ArchiveEthyl carbamate (EC) is a genotoxic and carcinogenic compound, as well as a byproduct of fermented foods and alcoholic beverages. Alcoholic beverages represent the primary pathway for human exposure to EC, which is why many countries have established regulatory limits for EC in these products. Research indicates that the average EC content in various aroma types of Chinese Baijiu ranges from approximately 44.48 to 214.00 µg/L. In contrast,several countries internationally, including Canada, Japan and Brazil, have set the maximum permissible limit for EC in distilled spirits at 150 µg/L. Chinese Baijiu, as a distinctive distilled spirit with a long history, holds a significant position in the domestic consumer market due to its unique color, aroma and taste. Therefore, controlling EC levels in Chinese Baijiu is of great importance. China should promptly establish mandatory standards, guidelines or control measures for EC in Baijiu to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the Baijiu industry and enhance its competitiveness. This article outlined the pathways of EC formation during the raw material, fermentation,distillation and storage stages. It summarized mitigation strategies EC throughout the entire Baijiu production process, providing theoretical guidance for the control of EC in the production process of Baijiu manufacturing enterprises. Additionally, it reviewed the toxicological characteristics of EC and recent advancements in research on mitigating its toxicity, offering new perspectives for studies aimed at reducing the harmful effects of EC on human health.
As an important part of traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese veterinary drugs plays a significant role in the prevention and treatment of livestock and poultry diseases. But in recent years, the phenomenon of illegal addition of compounds to traditional Chinese veterinary drugs has become increasingly severe. This not only affects the quality and efficacy of traditional Chinese veterinary drugs but also poses potential threats to animal health and human food safety. This paper reviewed the current situation of illegal addition of compounds to traditional Chinese veterinary drugs, analyzed the causes and the impacts on the quality and safety of livestock products and deeply explored the current detection methods and technologies for illegal compounds added to traditional Chinese veterinary drugs. By summarizing existing research achievements and proposing future research directions, this paper aims to provide a scientific basis for strengthening the quality supervision of traditional Chinese veterinary drugs, ensuring the safety of livestock and poultry medication and safeguarding the quality and safety of livestock products
As a special food category between ordinary food and medicine, the establishment and improvement of the standard system for health food are directly related to the development of the industry and the health rights of consumers. This article conducted a deep comparison and correlation analysis of quality standards and safety standards from multiple dimensions such as regulatory concepts, formulation principles, technical requirements and evaluation methods. It was found that the 2 types of standards have different positioning and follow different regulatory logics: Quality standards were centered on ensuring product effectiveness, focusing on quality attributes such as functional ingredients and physical and chemical indicators, and were quality requirements for achieving expected product functions. Safety standards were based on the principles of risk prevention and control, committed to identifying, assessing, and controlling potential hazards, and were mandatory bottom line requirements for safeguarding public health. Although there were significant differences in the principles, technical requirements, and management models between the 2 types of standards, they were interrelated and influence each other in practical applications. To support effective regulation and high-quality industrial development, it is recommended to promote systematic coordination and integration of quality and safety standards. A modern standard system with optimized architecture, basic science and international compatibility should be established to achieve the transition from separate management to integrated governance
To explore the content of multiple elements in Ziziphus jujuba leaf tea and evaluate its nutritional characteristics and heavy metal contamination risk.
Commercially available Ziziphus jujuba leaf tea samples from 7 major production areas were subjected to microwave digestion pretreatment. The content of 15 kinds of elements (K, Ca, Fe, Na, Mn, Sr, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Se, Cd, Hg) were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). Pollution assessment and health risk evaluation for 6 kinds of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Pb, As, Cd, Hg) were conducted using the single factor pollution index method, the Nemerow multi-factor composite index method and the target hazard quotient method.
The average content order of the 15 kinds of elements in Ziziphus jujuba leaf tea was K>Ca>Fe>Na>Mn>Sr>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>As>Se>Cd>Hg.The content of K, Ca and Fe were relatively high, respectively, with these 3 kinds of elements accounting for 97.9% of the total measured element content. Furthermore, the element content in samples from different production areas generally showed regional differences (P<0.05). The content of the 6 kinds of heavy metals did not exceed the limits specified in GB 2762—2022 National food safety standard-Maximum levels of pollutants in foods. The single factor pollution indexes were all below 0.6, the Nemerow comprehensive pollution indexes were all below 0.7, and the target hazard quotients and total hazard index were all less than 1.
