To establish a method for the determination of fenpicoxamid and florylpicoxamid residues (2 kinds of new types picolinamide pesticide) in vegetables and fruits by pipette-tip based modified QuEChERS-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The vegetable and fruit samples were extracted by shaking with acetonitrile assisted with QuEChERS salts, and purified using disposable tips packed with clean-up sorbents. The analytes were separated by a HPLC Shim-pack GIST C₁₈ column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 2 μm) with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid in water as the mobile phase by gradient elution mode. The target compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode, and quantified by the external standard method with matrix-matched calibration curves.

The linear relationship between the 2 kinds of pesticides was good within the mass concentration range of 1–40 ng/mL (correlation coefficient r>0.994), and the limits of quantitation were 0.01 mg/kg, could meet the requirements of residue detection. Method validation was conducted in 5 kinds of matrices including Wogan mandarin, celery, apple, scallion and raisin, and the average recovery rates at the spiked levels of 0.01–0.10 mg/kg were 62.6% to 119.1% with the relative standard deviation of 1.98% to 13.10%.

The proposed method is simple, rapid and efficient, and is suitable for the rapid screening and accurate quantitation of 2 kinds of novel picolinamide pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits.

To evaluate the applicability of the Soleris rapid microbial detection method for detecting molds and yeasts in food and its equivalence with the national standard method.

Validation experiments were performed in accordance with domestic and international standards, focusing on 5 core parameters: Inclusivity, exclusivity, sensitivity, relative limit of detection, robustness and inter-batch variability. A systematic equivalence comparison was conducted against the conventional reference method specified in GB 4789.15—2016 National food safety standard-Microbiological examination of food-Enumeration of molds and yeasts.

All 30 target mold and yeast strains were successfully detected, yielding an inclusivity rate of 100%; while none of the 31 non-target strains were detected, resulting in an exclusivity rate of 100%. The relative limit of detection values across diverse food matrices were consistently below the preset acceptance threshold of 1.5. Robustness and differences between reagent batches had no statistically significant impact on the detection results, demonstrating excellent repeatability. The detection time was shortened to within 48 hours.

The detection results of mold and yeast in food using the Soleris microbial rapid detection method are equivalent to the GB 4789.15—2016 method and can be used for the rapid detection of mold and yeast in food, providing efficient technical support for food safety quality control, supervision and sampling inspection, and emergency screening.

To establish a analytical method for detecting pesticide residues of 9 kinds of diamide insecticides in medicinal and edible homologous food by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).

In this experiment, 2.00 g of 4 kinds of medicinal and edible homologous food samples: Lycium barbarum, Fructus Mori, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat and Angelica sinensis were selected. The extraction solvent was 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, and the extraction procedure involved vortex oscillation for 5 min followed by ultrasonication for 10 min. The extraction salts used were 4 g magnesium sulfate+1 g NaCl+1 g C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O+0.5 g C₆H₆Na₂O₇·1.5 H₂O. The purification method employed 150 mg MgSO₄, 50 mg C₁₈ and 50 mg primary secondary amine (PSA) per milliliter of extract.

The results showed that within the range of 2.0–100.0 μg/L, the linear correlation coefficient of 9 kinds of diamide insecticides was greater than 0.999, the method developed in this study demonstrates excellent stability and repeatability. Limit of detection was 3.0 μg/kg and the limit of quantitation was 10.0 μg/kg. When the sample was spiked at levels of 10, 20 and 100 μg/kg, the recovery rates were 70.6%-96.0% and relative standard deviations were 3.4%-9.0% (n=6).

This study addresses the limitations of existing detection methods for diamide insecticide residues by developing a more comprehensive and effective analytical method. The improved methodology enhances the accuracy and reliability of pesticide residue detection in medicinal and edible homologous food, demonstrating significant practical value in ensuring the food safety of these dual-purpose items.

To establish a method for the determination of residual levels of 6 kinds of novel pesticides (flutianil, ipflufenoquin, mandestrobin, benzpyrimoxan, pyriofenone and pyflubumide) in plant-derived foods by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS).

Samples were extracted by shaking with 1% formic acid in acetonitrile. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, citric acid dihydrate and disodium citrate sesquihydrate were then added to the extract; after shaking, the mixture was centrifuged. A quantitative volume of the supernatant was purified using the QuEChERS method, with the purification materials including anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), primary secondary amine, octadecyltrimethoxysilane and graphitized carbon black. After vortex mixing and centrifugation, 2 mL of the supernatant was transferred to a centrifuge tube, concentrated to near dryness under nitrogen, dissolved in 1 mL of n-hexane, and filtered through an organic phase filter membrane before GC-MS/MS analysis. Quantification was performed using a matrix-matched standard curve. In this study, the sample extraction, purification and determination procedures were optimized and discussed.

For the 6 kinds of novel pesticides (including flutianil and ipflufenoquin) in plant-derived foods, the limits of quantitation ranged from 0.005 mg/kg to 0.050 mg/kg, the recoveries were between 71.1% and 119.7%, and the relative standard deviations were 0.6% to 12.8%.

This method is simple, rapid and accurate, and is suitable for the analysis and detection of multi-residues of the 6 kinds of novel pesticides in plant-derived foods.

To establish a method for rapid screening of 89 kinds of pesticide residues in foodborne plant extracts by QuEChERS-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Foodborne plant extracts are dispersed with pure water, extracted using acetonitrile, and purified via the QuEChERS method. The analytes are separated on a DB-5MS chromatographic column and detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The accurate mass-to-charge ratios of precursor ions and product ions are acquired, and quantitative analysis is performed by matrix-matched calibration curve with internal standard method..

The results showed that the linearity of 89 kinds of pesticides and their metabolites was good in the range of 10–200 ng/mL and the correlation coefficients (r²) were greater than 0.99. The limits of quantitation were 2–20 μg/kg. The recoveries of 89 kinds of pesticides in Ganoderma lucidum extract was ranged from 59.9% to 129.1%, with the relative standard deviations of 0.4% to 13.9%.

This method is simple, efficient, accurate and sensitive, and is suitable for the detection of 89 pesticide residues in foodborne-plant extracts.

