should be no less than 16 days; for the more persistent beta-cypermethrin and deltamethrin, the interval should be extended to 23 days. This study provides important scientific evidence for the safe application of pyrethroid insecticides in Prunus persica L. orchards in the Xiaogan City and offers technical support for their scientific use and management.
To investigate the effects of Asparagus powder on the quality and flavor of cookies.
Single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were conducted to determine the optimal formula of Asparagus cookies. Using low-gluten flour cookies as the control, the physicochemical properties, sensory quality, and flavor of both groups were evaluated. Furthermore, solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed for the analysis of volatile flavor components.
Under the temperature-controlled baking condition (preheating the oven to 170 ℃, baking for 8 min, then cooling to 120 ℃and baking for another 12 min), the optimal formula of Asparagus cookies was determined as follows: Asparagus powder 6 g, low-gluten flour 120 g, butter 37.5 g, corn oil 25 g, sunflower oil 12.5 g, milk 24 g, corn starch 4 g, powdered sugar 33 g and salt 1 g. A total of 32 kinds of volatile flavor compounds were detected in the Asparagus cookies, whereas 21 kinds of were identified in the control group (low-gluten flour cookies). Compared with the control group, several unique flavor substances were exclusively found in the Asparagus cookies, including trans-geranylgeraniol (fruity aroma), 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom aroma) and trans-2-heptenal (grassy aroma).
The addition of an appropriate amount of Asparagus powder to low-gluten flour effectively enhances the flavor profile of cookies. This study demonstrates that Asparagus powder can serve as a functional and flavor-enhancing ingredient in baked goods.
To establish a rapid and efficient method for the determination of 12 kinds of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in meat products by cold-induced pretreatment combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Freeze-dried meat samples were extracted with acetonitrile and then purified using C18 and N-propylethylenediamine (PSA) adsorbents; further, the acetonitrile/water ratio of the solution was adjusted to 35:65 (V:V) and then the solution was frozen in a −20 ℃refrigerator to separate and enrich OPEs. The target compounds were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with stable isotope internal standards. The cold-induced procedure was optimized and the linear relation, limits of detection, recovery, precision and matrix effect of the method were validated.
Standard solutions exhibited excellent linearity across 0.1–100.0 ng/mL. The correlation coefficients (r) were all greater than or equal to 0.9993. For the tested 12 kinds of OPEs, the average recovery rates at spiking levels of 1 ng/g and 5 ng/g ranged from 82.6% to 115.9%, with relative standard deviations of lower than or equal to 15.9%. The limits of detection for OPEs ranged from 0.1 to 19.2 pg/g, while the limits of quantitation ranged from 0.2 to 64.0 pg/g. The established method was used for the measurement of fresh and pre-cooked meats and OPEs were ubiquitous in the tested real samples. Moreover, the contamination levels of OPEs in pre-cooked foods were much higher than that in fresh foods.
The established analytical method is simple, rapid and highly sensitive; and only a small quantity of reagents and consumables is needed, making it suitable for monitoring large-scale food samples.
To clarify the changes in the content and bioavailability of 4 kinds of sugars and 4 kinds vitamins in postharvest Cucumis melo L. flesh.
The study examined the flesh of 2 Cucumis melo L.varieties at 7 different post-harvest stages. Using in vitro simulated digestion experiments and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), this study analyzed the changes in the content and bioavailability of reducing sugars, fructose, glucose, sucrose, vitamin B1 (VB1), vitamin B2 (VB2), niacin and nicotinamide in the Cucumis melo L. flesh. One-way analysis of variance and membership function analysis were employed to comprehensively evaluate the post-harvest nutritional components of the Cucumis melo L. flesh.
The bioavailability of the 8 kinds of nutrients in the Cucumis melo L. flesh of both varieties followed the order: Glucose>reducing sugars>fructose>sucrose; VB2>VB1>niacin>nicotinamide. Over time, the bioavailability of glucose, reducing sugars, fructose, and nicotinamide in Nasmi Cucumis melo L. flesh showed a fluctuating upward trend, while the bioavailability of VB1 and niacin in the flesh increased initially and then decreased later, and VB2 showed a fluctuating decline; the bioavailability of the 4 kinds of sugars and 4 kinds of vitamins in the flesh of Xizhoumi No.25 exhibited fluctuating trends, with significant differences observed among the varieties. Using the membership function analysis method, the bioavailability of sugars and vitamins in the flesh of Nasmi and Xizhoumi No.25 Cucumis melo L. was comprehensively evaluated post-harvest. The results showed that the overall bioavailability of nutritional components in the Cucumis melo L. flesh was highest on the 9th day post-harvest, with values of 0.61 and 0.72, respectively.