Under the evaluation model of this study, the heavy metal pollution level in commercially available Ziziphus jujuba leaf tea is low, and the associated health risks to humans are within an acceptable range.
To construct a Bayesian network risk assessment model to systematically quantify the risks of tetracycline, quinolone, β2-receptor agonist and sulfonamide drug residues.
The risk value was evaluated by expert scoring, and the initial model was established by using the information entropy weight method to obtain the prior probability. The Bayesian network warning model was established by importing the monitoring data through the expectation maximization algorithm (EM) of Bayesian network, and the risk prediction of the risk factors of animal residues was carried out.
The overall risk probability of a province obtained by the Bayesian network model was (within the maximum detection limit): Low risk 74%, medium risk 16% and high risk 10%. The highest sensitivity of tetracycline was 0.37, which was the key risk factor; the risk of quinolones and sulfonamides was in good condition; as a banned drug, the risk probability of β2-receptor agonist did not reach 100% low risk, and supervision needed to be strengthened.
The constructed Bayesian network model has risk assessment and warning, and many kinds of drugs can be classified and supervised, which provides technical support for improving the accuracy and timeliness of veterinary drug residue risk management.
To analyze the genetic diversity and evolution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus using multilocus sequence typing.
A total of 81 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from shellfish in Bohai Rim Region were subjected to amplification and sequencing of 7 kinds of housekeeping genes (dnaE, gyrB, recA, dtdS, pntA, pyrC, tnaA). Sequence types (ST) was determined based on the sequences, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze genetic relationships.
The 81 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains comprised 71 kinds of STs, including 5 single-locus variants and 61 singletons. Among these, 51 kinds of STs were newly identified,accounting for 71.83% of the total. ST2369 and ST433 were the most frequently observed. The numbers of alleles(new alleles) are 49 for dnaE (5), 54 for gyrB (6), 47 for recA (3), 45 for dtdS (3), 33 for pntA (2), 47 for pyrC (3) and 34 for tnaA (4), respectively. Nucleotide diversity was lowest in pntA (0.00873) and highest in recA (0.02234). The proportion of polymorphic sites was highest for dtdS (14.19%) and lowest for tnaA (5.67%). The dN/dS ratios for all 7 kinds of housekeeping genes were below 1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains with identical or highly similar ST clustered together, however, this clustering pattern did not necessarily correlate with the source of the strains.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from shellfish in Bohai Rim Region exhibit high genetic diversity, and some strains possess the potential for cross-regional transmission, underscoring the importance of enhanced monitoring of this pathogen in seafood. These findings provide fundamental data for risk assessment and prevention of foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Bohai Rim region.
To evaluate the content characteristics of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in 18 kinds of edible fungi species from Guizhou Province, as well as the impacts of their bioaccessibility on dietary risks.
Physiologically based extraction test (PBET) was employed to simulate gastrointestinal digestion.Concentration data of the 3 kinds of heavy metals before and after extraction were substituted into a health risk assessment model to quantify changes in their content during the digestive process.
The concentration ranges of the 3 kinds of heavy metals, Pb, Cd and Hg, were 0.0116–0.4575, 0.0031–0.7749 and 0–0.0264 mg/kg,respectively. After incorporating the bioaccessibility data, the ranges decreased to 0–0.1942, 0–0.4548 and 0–0.0187 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean values of the estimated daily intake (EDI) were reduced by 39.05%,55.25% and 80.69%, respectively, and the mean values of the target hazard quotient (THQ) and target cancer risk(TCR) were decreased by 39.05%, 55.25% and 77.03%, respectively, with the same reduction rates observed in both adults and children.
The edible mushroom samples in this batch exhibit a certain degree of heavy metal contamination. However, after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the results of health risk assessment are further reduced. Special attention should be paid to heavy metal contamination in Lentinus edodes, Agaricus blazei,Morchella esculenta and Dictyophora indusiata. Notably, the dietary health risks to children deserve more attention compared to adults.
To investigate the current contamination status of veterinary drug residues in eggs sold in Guangzhou and assess the dietary exposure risks of different age groups.
From 2017 to 2025, a total of 642 egg samples were randomly collected from farmers’ markets, conventional supermarkets, fresh food supermarkets and online stores in a total of 11 administrative districts of Guangzhou City. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect 23 kinds of veterinary drugs residues in 6 categories.Based on non-parametric probabilistic assessment method and combined with local residents’ egg consumption data,the dietary exposure risk was assessed using the hazard quotient (HQ) method.