To achieve rapid and non-destructive detection of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) content in beef by leveraging deep learning and explainable artificial intelligence-driven visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy.

Vis-NIR spectra were collected from 420 beef samples, and the TBARS values were determined experimentally. Different spectral pretreatment methods, feature selection methods and modeling algorithms were compared to realize the non-destructive and rapid detection of TBARS in beef.

It demonstrated that the standard normal variate preprocessing-successive projections algorithm for feature selection-long short-term memory network model achieved the best performance [R-square of prediction set(R²_P)=0.8378, root mean square error of prediction set (RMSEP)=0.0679 mg/kg, residual prediction deviation(RPD)=2.4833], outperforming partial least squares regression (PLSR) and extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost). Furthermore, through the interpretability analysis using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP)revealed the contribution mechanisms of critical wavelengths, such as 1080 nm and 956 nm, to TBARS prediction.

The proposed method offers an innovative strategy for rapid, non-destructive, accurate and explainable detection of TBARS in beef.

To develop an intelligent, highly sensitive rapid detection platform for enrofloxacin (ENR) to address the issues of high cost and lengthy processing times associated with traditional detection methods, as well as the reliance on manual operation and insufficient identification accuracy of existing digital immunoassay technologies.

Based on automated imaging equipment and deep learning algorithms, a digital immunoassay system using polystyrene microspheres as signal carriers was constructed, combining immunoreaction and magnetic separation technologies to achieve quantitative detection. The system integrated a high-precision automated microdisplacement platform, adopted the Faster-RCNN algorithm to achieve rapid recognition of microspheres, and introduced the NAFNet image enhancement algorithm to improve the imaging quality.

The platform was capable of achieving high sensitivity detection of ENR (limit of detection 19.35 pg/ml, linear range 0.5–100.0 ng/mL), with test recoveries ranging from 104%–111%, and had made significant breakthroughs in detection efficiency, automation and anti-interference capability.

The study develops a deep learning-based automated immunoassay platform capable of stable image acquisition and accurate recognition of microspheres. The deep learning algorithm provides accurate and reliable counting, and the immunoassay system establishes features a wide linear range, low detection limit and high sensitivity. It performs well in the detection of milk samples and is suitable for the rapid automated detection of enrofloxacin in food.

To study the application of intelligent blockchain technology in the field of food traceability.

This study constructed a system architecture that integrates internet of things (IoT) data collection, blockchain distributed storage and automatic execution of smart contracts. The core smart contract modules such as user verification, data storage and transaction update were designed and implemented; taking the dairy product supply chain as a case, deployment and testing were carried out on the Hyperledger Fabric platform.

Compared to traditional My Structured Query Language (MySQL) clusters, this system reduced the traceability response time from 68.2 h to 8.9 h (a reduction of 86.8%), ensured 100% consistency of data between nodes under normal consensus mechanism operation conditions and reduced the risk of data tampering from 22.1% to 0.7% (a decrease of 96.8%). In addition, a 30 d stability test showed that the system had less than 0.5 daily failures and a node synchronization success rate of over 99.9%.

From this, it can be seen that the collaborative solution of on chain metadata indexing and off chain distributed storage proposed in this study balanced data traceability and system storage scalability. Through modular smart contract design, the automation and trustworthy flow of supply chain data has been achieved, providing feasible technical solutions and empirical evidence for building an efficient, transparent and trustworthy food traceability system.

To study the immunogenicity of the novel outer membrane protein 5’-nucleotidase(5’-NT) from Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the sequence conservation, structure and B-cell epitopes of 5’-NT; the gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the recombinant plasmid pET-28a(+)-nutA was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli for induced expression. The soluble recombinant protein was obtained by nickel-chelated nitrilotriacetic acid agarose affinity chromatography purification and gradient dialysis refolding; mice immunization, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, complement-mediated serum bactericidal assay and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy were used to systematically evaluate the protein’s surface exposure, immunological titer, cross-reactivity and immunoprotective effect.

The results showed that 5’-NT had high sequence conservation in the genus Vibrio. The recombinant plasmid of 5’-NT was successfully constructed and the high-purity recombinant 5’-NT was obtained through induced expression and purification. The antibody titer of 5’-NT against the whole-cell immune serum of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was 1:81k, which confirmed the surface exposure of this protein. The titer of 5’-NT immune serum against 5’-NT protein was 1:81k, and 1:3k against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. It had weak cross-reactivity with most other Vibrio species and the immune serum exhibited weak complement-dependent bactericidal activity (1:4). Western blot analysis demonstrated that the immune serum against recombinant 5’-NT could generate specific bands with whole-cell proteins of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other Vibrio species. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy analysis further confirmed that the recombinant 5’-NT immune serum specifically bound to Vibrio parahaemolyticus which also indicated that this protein possesses surface-exposed characteristics.

Although 5’-NT of Vibrio parahaemolyticus exhibits Vibrio-conserved and surface-exposed characteristics, its relatively low immune serum titer indicates limited exposure, immunogenicity, or expression abundance. This limits its application as a standalone vaccine or detection antigen. In subsequent studies, combination strategies can be adopted to explore its value in the prevention and control of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.This study reveals the surface exposure, immunogenicity, and serum protectivity of the outer membrane protein 5’-NT from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, providing a reference for the development of diagnostic antigens and subunit vaccines against this pathogen.

To investigate the contamination status, molecular characteristics, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes and resistance profiles of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) in foods from Baoshan City.

Whole-genome sequencing was performed on Lm strains isolated from retail foods in Baoshan. The sequences were assembled using BioNumerics 7.6 software, and their molecular characteristics were subsequently analyzed. In parallel, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on the 12 Lm strains using the broth dilution method.