The content and bioavailability of the 4 kinds of sugars and 4 kinds of vitamins in the flesh of the 2 Cucumis melo L. varieties exhibit different trends after harvest. It is recommended to develop regulatory technologies based on these characteristics to improve the bioavailability of the nutritional quality of Cucumis melo L. flesh and provide dietary guidance to consumers.
To systematically investigate the dynamic variation patterns of major chemical components in Coffea arabica L. under different roasting degrees.
The 3 kinds of Coffea arabica L.beans—Catimor coffee, Caturra coffee and Sachimor coffee—were selected as research the subjects. The content of caffeine, free amino acids, polyphenols, total flavonoids, polysaccharides and chlorogenic acid in raw beans and 6 kinds of roasted bean samples: Yellow dot roasted, cassia bark roasted, light roasted, medium roasted, medium-dark roasted and fully roasted were measured respectively, and the variation patterns of each component with roasting degree were systematically analyzed.
The main chemical component content of the 3 kinds of Coffea arabica L. exhibited the following variation patterns with increasing roasting degree: The caffeine content remained largely unchanged, stabilizing within the range of 0.99%–1.24%; the free amino acid content showed a significant decline, with Catimor coffee decreasing from 0.49% to 0.02%, Caturra coffee from 0.41% to 0.03%, and Sachimor coffee from 0.59% to 0.03%; although the polyphenol content exhibited slight fluctuations during certain roasting stages, it showed an overall declining trend across all 3 kinds of Coffea arabica L. samples as roasting intensity increased, raw beans from 8.27%–8.52% to 5.76%–4.15%; the total flavonoid content showed a pronounced downward trend, dropping from 5.86%–6.88% to 0.95%–1.32%; the polysaccharide content followed a “first decrease followed by significant increase” pattern, from the raw bean stage to the cassia bark roasting stage, the polysaccharide content decreased from 3.47%–4.42% to 2.30%–2.94%. Starting from the light roasting stage, the polysaccharide content increased significantly with increasing roasting degree, reaching 5.84%–7.80% during deep roasting; the total chlorogenic acid content in raw beans reached 64.83–66.12 mg/g, gradually declining to 4.62–7.50 mg/g with increased roasting degree, accounting for only 7.1%–11.3% of the corresponding raw bean content.
This study clarify the quantitative correlation between roasting degree and the main chemical components of 3 kinds of Coffea arabica L. varieties. The findings provide basic data reference for the optimization of Coffea arabica L. roasting processes and the development of functional Coffea arabica L. products.
To establish an analytical method for the detection of 11 kinds of preservatives content in short-shelf-life fruits by QuEChERS combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
The samples were extracted with methanol, and 2.0 mL of the extract was transferred to a purification tube containing 100 mg of N-primary secondary amine (PSA) and 100 mg of C18 powder. After vortex mixing for 1 min and centrifugation at 4500 r/min for 5 min, the supernatant was passed through a 0.22 μm organic microporous membrane. The sample was analyzed in multiple reaction monitoring mode using electrospray negative and postive ionization mode.
The results demonstrated good linearity for all 11 kinds of preservatives within their respective concentration ranges, with correlation coefficients (r) exceeding 0.99. The method exhibited limits of detection of 0.003–0.015 mg/kg and limits of quantitation of 0.01–0.05 mg/kg. For recovery studies in bayberry, mulberry and strawberry matrices at 3 spiked mass concentration levels, the average recoveries ranged from 76.4% to 98.9%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.5%–9.8%. When applied to 20 batches of bayberry, mulberry and strawberry samples, natamycin was detected in 2 batches of mulberries and one batch of bayberries, with concentrations ranging from 4.5 to 11.9 mg/kg.
The method is simple, highly sensitive, and enables rapid determination of multiple preservatives, providing technical support for the simultaneous monitoring and evaluation of various preservatives in short-shelf-life fruits.
To explore an efficient method for extracting messenger RNA (mRNA) from yeast and establish a specific detection method by reverse transcription real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).
A high-performance silica magnetic beads by self-developed were used as carrier, an efficient yeast mRNA extraction technique was developed by combining streptavidin magnetic beads (SM) conjugated with Oligo(dT) and Trizol lysis, followed by optimization of magnetic bead concentration and magnetic adsorption time. Primers based on the yeast chitin synthase 2 (CHS2) gene, established a yeast-specific RT-qPCR assay, and its specificity and stability were validated.
Under optimized extraction conditions, the method enabled extraction yeast mRNA from various concentration, yielded 2.13 μg mRNA even from a low-concentration (2×103 cfu/mL). This yeast detection methodexhibited a wide linear range from 2×103 to 2×107 cfu/mL, with a linear equation of Y=–1.69X+33.412 (r2=0.9966), the method exhibited high specificity for the target yeast.