The overall detection rate of veterinary drug residues in eggs sold in Guangzhou was 24.92% (160/642), with an overall exceedance rate of 10.28% (66/642). The top 3 veterinary drugs in terms of the detection rates were doxycycline (8.89%, 56/630),sodium pentachlorophenolate (5.72%, 27/472) and oxytetracycline (5.56%, 35/630). The top 3 veterinary drugs in terms of the exceedance rates were sodium pentachlorophenolate (5.72%, 27/472), metronidazole (2.18%, 14/642)and florfenicol (based on the sum of florfenicol and florfenicol amine, 1.79%, 10/560). Additionally, simultaneous detection and exceedance of 2 or more veterinary drug residues were found in 6.07% (39/642) and 1.87% (12/642) of the samples, respectively. The overall exceedance rate in eggs from farmers’ markets (11.24%, 19/169) was significantly higher than that from online stores (2.94%, 4/136) (P<0.05). The overall exceedance rate in bulk eggs(11.79%, 50/424) was significantly higher than that in pre-packaged eggs (6.90%, 14/203) (P=0.001). The dietary exposure assessment results showed that the HQ values for all detected veterinary drugs were far below 1, indicating that the risks were within an acceptable range. Notably, children aged 3–6 years exhibited relatively higher exposure levels and health risks, which required special attention.
The overall risk of veterinary drug residues in eggs sold in Guangzhou is controllable and the health risk of dietary exposure remains at an acceptable level. It is recommended that regulatory authorities prioritize the monitoring of veterinary drug residues in eggs sold in farmers’ markets and bulk eggs,while simultaneously strengthening education and awareness campaigns regarding the standardized use of veterinary drugs in poultry farming.
To analyze the contamination status and influencing factors of Burkholderia gladioli(Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farino fermentans) and bongkrekic acid in edible fungus in Guangzhou City.
Samples of 480 pieces of dried black fungus and fresh silver fungus were collected from marketplaces,supermarkets, stores, online stores and catering units. Accordance with GB 4789.29—2020 National food safety standard-Food microbiology inspection-Inspection of Burkholderia gladioli (Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp.farino fermentans), and the strain identification was carried out. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was used to detect the bongkrekic acid in samples.
It showed that no bongkrekic acid was detected in 480 samples. The detection rate of Burkholderia gladioli was 16.88% (81/480). There was no statistically significant difference in the detection rate of Burkholderia gladioli among food categories, sampling sites, packaging types and materials (P>0.05). The detection rates of Burkholderia gladioli were different in sample origin, sampling quarter and the detection of mold, which were statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression found that samples from the first quarter (March) had a higher risk of contamination by Burkholderia gladioli than those from the other 3 quarters. The toxicity test identified 5 strains as Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farino fermentans, from 4 samples of wet black fungus and 1 sample of fresh silver ear, all collected in the second quarter.The difference in the sampling quarters of Burkholderia gladioli (Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farino fermentans) was statistically significant (P<0.05).
In the market circulation process, Burkholderia gladioli is prone to grow in foods such as wet black fungus and fresh silver ear fungus, and there is a risk of producing bongkrekic acid. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of this pathogenic bacterium(Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farino fermentans) in key foods (with particular attention paid to the second quarter during the market circulation process).
To assess the dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and health risks among residents in high and normal consumption areas of home-made Arachis hypogaea oil in Guangzhou City.
Dietary surveys and Monte Carlo simulation were conducted to estimate the daily exposure to AFB1 from edible oils, rice,flour, corn and nuts (samples were collected from 2019 to 2024). The margin of exposure (MOE) method was used for risk characterization. Additionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to detect the levels of AFB1 albumin adducts (AFB1-A1b) in the serum of residents collected from 2022 to 2024 to verify the results.
The AFB1 exposure level in residents of the consumption areas was significantly higher than that in residents of the normal consumption areas. Based on a conservative estimate using a POD value of 78 ng/kg bw/day,the average MOE values were 27.21 and 34.16, respectively (P<0.001). The results of serum biomarker detection were consistent, with the AFB1-A1b level in the high consumption area [(4.59±3.86) ng/mL] significantly higher than that in the normal consumption area [(3.97±4.74) ng/mL] (P<0.001).