A total of 229 food samples were collected and analyzed, yielding 12 Lm isolates with an overall contamination rate of 5.24%. No statistically significant difference was observed in Lm detection rates among the 5 food categories (P>0.05), although numerical variations in contamination existed across categories. Similarly, the overall contamination rates across the 5 sampling regions showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05), despite observable variations among individual regions. The Lm isolated were classified into 2 genetic lineages:Lineage I comprised 7 strains (58.33%), and Lineage II comprised 4 strains (33.33%). One strain isolated from raw meat products remained untyped. They were classified into 3 kinds of serogroups: 1/2a-3a (4 strains, 33.33%), 1/2b-3b-7 (4 strains, 33.33%) and 4b-4d-4e (4 strains, 33.33%). The 6 sequence types (STs) were identified, with ST8(25%) being the dominant type. The isolates fell into 6 clonal complexe (CC), with CC8 (25%) as the predominant group. All isolates carried key virulence genes, with 100% harboring complete LIPI-1 and LIPI-2 gene clusters, while LIPI-3 and LIPI-4 were less frequent (2 and 3 strains, respectively). All isolates carried major resistance genes fosX, mprF, lin and sul. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed resistance rates of 83.33% (10/12) to erythromycin and 33.33% (4/12) to meropenem. The 2 kinds of resistance patterns were observed: 6 strains showed single-drug resistance, and 4 strains showed dual resistance, primarily to erythromycin and meropenem (33.33%, 4/12).

Lm contamination is detected in various retail foods in Baoshan. The isolates exhibits high genetic diversity and included common pathogenic sequence types. All strains universally carry key virulence genes, indicating strong pathogenicity and potential outbreak risk. Moreover, widespread resistance to clinically important antibiotics, such as erythromycin and meropenem, is observed. Strengthened food monitoring across the city, along with standardized clinical and veterinary antibiotic use, is recommended to prevent and control the associated risks.

To establish a multiplex digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) quantitative detection system for Cronobacter (Escherichia sakazakii), Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and pathogenic Escherichia coli O157.

Species-specific genes were screened from the genomes of the 7 kinds of pathogenic bacteria in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) genome database, and their conservation was analyzed. Primer-probes were designed based on the conserved regions. The primer specificity and probe structure were analyzed by using MFE Primer (V3.1) to alignment against the human genome, bacterial and viral genomes in the NCBI ftp database, followed by the synthesis of primers probes and pathogenic bacterial plasmids. A multiplex dPCR detection system for foodborne pathogens was established by using multicolor coding technology to encode the detection targets of the 7 kinds of pathogenic bacteria with different fluorescence channel combination modes, and the specificity, accuracy, linearity and repeatability of the system were verified.

The detection system was characterized by high specificity, accuracy and reproducibility, with linear ranges of 15.55–17336.02 copies/μL for Cronobacter (Escherichia sakazakii), 11.92–12755.55 copies/μL for Staphylococcus aureus, 9.47–11811.35 copies/μL for Vibrio cholerae, 9.86–11631.06 copies/μL for Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 12.20–14244.65 copies/μL for Salmonella, 16.70–15329.10 copies/μL for Listeria monocytogenes, and 28.22–26325.95 copies/μL for pathogenic Escherichia coli O157.

The construction of a multiplex dPCR detection system for various foodborne pathogens, utilizing multicolor coding technology, facilitate the simultaneous detection of 7 kinds of foodborne pathogens. This system offer a valuable technical reference for pathogen surveillance, contamination source tracing and emergency response in the fields of food, medicine, and the environment, demonstrating broad application potential. It will facilitate further exploration of a super-multiplex dPCR detection system for pathogens.

To establish a novel method for rapid on-site detection of the tetracycline resistance gene TetA by cross priming amplification (CPA) technology.

A total of 5 specific primers targeting conserved regions of the TetA gene were designed. Amplification was performed under isothermal conditions (optimized at 51–60 ℃), with the entire detection process completed within 45–60 minutes using only basic heating equipment such as a water bath or metal bath. To validate its performance, the method was systematically evaluated for sensitivity, specificity and interference resistance.

The limit of detection for purified TetA gene templates was as low as 30.0  fg/μL, indicating high sensitivity. Furthermore, no nonspecific amplification was observed in comparative tests against other tetracycline resistance genes (e.g., tetB, tetM) and common clinical pathogenic genes, confirming excellent selectivity. Additionally, simulated sample testing yielded stable and reliable results.

A simple, rapid, low-cost and instrument-free CPA-based method for TetA gene detection is successfully developed. With its high sensitivity and specificity, this method can effectively meet the needs for rapid on-site screening of tetracycline resistance genes in primary healthcare institutions and farming environments. It provides a robust technical tool for real-time monitoring and controlling the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, demonstrating significant practical application value.

To study the spatiotemporal distribution and drug resistance of foodborne Salmonella in Zhenjiang Region.

From 2021 to 2024, according to the Jiangsu Province foodborne disease surveillance work manual, stool samples from foodborne diarrhea cases were collected from sentinel hospitals in 4 urban districts of Zhenjiang City. Salmonella isolation and cultivation, serotyping and drug sensitivity tests (using the broth microdilution method) were performed.

Out of 2547 samples of foodborne diarrhea, 117 strains of Salmonella were detected, with a detection rate of 4.59%. Among them, the sample size was larger in summer and autumn, with higher positive detection rates (5.31% and 4.75%). There was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of Salmonella in different seasons (χ²=6.61, P<0.05). The detection rates of Salmonella in Runzhou District and Danyang City (8.23%, 7.77%) were significantly higher than those in other areas (χ²=66.622, P<0.05). The predominant serotypes in Zhenjiang Area were Salmonella typhimurium (45.30%). The drug resistance rate of Salmonella in this area was high (82.05%). The highest resistance was to ampicillin (82.05%), followed by tetracycline(70.09%) and ampicillin/sulbactam (64.10%), chloramphenicol (52.14%) and so on, and the situation of multidrug resistance was 75.21%, with a multidrug resistance spectrum of 52, mainly ampicillin-ampicillin/sulbactam-tetracycline-chloramphenicol-sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (12.50%) and ampicillin-ampicillin/sulbactam-nalidixic acid-polymyxin E (7.95%).

Foodborne Salmonella in Zhenjiang region has a high incidence in summer and autumn, with relatively high detection rates in Runzhou District and Danyang City. The serotypes are diverse, and the strains exhibit high antibiotic resistance rates and complex multidrug resistance spectrum. These results provide a key scientific basis for precise early warning of local foodborne diseases, guidance for empirical clinical medication, and the formulation of antibiotic resistance monitoring policies.