This study successfully establish a mRNA extraction technique by yeast-specific magnetic bead-based and a RT-qPCR detection method, exhibits good specificity and sensitivity, provide a new technology for the detection of yeast contamination in food and scientific research.
To optimize the processing techniques for Zanthoxylum bungeanum tea, elucidate the mechanisms through which different methods influence its quality and bioactive components.
Through a comparative analysis of 3 kinds of typical processing techniques for black tea, green tea, and white tea, this study systematically evaluated their distinct impacts on the quality characteristics of Zanthoxylum bungeanum tea.
Among the 3 kinds of processing techniques evaluated, the green tea method exhibited the most favorable overall performance for producing Zanthoxylum bungeanum tea. Regarding sensory quality, this method effectively preserved the characteristic aroma and flavor profiles of Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves, yielding a unique sensory profile characterized by a mild numbing sensation and a fresh, spicy aroma. In terms of nutritional and bioactive components, the content of water-soluble extracts (36.00%), vitamin B2 (0.46 mg/100 g), vitamin C (154.00 mg/100 g) and β-carotene (1.31×104 µg/100 g) were significantly increased (P<0.05). Functionally, the green tea method achieved a total flavonoid content of 9254.24 μg/g, which was significantly higher than that of Zanthoxylum bungeanum tea (Red) and Zanthoxylum bungeanum tea (White) by 206.30% and 93.90%, respectively. Moreover, the retention of numbing compounds, including hydroxy-α-sanshool and hydroxy-β-sanshool was optimal; their concentrations fell within the desirable threshold range for both flavor and bioactivity, without inducing any negative sensory effects. These advantages were attributable to the high-temperature fixation step inherent to green tea processing, which rapidly inactivated key enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase and amide hydrolase, thereby suppressing oxidative degradation. In contrast, during black tea processing and white tea processing, enzyme activity was not sufficiently inhibited, resulting in varying degrees of constituent transformation and degradation.
Through the modulation of enzyme activity during processing, the green tea method achieves the simultaneous preservation of sensory qualities, bioactive components, and characteristic flavor compounds in Zanthoxylum bungeanum tea. The resulting product thus exhibits both desirable flavor attributes and potential health benefits, establishing this method as the optimal approach for high-quality production. These findings provide a crucial technological foundation for the high-value utilization of Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves.
To improve the survival rate of probiotic cells and prepare microencapsulated compound probiotics.
In this study, microencapsulation technology was employed, using sodium alginate and skimmed milk powder as wall materials, and stachyose and konjac micro-powder as core materials to encapsulate probiotics. The effects of stachyose and konjac micro-powder on the survival rate and release rate of microencapsulated composite probiotics were investigated through room temperature storage and simulated gastrointestinal fluid treatment.
When the mass ratio of probiotics, stachyose, lactulose, isomalto-oligosaccharides and konjac micro-powder solution was 1:5:2:2:3, the probiotic composite microcapsules prepared in this way had a survival rate of 84.5% after being treated in gastric juice for 90 min, a release rate of 93.0% after being treated in intestinal juice for 90 min, a survival rate as high as 93.2% after being stored at room temperature for 30 d, and a survival rate as high as 90.0% after being stored at room temperature for 60 d.
The added stachyose, lactulose, isomalto-oligosaccharides and konjac micro-powder can increase the survival rate of microencapsulated probiotics during storage at room temperature, with good gastric acid resistance and excellent enteric effect.
To evaluate the quality of Camellia sinensis cv Baohongcha. green tea in Kunming, and identify its key quality indicators.
A total of 9 quality indicators, including water extract, tea polyphenols, catechins, free amino acids (calculated as glutamic acid), theanine, caffeine, theaflavins, polysaccharides (calculated as glucose) and total flavonoids (calculated as rutin), were determined in 31 batches of Camellia sinensis cv Baohongcha. green tea samples collected from Yiliang County, the main producing area of Kunming. Pearson correlation analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were adopted for data analysis.
The 9 individual indicators were integrated into 2 independent comprehensive components F1 and F2 by principal component analysis. The contribution rates of F1 and F2 were 41.33% and 15.20%, respectively, with a cumulative contribution rate of 56.53%. The 6 key evaluation indicators were screened out, namely water extract, tea polyphenols, catechins, caffeine, free amino acids and theanine.
The 6 key quality indicators of Camellia sinensis cv Baohongcha. green tea are analyzed in depth. The results shows that the overall quality indicators of Camellia sinensis cv Baohongcha. tea are excellent, which endows the tea with typical characteristics of high-aroma green tea: Yellowish-green and bright liquor color, fresh and brisk taste with sweet aftertaste, and rich fragrance. It is suggested to further construct and optimize the standard system for the whole industrial chain of Camellia sinensis cv Baohongcha. tea.
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