This study shows that the AFB1 exposure risk of residents in the high consumption area of home-made Arachis hypogaea oil in Guangzhou City is relatively higher than that in the normal consumption area, and home-made Arachis hypogaea oil is the main contributing factor. The study suggests that supervision over the production and circulation of home-made Arachis hypogaea oil shall be strengthened, and refined oil shall be promoted as a substitute in high-risk areas to reduce residents’ exposure and related health risks. This study focuses on different consumption areas of traditionally pressed Arachis hypogaea oil within Guangzhou, quantifies the impact of consumption levels on AFB1 exposure risk, and provides direct evidence for the implementation of risk control measures.
To assess the safety of a taurine-zinc-selenium fortified walnut milk.
The fortified walnut milk was lyophilized into a powder prior to toxicological evaluation. Its safety was assessed via an acute oral toxicity test and a 28 d repeated-dose oral toxicity study. For the acute toxicity test, specific pathogen free(SPF) Kunming mice (n=20, half male and half female) were administered the test substance at the maximum feasible dose, which was determined by its maximum solubility and gavage volume. The dose was administered in 2 equal portions 6 h apart, followed by a 14 d observation period for clinical signs and mortality. For the 28-day study, a total of 80 SPF Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to 4 groups and the test substance was administered by gavage at doses of 0 (control), 1.8 (low), 3.6 (medium) or 7.2 g/(kg·bw)/day (high). These dosages corresponded to 4, 8, and 16 times the recommended human intake, respectively. Throughout the study, monitored clinical manifestations, body weight, food consumption and food utilization efficiency. At termination, blood and urine samples were collected for hematological, serum biochemical and urinalysis assessments. Major organs were weighed, and histopathological examinations were performed.
In the acute oral toxicity test, no mortality or treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity were observed. Gross necropsy revealed no organ abnormalities. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was therefore determined to be greater than 18.0 g/(kg·bw), classifying the substance as practically non-toxic. In the 28 d oral toxicity study, all animals remained in good health, and there were no statistically significant differences in body weight gain, food consumption, food utilization efficiency,hematological, serum biochemical parameters and organ coefficient between the treatment groups and the control group (P>0.05). All urinalysis parameters were unremarkable. No treatment-related histopathological lesions or cellular damage were found in any major organs.
The taurine-zinc-selenium fortified walnut milk demonstrates a high degree of safety under the conditions of this study. It does not induce acute or subacute toxicity at doses up to 7.2 g/(kg·bw)/day in rats. Based on these findings, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is established at 7.2 g/(kg·bw)/day, the highest dose tested.
Rutin is a natural flavonol glycoside compound with considerable physiological and pharmacological effects. Currently, research and development on rutin and its related products mainly focued on efficient acquisition and precise analysis of rutin. The paper took “rutin” and “extraction” as the research themes and analyzed and summarized the research hotspots and development trends in the related fields. Based on bibliometric analysis, the review first revealed current research trends aimed at enhancing extraction efficiency and developing green extraction processes. It further discussed strategies for selecting raw materials and the influence of pretreatment methods, while providing an in-depth comparison of the principles, advantages and limitations of traditional extraction techniques versus modern green extraction methods. Finally, the paper elaborated on the separation and purification methods for rutin, summarized and prospected the challenges and future trends in its extraction, separation and purification. This review may provide theoretical support and references for subsequent in-depth research, process optimization and industrial application of rutin.
To investigate the effects of different processing techniques on the antioxidant activity and soluble solids content of Lanzhou Pyrus ussuriensis Ruan’er pear paste, and determine its optimal processing conditions.
Fresh Lanzhou Pyrus ussuriensis Ruan’er were used as the raw material. A combination of single-factor experiments and an orthogonal test design was employed. The study examined the effects of post-ripening duration, concentration time, concentration temperature, amount of water added and the dosage of D-sodium erythorbate on key indicators, including soluble solids content, total flavonoids content, total phenols content and sensory evaluation scores of the prepared pear paste. The influence hierarchy of these factors on the evaluation indicators was analyzed to identify the optimal preparation parameters.
The processing factors mentioned above significantly affected the total phenols and total flavonoids content in the pear paste. The optimized preparation conditions were determined as follows: A post-ripening time of 30 d, a concentration time of 35 min, a concentration temperature of 65 ℃, a water addition level of 20%, and a D-sodium erythorbate addition amount of 0.70%. Verification tests confirmed that the pear paste produced under these optimal conditions achieved a soluble solids content of 87%, with total flavonoids and total phenols content reaching 682.00 mg/kg and 484.67 mg/kg,respectively. This demonstrated effective retention of bioactive compounds and significant antioxidant properties.Average sensory quality score was 81.5 points.