To investigate the contamination characteristics, serotype distribution and drug resistance of Salmonella in food sold in Zibo City, Shandong Province.

According to the National food contamination and hazardous factors risk monitoring manual, Shandong Province food contaminant and harmful factor risk monitoring work manual and GB 4789.4—2016 Food microbiological examination-Salmonella inspection.Isolation, identification and serotyping of Salmonella from 19 kinds of and 1812 food samples collected from 2015 to 2024. The antibiotic drug types were determined by referring to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured using the micro broth dilution method.

A total of 131 strains of Salmonella were detected, with an overall detection rate of 7.23%(131/1812). Among them, the detection rate of meat and meat products was the highest, reaching 21.02% (95/452), followed by animal aquatic products at 13.96% (31/222). The detection rates were higher in summer and autumn, which were 19.10% (68/356) and 17.48% (54/309) respectively, showing obvious seasonality, and the detection rate in the circulation link (19.43%, 122/628) was significantly higher than that in the catering link (4.39%, 9/205). The main dominant serotypes were Salmonella enteritidis (13.74%, 18/131), Salmonella indiana (8.40%, 11/131) and Salmonella derby (6.11%, 8/131). There were differences in dominant serotypes among foods from different species:Poultry-derived meat products were mainly dominated by Salmonella enteritidis (12.21%, 16/131), pork-derived meat products were mainly dominated by Salmonella derby (5.34%, 7/131), and animal aquatic products were mainly dominated by Salmonella ituri (3.82%, 5/131) and Salmonella aberdeen (3.82%, 5/131). The drug resistance analysis results showed that the overall drug resistance rate of 131 Salmonella strains was 80.15% (105/131), and the proportion of multi-drug resistance was 77.14% (81/105); the highest resistance rate was 67.18% (88/131) for ampicillin, followed by tetracycline (63.36%, 83/131) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (51.15%, 67/131).

Salmonella contamination in Zibo City is mainly found in meat and meat products, with diverse serotypes and severe drug resistance and multi-drug resistance. Regulatory authorities should strengthen the supervision of meat products, animal based aquatic products, and related breeding processes, and remind consumers to pay attention to food hygiene during the high incidence season of infection to prevent foodborne Salmonella infections.

To analyze of the contamination status of pathogenic bacteria in ready-to-eat fruit and vegetable products in Gansu Province in 2024.

According to the principle of random sampling, a total of 241 ready-to-eat fruit and vegetable products were collected from the catering and distribution sectors across the province. According to the series of methods in the GB 4789—2016 National food safety standards-Food microbiological examination, tests were conducted on diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus. The whole genome sequencing was performed on the detected Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus to obtain the multilocus sequence typing results. Drug sensitivity tests were conducted on the diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella species.

The overall detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in 241 ready-to-eat fruit and vegetable products was 5.81%. Among them: Listeria monocytogenes had the highest detection rate, at 3.73% (9/241); followed by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with a detection rate of 0.83% (2/241); the detection rate of Salmonella was 0.41% (1/241). The 9 strains of Listeria monocytogenes belonged to 4 different sequence type (ST) types. Among them, 4 strains were ST87,2 strains were ST121, 2 strains were ST288 and 1 strain was ST378. The 2 Staphylococcus aureus strains belong to 2 ST types, one of which was ST1 and the other was ST59. One strain of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli was drug-resistant, and the drug resistance spectrum was ampicillin-amoxicillin/clavulanate-cefazolin-cefotiofur-streptomycin-florfenicol.The 4 strains of Listeria monocytogenes were resistant, with the resistance spectrum being tetracycline-erythromycin.One strain of Salmonella was resistant, and the resistance spectrum was ertapenem-meropenem-streptomycin.

In 2024, the contamination of pathogenic bacteria in ready-to-eat fruit and vegetable products in Gansu Province mainly original from cold dishes. The detection rate of Listeria monocytogenes is relatively high compared to the other 3 kinds of bacteria, which requires close attention.

To analyze the etiology and traceability of foodborne pathogens in two suspected mixed infection food poisoning events in Shaoxing City in 2024.

The re-identified isolates were serotyped by slide agglutination, virulence genes (tlh+/tdh+/trh-) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were identified by real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction, drug resistance was detected by broth microdilution method, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to detect the isolates, and were performed for molecular typing. Acquired drug resistance genes were predicted by ResFinder and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis by PubMLST database. core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) was used for molecular tracing.

Of the 2 incidents, both 2 isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from incident 1 were serotype O10:K4, with virulence gene profile tlh+/tdh+/trh-, resistant to cefazolin, and exhibited identical PFGE banding patterns, indicating homologous strains. The 2 Salmonella agona isolates were susceptible to all 27 kinds of antibiotics, showed identical PFGE banding patterns, and were identified as homologous strains. The 4 Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from incident 2 were all serotype O3:K6, with virulence gene profile tlh+/tdh+/trh- and identical PFGE banding patterns, but exhibited two distinct antimicrobial resistance phenotypes: Cefazolin and ampicillin-cefazolin. The 2 Salmonella ruzizi II isolates showed different antimicrobial resistance phenotypes: Nalidixic‑tetrecycline and ampicillin‑streptomycin‑azithromycin‑trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole‑gentamicin‑tetrecycline‑chloramphenicol‑florfenicol, with a PFGE band similarity of 51.90%. Whole-genome sequencing results showed that the 2 Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from incident 1 belonged to ST3 by MLST, and the β-lactam resistance gene bla_CARB-22 was predicted in each isolate. The Salmonella isolates were identified as ST13, and 4 kinds of antimicrobial resistance genes were predicted in total.The cgMLST clustering results showed high similarity between the isolates, respectively. The 4 Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from incident 2 belonged to ST3, and the bla_CARB-22 resistance gene was predicted in each isolate. The 2 Salmonella isolates were identified as ST516 and ST398, with 19 kinds of antimicrobial resistance genes predicted. cgMLST clustering revealed that the Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates were highly homologous, whereas the Salmonella isolates were highly divergent.

PFGE typing, whole-genome sequencing-based MLST, and cgMLST results demonstrated that incident 1 is a food poisoning case caused by mixed infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella, whereas incident 2 is attributed to Vibrio parahaemolyticus alone. The etiological characteristics of mixed-infection food poisoning incidents in Shaoxing City provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of such mixed infections. It is recommended that relevant departments strengthen food risk supervision capabilities and enhance public food safety awareness.

To investigate the adulteration status of commercial cooked beef products and analyze the characteristics of undeclared animal-derived components.

A total of 133 samples of commercial cooked beef products were collected. Based on the SN/T 2051—2008 Determination of bovine, ovine, porcine-derived materials in food, cosmetic and feed-Real-time PCR method and GB/T 38164—2019 Identification of animal ingredient from common livestock and poultry-Real-time PCR, real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect 5 kinds of animal-derived components, namely cattle, sheep, pig, chicken and duck, thereby establishing the profiles of undeclared animal-derived components.

Among the 133 samples, 16 were detected with undeclared animal-derived components, resulting in the adulteration rate of 12.03%. The adulteration rate in cooked dried meat products from large and medium-sized supermarkets was significantly higher than that from small supermarkets and other sales venues. Among the detected undeclared animal-derived components, chicken-derived components had the highest detection rate (68.75%), followed by pork-derived (25.00%) and duck-derived components (18.75%), while sheep-derived components showed the lowest detection rate (12.50%).The profile of undeclared animal-derived components comprised 6 types, with the single adulteration of chicken-derived components being the most prevalent (62.50%).

The inspected commercial cooked beef products on the market have some adulteration issues, mainly involving the addition of chicken-derived components. Regulatory authorities should establish a regular sampling inspection mechanism for beef products and promote the full coverage of the traceability system to ensure product quality and safety.

To understand the molecular characteristics of Salmonella in Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture from 2023 to 2025, and explore the relationship between serotype and sequence typing (ST), drug resistance characteristics and virulence.

The drug susceptibility test was performed by trace broth dilution method, and the serotypes, ST, drug resistance genes and virulence factors of 82 Salmonella strains were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis techniques, and the correlation was analyzed by combining with phylogenetic tree.

A total of 22 serotypes were identified, with Salmonella enterica (17/82,20.73%) as the predominant type; 24 ST were identified, with ST11 as the predominant type, and serotypes were highly correlated with ST. The total drug resistance rate was 93.90% (77/82), and the multi-drug resistance rate was 74.39% (61/82). The highest rate of drug resistance was to tetracycline (78.05%) and no drug resistance to 4 kinds of drugs including amikacin. The 43 kinds of drug resistance genes were detected, with golS (75.61%), bla_TEM-1(42.68%), AAC(6')-Iaa (39.02%) and QnrS1 (32.93%) as the predominant genes, and the drug resistance phenotypes were largely coincident with the genotypes. A total of 40 virulence factors were detected, among which the carrying rate of virulence factors related to secretion systems was the highest.

Salmonella in Qianxinan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture shows high multi-drug resistance and complex drug resistance gene profile, and serotypes are closely related to their ST. Continuous monitoring of foodborne Salmonella needs to be strengthened to ensure food safety in China and guide the precise use of drugs in clinical practice.

To analyze and evaluate the situation of multiple pesticide residues and risk assessment in commercially available “Feizixiao” Litchi chinensis in Hainan.

In 2024, 35 batches of commercially available “Feizixiao” Litchi chinensis samples (referred to as “Feizixiao”) were collected from 13 cities and counties in Hainan Province (Haikou, Qiongzhong, Danzhou, Lingao, Wenchang, Wanning, Ding’an, Lingshui, Chengmai, Sanya, Baoting, Qionghai, Wuzhishan). Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to detect 195 kinds of pesticide residues in the samples. The detected pesticide residue components were analyzed, and risk ranking as well as dietary exposure risk assessment of these residues were conducted based on the risk ranking method.

The total detection rate of pesticide residues was 100%, with a sample qualification rate of 62.9%.A total of 16 pesticide components were detected, among which only 8 had corresponding maximum residue limits established in China, accounting for 50% of the detected pesticides. The 4 kinds of pesticides had a detection rate exceeding 50%, namely difenoconazole (91.4%), lambda-cyhalothrin and gamma-cyhalothrin (80.0%), flumiproparil(71.4%) and cypermethrin and beta-cypermethrin (51.4%). The distribution of pesticide residue types detected per batch was as follows: 1 batch with 1 type, 6 batches with 2–3 types, 6 batches with 4 types, and 22 batches with 5 or more types, with a maximum of 8 types detected in a single batch. Based on the residue risk scores, among the detected pesticides, 3 were classified as low-risk, 10 as medium-risk and 3 as high-risk. In the chronic dietary exposure risk assessment of diverse populations, the acceptable daily intake for males exceeded that for females, yet both exhibited low exposure risk levels.

The detection rate of pesticide residues in commercially available “Feizixiao” Litchi chinensis in Hainan is relatively high, possibly related to the current standard specifying the whole fruit as the testing part and the lack of corresponding residue limits for some pesticides, which requires standard improvement. Multiple pesticide types are detected in single batches, likely due to alternating/repeated pesticide application during production; the results can support scientific pesticide use. Risk assessment shows most residue and chronic dietary exposure risks are low-to-medium and controllable, and consumers can reduce potential impacts by properly cleaning the peel.

To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of migration levels of 10 kinds of restricted substances [including bisphenol A, bisphenol S, bisphenol F, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, trimellitic acid, caprolactam, 1,1’-sulfonylbis(4-chlorobenzene) and 4,4’-biphenol] in food plastic packaging products by high performance liquid chromatography.

Following the general principles of migration tests, plastic packaging products were subjected to migration testing using food simulants, the food simulants were separated by gradient elution with a mobile phase of 0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution-methanol on a Welch Ultimate AQ-C₁₈ chromatographic column (3.0 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm), detected by a diode array detector, and quantified by the external standard method.