This study successfully optimizes the preparation process for Lanzhou Pyrus ussuriensis Ruan’er pear paste. The optimized process effectively retains active components such as total flavonoids and total phenols, significantly enhances soluble solids content and sensory quality, thereby providing a reliable theoretical foundation and practical reference for the standardized industrial production of Lanzhou Pyrus ussuriensis Ruan’er pear paste.
To develop the optimal formulation and quality improvement of rice cakes fortified with Apios americana Medikus and sweet ferment rice.
Sensory evaluation and texture profile analysis were employed to determine the optimal addition level of Apios americana Medikus. Response surface experiment was used to investigate the effects of 4 key factors, namely the ratio of non-glutinous rice to glutinous rice (m:m), the amount of sweet ferment rice, yeast dosage and Apios americana Medikus powder addition.
The optimal formulation was determined as follows: Non-glutinous rice to glutinous rice mass ratio of 6:1 (m:m) (total 500 g),sweet ferment rice amount 152 g, yeast amount 5 g and Apios americana Medikus amount 45 g. The resulting rice cakes exhibited a milky white color, intact appearance, uniform internal structure, fine and dense texture, as well as intense and pleasant aroma. Nutritional analysis indicated that the product contained 44.7 g/100 g moisture, 6.8 g/100 g protein, 7.48 g/100 g total sugar and 56.3 mg/100 g flavonoids. All physicochemical indexes were in accordance with the national food safety standards.
The optimized formula not only significantly enhances the sensory quality of rice cakes but also enriches their nutritional composition, providing a scientific basis for the health-promoting functions of rice cakes and demonstrating important practical application value.
To study the optimum formula and processing technology of grape seed procyanidins hypoglycemic jelly.
Using grape seed procyanidins extract as the main raw material, sensory evaluation and α-amylase inhibition activity as the main evaluation indexes, single factor and orthogonal experiments were designed to optimize the formula and process respectively and the sensory characteristics, physical and chemical indexes and hypoglycemic activity of the final product were analyzed.
The optimum formula of grape seed procyanidins hypoglycemic jelly was 0.3% grape seed procyanidins extract, 3.0% compound gum, 0.030% citric acid and 0.04% stevioside. The optimum processing technology was boiling time 6 min, boiling temperature 90 ℃,sterilization time 15 min and sterilization temperature 85 ℃. The finally obtained grape seed procyanidins hypoglycemic jelly had an α-amylase inhibition rate of 82.25%, a soluble solid content of (15.26±1.09)% and a pH of(4.13±0.03). It was observed that the total dehydration rate on the 14th d was (25.52±0.26)%, which had good texture and rheological properties.
The jelly developed according to this formula meets the market demand,has stable molding and high α-amylase inhibitory activity and can be used as a snack food for diabetic patients, with good application prospects.
To explore the synergistic regulatory mechanism of gypsum micronization and the sustained-release modification of sodium hapetaphosphate.
By measuring Ca2+ release kinetics, the effects of coagulation temperature, particle size and modification treatment on gel quality were evaluated.
The results indicated that the 2000-mesh modified gypsum exhibited the best performance at a coagulation temperature of 25 ℃. The tofu achieved a hardness of 74.3 N and a water-holding capacity exceeding 89%. The water retention rate was significantly higher than that of the commercially available gluconic acid-δ-lactone and magnesium chloride groups, and the hardness was comparable to that of the gluconic acid-δ-lactone group and significantly higher than that of the magnesium chloride group (P<0.05). Kinetic analysis confirmed that the interfacial resistance established by sodium hexametaphosphate enabled a smooth and slow release of Ca2+, effectively mitigating the “burst release effect” induced by micronization.
The conclusion indicates that this process retards the rate of the calcium bridging reaction, allowing proteins to complete conformational transitions and arrange in an ordered manner prior to cross-linking. This achieves a kinetic matching between physical dispersion and chemical reaction rates,significantly enhancing the ordering and compactness of the gel structure.
To develop a Sophora japonica L. rice cake product using Guangxi-specific Sophora japonica L. as the raw material, optimize its production process, extend its shelf life and establish a corresponding shelf life prediction model.