All 10 kinds of compounds exhibited good linear relationships in the concentration range of 0.10 to 10.00 mg/L (r²>0.999) in various food simulants, including 4% (volume fraction) acetic acid, 10% (volume fraction) ethanol, 50% (volume fraction) ethanol and 95% (volume fraction)ethanol. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.01–0.02 mg/L and the limits of quantitation were 0.05 mg/L.At 3 spiked concentration levels (low, medium and high), the recoveries of the target analytes in different food simulants ranged from 87.8% to 104.0%, with relative standard deviations (n=6) ranging from 0.33% to 7.58%.

This method is simple, efficient and accurate and is suitable for the determination of migration levels of 10 kinds of restricted substances in food plastic packaging products.

To analyze the distribution characteristics, usage patterns and exposure contribution via beverage consumption of sweeteners in beverages sold around school campuses from the perspective of beverage category segmentation.

A total of 834 samples from 7 beverage categories, including flavored beverages, were randomly collected. The content of 4 kinds of sweeteners (sodium saccharin, acesulfame potassium, aspartame and neotame) were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Compliance with sweetener usage was evaluated according to the GB 2760—2014 National food safety standard-Standard for the Use of Food Additives and differences among categories were analyzed using the chi-square test.

Special purpose beverages had the highest non-compliance rate (14.7%, 14/95), followed by flavored beverages (14.6%, 36/247), both being higher than that of coffee beverages (0%, 0/15). The rate of unauthorized use of sodium saccharin in flavored beverages was (9.3%, 23/247) (its use was prohibited in beverages according to the standard). The exceedance rate of neotame in special purpose beverages was (10.5%, 10/95).

There are significant category-specific variations in sweeteners non-compliance in beverages around school campuses: Flavored beverages are the key category for the unauthorized use of sodium saccharin, while special purpose beverages are the high-risk category for neotame exceedance. It is recommended that quarterly targeted sampling and inspection be implemented for these 2 kinds of beverage categories, along with enhanced supervision of sweetener usage compliance, so as to provide direct scientific support for targeted regulation of beverages around school campuses and health risk warning for adolescents.

To investigate the pesticide residue levels in main leafy vegetables in Sichuan Province, assess the dietary exposure risks to residents.

A total of 769 samples of 5 kinds of leafy vegetables (celery, Chinese cabbage, bok choy, romaine lettuce and spinach) were collected in 2024 from 52 counties across 16 cities/prefectures of Sichuan Province. The 60 kinds of pesticides from 8 categories, including fipronil, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS). Dietary exposure risks were comprehensively evaluated using the hazard risk coefficient (R), index of food safety (IFS) and acute dietary intake risk [expressed as the percentage of the acute reference dose (ARfD, denoted as %ARfD)].

The overall detection rate of pesticide residues was 69.96%, with an exceedance rate of 5.85% and a compliance rate of 94.15%. Chlorpyrifos exhibited relatively high R values in celery, bok choy and spinach, at 6.75, 2.57 and 8.79, respectively. The 14 kinds of pesticides, including propiconazole and difenoconazole, showed unacceptable IFS values (1.02–6.90). The 16 kinds of pesticides, such as cyhalothrin, demonstrated acceptable acute dietary risks (%ARfD<100%).

Leafy vegetables in Sichuan Province still show issues of excessive or off-label use of pesticides such as propiconazole, as well as the illegal use of banned or restricted pesticides like chlorpyrifos, posing potential dietary exposure risks. Strengthened regulation and enforcement regarding these pesticides are needed to support the sustainable development of Sichuan’s vegetable industry and to safeguard public health.

To investigate the contamination status, serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of Salmonella in retail raw chicken in Guangzhou.

From 2023 to 2024, raw chicken samples were collected from retail markets in Guangzhou for Salmonella isolation and identification. Serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 21 agents from 9 classes were performed.

Among 280 raw chicken samples, the overall detection rate of Salmonella was 29.29% (82/280) and 85 strains of Salmonella were isolated.Storage temperature and sampling site significantly affected the detection rate. The rate was highest in ambient fresh chicken (34.56%, 47/136), followed by chilled chicken (29.47%, 28/95), and lowest in frozen chicken (14.29%, 7/49)(χ²=7.151, P=0.028). Among sampling sites, the detection rate was highest in wet markets (38.39%, 43/112), compared to supermarkets and online stores (both 23.21%: 26/112 and 13/56, respectively) (χ²=7.476, P=0.024). The predominant serotypes were Salmonella agona, Salmonella corvallis and Salmonella indiana. The detection rate of drug-resistant strains was 92.94% (79/85), with highest resistance to tetracycline (78.82%), followed by ampicillin (67.06%), and chloramphenicol and florfenicol (both 64.71%). All isolates remained susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam. Multidrug-resistant strains accounted for 70.59%, with some resistant to up to 8 antimicrobial classes.

Salmonella is detected at a relatively high rate in raw chicken in Guangzhou, exhibiting diverse serotypes and severe antimicrobial resistance, underscoring the need for enhanced meat safety surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship.

To analyze the common defects on inspection observations in on-site food inspections conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

This study analyzed the inspection observations (also known as form 483) issued by the FDA on-site food inspections from 2020 to 2024, and the data on inspection observations that fail to meet the requirements of part 117 of title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, used the cited regulation clause numbers as the analytical dimension. Additionally, based on the content of warning letters, discussed and summarized the common defects found in food manufacturers during inspections, as well as the implications and recommendations for Chinese food manufacturing enterprises that exporting to the USA.

FDA inspections revealed that, food manufacturers enterprises had a high incidence of defects in areas such as sanitary operations, processes and controls, hazard analysis, preventive control measures and personnel management. The FDA maintains continuous oversight of the implementation of corrective actions for inspection observations.

Food manufacturing enterprises exporting to the USA should promptly implement effective rectification and provide responses to identified defects, implement targeted continual improvements, continuously improve their food safety management systems and raise the level of quality management.

To investigate the biogenic amine contamination status of commercial fermented alcoholic beverages in Sichuan Province.

The 9 kinds of biogenic amines in 90 fermented alcoholic beverage samples from 5 surveillance sites in Sichuan Province were determined by solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography. The detection results were analyzed, and a dietary exposure risk assessment for histamine and tyramine frequently detected from wine and Huangjiu was conducted by point estimation method based on the hazard quotient (HQ).

The detection rate of biogenic amines was 87.8%; putrescine, octopamine, tyramine and histamine were relatively frequently occurring biogenic amines, detected from 87.8%, 75.5%, 63.3% and 48.9% of the samples, respectively. In Huangjiu, wine and beer, the average total content of biogenic amines were 75.25, 16.61 and 10.31 mg/L, respectively. The HQ of histamine and tyramine in Huangjiu and wine was less than 1 for the healthy population, while the HQ of tyramine in Huangjiu was greater than 1 for classic monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) users.

Commercial fermented alcoholic beverages in Sichuan Province are commonly contaminated with biogenic amines. The total content of biogenic amines is the highest in Huangjiu, followed by those in wine and beer. The dietary exposure risk of biogenic amines in fermented alcoholic beverages is acceptable for the healthy population, while the dietary exposure risk posed by tyramine in Huangjiu to classic MAOI users requires attention. Measures including material and strain optimization and process improvement can be taken to further reduce biogenic amine contamination in fermented alcoholic beverages.

To assess the levels of pesticide residues in vegetables in Jiamusi City from 2023 to 2024 and their dietary intake risks.

Quantitative detection of 38 kinds of pesticide residues in 90 vegetable samples collected from farmers’ markets and supermarkets was conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chronic and acute dietary intake risk assessments were conducted for detected pesticides.

The detection rate of pesticide residues in vegetables was 63.33%.Cyfluthrin, propafenil, carbendazim and triadimefon were the main detected pesticides. Among different categories, leafy vegetables were high-risk types of vegetables. Chronic and acute dietary intake risk assessment indicated that the acceptable daily intake% (ADI%), acute reference dose% (ARfD%) and index of food safety (IFS) of various pesticides were all below the safety threshold and the overall risk was controllable.

The study confirms that there are certain pesticide residues in vegetables in Jiamusi City. Although the overall dietary intake risk is acceptable, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of high-risk pesticides, optimize the monitoring system and promote differentiated management.

To develop a dual recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-mediated colloidal gold strip assay for the rapid and visible simultaneous detection of 2 kinds of marker genes, the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (NPT II) and the hygromycin phosphotransferase II gene (HPT II), in transgenic plants.

In this study, highly specific gene fragments of NPT II and HPT II were selected to design corresponding amplification primers. Using RPA technology, the 2 kinds of target nucleic acids were rapidly and stably amplified exponentially. The amplification products were subsequently detected by a dual test strip for rapid visual interpretation. On the test strip, the corresponding detection lines (test line N, test line, T_N and T_H lines) and the quality control line (C line) developed visible signals, allowing qualitative analysis based on the color intensity of the T_N, T_H, and C lines.

The assay was performed under isothermal conditions at 40 °C, involving a 15 min dual RPA reaction followed by a 5 min antigen‑antibody recognition step on the test strip. It achieved precise detection with limits of detection of 615 copies/µL for the NPT II gene and 314 copies/µL for the HPT II gene, and enabled rapid screening in simulated reald samples down to 0.10% for NPT II and 0.05% for HPT II.

The dual RPA-mediated colloidal gold strip method developed in this study enables visual detection of the marker genes NPT II and HPT II. Characterized by user-friendly operation, rapid detection and high specificity, this platform demonstrates significant potential for broad application in point-of-care testing.

To establish a method for the detection of residues of 6 kinds of pesticides such as pyrazolimide and benzophenone in vegetables by QuEChERS-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS).

Adopted the improved QuEChERS-GC-MS/MS for detection. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, separated by SH-1-5SILMS capillary chromatographic column (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 µm), and the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning mode was used to monitor the target ions of pesticides.

The linear relationship of the 6 kinds of pesticides was good within the range of 0.002–0.200 mg/L, and the correlation coefficient (r²) was all greater than 0.998. The limits of detection were 0.33–1.23 µg/kg, the limits of quantitation were 1.10–4.09 µg/kg, and the average recovery rates were 93.66%–111.29%. The relative standard deviation ranged from 2.79% to 11.27%.

This method enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of 6 kinds of pesticide residues, including pyrazoleanilide and benomyl, in vegetables. Characterized by good repeatability, low cost, and efficient convenience, it provides a methodological reference for routine testing of such residues in China. It offers robust technical support for advancing pesticide residue detection techniques and enhancing safety oversight within relevant industries.

To establish a consumer-centered technical system and grading specification for evaluating the freshness of medium- and small-sized Citrullus lanatus and Amygdalus persica ‘Honey Peach’.

Representative local medium- and small-sized Citrullus lanatus and Amygdalus persica ‘Honey Peach’, including “8424” and “Jinshan Xiaohuangguan” watermelons and “Nanhui honey peach” were selected as research subjects. A multi-dimensional evaluation approach combining sensory, physicochemical and non-destructive analyses was used to investigate changes in freshness.

Stem condition, aroma and flesh texture carried higher weights, stem score and weight loss rate showed strong correlations with time (r²>0.94) in Citrullus lanatus freshness evaluation. While significant differences were observed among groups for physicochemical indicators such as lycopene, no clear time-based grading pattern emerged. For Amygdalus persica ‘Honey Peach’ stored at 4 ℃ and 25 ℃, sensory indicators including surface defects and shrinkage degree were prominent. Physicochemical indicators such as sugar-acid ratio and hardness showed inter-group differences, but only vitamin C content decreased linearly over time. Image feature correlation analysis revealed that Citrullus lanatus stem red green blue (RGB) values, length and other image features were significantly correlated with time (|r²|>0.7). The 9 feature indicators, including the fluff ratio of Amygdalus persica ‘Honey Peach’, also exhibited strong correlations.

Based on correlation, weight prioritization, non-destructive feature analysis and practical applicability, 3 grading indicators each are proposed for whole Citrullus lanatus (stem condition, peel condition, weight loss rate) and cut Citrullus lanatus (flesh morphology, taste, juiciness). For Amygdalus persica ‘Honey Peach’, grading criteria under different storage temperatures are established, focusing on peel condition, fuzz condition, texture and vitamin C content. The evaluation system features clear indicators and simple operation, providing a reference for standardizing the production and sales of regional specialty agricultural products.

To compare the volatile flavor compounds in light and dark soy sauce by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-orbitrap-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-Orbitrap-MS).

The study used soy sauce as the research object. Parameters such as extraction temperature, equilibration time, extraction time, salt concentration and sample volume were optimized to establish a method for determining volatile compounds in soy sauce by HS-SPME-GC-Orbitrap-MS. Based on this method, volatile aroma compounds in light and dark soy sauce were identified and semi-quantified. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used to analyze the differences between the light and dark soy sauce.

A total of 124 volatile aroma compounds were identified in light soy sauce, and 88 in dark soy sauce using HS-SPME-GC-Orbitrap-MS. Through orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (variable importance for the projection≥1) and the Kruskal-Wallis H test (P<0.05), 5 kinds of key aroma compounds were further screened:Phenethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-butanol, pentanal and 4-ethyl guaiacol.

This study establishes a HS-SPME-GC-Orbitrap-MS method that can efficiently identify volatile components in soy sauce. By applying this method combined with chemometrics, 5 differential compounds between light soy sauce and dark soy sauce are screened out. Among them, the relative content of phenyleth anol, ethyl acetate and 2-methyl-1-butanol is higher in light soy sauce, endowing it with fruity and alcoholic characteristics. Meanwhile, the relative content of pentanal and 4-ethyl guaiacol is higher in dark soy sauce, contributing to its rich fatty and soy sauce-like aroma. The findings provide reference data for quality evaluation in the soy sauce industry and offer a new theoretical basis for further research on the flavor characteristics of soy sauces produced by different fermentation processes or for different uses.

To establish a method for the rapid determination of 20 kinds of hormone drugs in pork by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry.

The samples were extracted with water-acetonitrile solution and centrifuged to discard precipitation followed by a salt partition using sodium chloride and sodium sulphate. The acetonitrile extraction solution was purified via solid phase extraction using an HyperSep Retain-PEP column, then separated by an Thermo Hypersil GOLD C₁₈ column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm), ionized in positive ion mode, and detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer with full mass/data dependent secondary acquisition (Top N) [Full MS/dd-MS² (Top N)] mode.

The 20 kinds of hormone drugs showed good linear relationships in their respective ranges, with determination coefficients (r²)≥0.9902. The average recoveries were 36.56%-119.43% with the relative standard deviations between 0.9% and 9.8%. The limits of detection were in the ranges of 0.1–0.5 μg/kg and the limits of quantitation were at 1.0 μg/kg.

This method demonstrates good accuracy and stability, making it suitable for the detection of 20 kinds of hormone drugs in pork.

To explore the influence of a combined processing method of salt water steaming and sugar water debittering, based on the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, on the quality of Ligustrum robustum.

Taking Ligustrum robustum in Yuqing county as the research object, 3 kinds of different processing processes were designed, and the traditional process K1 was used as the control. The physical and chemical tests and mass spectrometry experiments were carried out to analyze the influence of different processing methods on the quality of Ligustrum robustum.

The sensory and color analysis results showed that K3 process could optimize the taste and appearance of Ligustrum robustum. Compared with K1, K2 and K3 presented more uniform and bright green visually. However, physical and chemical tests revealed that this process led to a reduction of 12.19% and 19.60% in the total extract of K2 and K3 Ligustrum robustum, respectively. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, a total of 1282 metabolites were identified by differential metabolite analysis, among which the proportion of lipids and lipid molecules was the highest (26.21%). Further targeted high performance liquid chromatography detection of the active components of Ligustrum robustum showed that the K3 process reduced the content of tea polyphenols to (8.51±0.07) g/100 g, while compared with K1, K3 process increased the content of actoside and caffeine, respectively.

The water blanching and sugar water debittering process can effectively optimize the color and quality of Ligustrum robustum. While controlling the loss of tea polyphenols, it also retains and enhances key active components such as ligustrine glycosides and aktoside, providing key technical support for the research and development of high-quality processing techniques for Ligustrum robustum.

To optimize the detection method for vitamin B₁ (VB₁) in infant formula milk powder.

The content of VB₁ in different matrix samples was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography. The effects of hydrolysis cooling time, hydrolysis temperature, production process, enzyme solution and raw material matrix on the detection results were analyzed to optimize the pretreatment for VB₁ detection in infant formula milk powder.

The detection process was accurate and reliable, with recovery rates of 94.3% to 102.0% for VB₁ standard solutions without milk powder matrix. Hydrolysis cooling time, production process and mixed enzyme solution had no significant effect on VB₁ detection results and recovery rate (P>0.05). Hydrolysis temperature and milk powder matrix were key synergistic factors causing lower detection results. VB₁ detection results and recovery rate from room-temperature hydrolysis were significantly higher than those from high-temperature hydrolysis (P<0.01). Furthermore, recovery rate of mixed powders decreased significantly after high-temperature hydrolysis (P<0.05).

The optimized ambient-temperature hydrolysis method eliminates high-pressure hydrolysis operations, simplifies pretreatment procedures and achieves spiked recovery rates approaching 100%. This method is suitable for the efficient batch detection of VB₁ in infant formula milk powder.

To investigate the effects of hesperidin on improving hepatic glucose metabolism disorder in type 2 diabetes model db/db mice and its underlying molecular mechanisms.

A total of 40 mice were divided into a normal control group, a db/db model group, and hesperidin low-dose [50 mg/(kg·d)] and high-dose[100 mg/(kg·d)] intervention groups, which were administered orally for 6 consecutive weeks.

Compared with the model group, hesperidin intervention could dose-dependently reduce fasting blood glucose, improve weight loss, alleviate hepatic steatosis and histopathological damage, significantly reduce serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and decrease pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) (P<0.01). Western blot results indicated that hesperidin significantly downregulated the expression of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC) in the liver, while upregulating the expression of hexokinase 2(HK2) (P<0.01).

Hesperidin can effectively improve hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice, and its mechanism may be related to regulating the hepatic FOXO1/HK2/G6PC signaling pathway, inhibiting excessive gluconeogenesis, and promoting glucose utilization. This study provides new experimental evidence for hesperidin as a potential adjuvant therapeutic strategy for diabetes.