Single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology were employed to determine the optimal formulation. Subsequently, 2.5 g/kg calcium propionate was added as a preservative, and the products were vacuum-packaged and stored at 20 °C and 6 °C, respectively. Periodic measurements were conducted for indicators including pH, sensory score, acid value, moisture content and total viable count. A shelf life model was constructed based on zero-order reaction kinetics and the Arrhenius equation,and comprehensive quality evaluation was performed using the fuzzy weight method.
The optimal formulation for Sophora japonica L. rice cake was determined as follows: Rice-to-flour ratio of 2.5:1 (m:m), Sophora japonica L. addition of 1.50%, sugar content of 15.0%, yeast dosage of 0.75% and fermentation time of 50 min. Under storage conditions of 20 °C and 6 °C, the prediction errors of the shelf life model were both below 10% except for the acid value, indicating high accuracy of the model.
This study successfully optimize the production process of Sophora japonica L. rice cake and establish a reliable shelf life prediction model, providing a theoretical basis for its practical production and storage.
Nutrient reference materials serve as fundamental substances for the determination and quality control of food nutritional components. They are essential tools for ensuring the scientific validity and regulatory compliance of food nutrition labeling, as well as advancing precision nutrition research. This paper systematically reviewed the development progress of nutrient reference materials both China and internationally. Existing studies indicate that China has established the world’s largest repository of nutrient reference materials, currently comprising more than 700 reference materials that cover major nutrient components such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and elements. This had gradually formed a comprehensive system spanning from high purity reference materials to complex food-matrix reference materials. However, compared with internationally advanced standard, China still faced shortcomings in the balance of nutrient categories and diversity of matrix distributions, the development of reference materials with multi-nutrient characteristic quantities, and the characterization of structurally complex nutrients. Based on global trends in nutrition and health research and the urgent need for metrological support within China’s nutrition and health industry, this review aimed to provide theoretical guidance and practical insights for building a more comprehensive, scientifically robust and internationally influential nutrient reference material system.
Thrombus-related diseases are cardiovascular diseases with extremely high mortality worldwide.Although existing traditional antithrombotic drugs in clinical practice can effectively inhibit thrombus progression,they are generally associated with problems such as high bleeding risk and numerous adverse reactions, which limit their safe application. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new treatment strategies with better efficacy and higher safety. Antithrombotic active peptides have obvious advantages over traditional chemical drugs due to their wide range of sources, low molecular weight, low immunogenicity and multi-target synergistic effects, thus demonstrating prominent industrialization potential. This paper summarized and organized the research progress of antithrombotic active peptides derived from animals, plants, marine organisms and microorganisms, and clarified the material and structural basis for their anticoagulant function. Meanwhile, it summarized the optimization methods of enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, chemical synthesis and bioinformatics-assisted screening in peptide preparation, as well as the efficient application of uitrafiltration and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the separation, purification and sequence identification of active peptides. Studies on the mechanism of action indicate that antithrombotic active peptides can inhibit thrombosis through multiple pathways, mainly by means of active site competitive inhibition, Exosite targeted regulation and blocking of the coagulation factor cascade reaction. However,there are still key bottlenecks in the clinical transformation of antithrombotic active peptides, including insufficient in vivo metabolic stability, high industrial production costs and inadequate analysis of the multi-target synergistic mechanism. Based on the above research results, future studies shall focus on the design of targeted peptide drugs, the development of strategies to improve metabolic stability, and the innovation of large-scale production technologies,so as to provide theoretical support for breaking through existing clinical difficulties and developing high-efficiency and low-toxicity antithrombotic drugs.
To investigate water-boiling on the nutritional value of trace elements, establish a bioaccessibility-based evaluation system for Zea mays L. mineral quality, and assess the changes in the bioaccessibility and comprehensive nutritional contribution of major minerals in Zea mays L. induced by water-boiling.
The 2 kinds of representative commercially available Zea mays L. samples (M1 and M2)were selected and treated by water-boiling. Using the physiologically based extraction test (PBET), an in vitro digestion model that simulates the human gastrointestinal environment, this study determined and compared the changes in the total concentrations of 8 kinds of mineral elements in Zea mays L. before and after water-boiling treatment, including potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn),copper (Cu)and zinc (Zn), together with their bioaccessibility in the small intestinal phase. Furthermore, to more accurately reflect actual human absorption, a multidimensional nutritional quality evaluation model was established for quantitative analysis based on estimated daily intake (EDI), contribution to recommended nutrient intake (RNI),and index of nutritional quality (INQ).
Water-boiling treatment altered the matrix structure and affected the bioaccessibility of minerals in Zea mays L., with different elements presenting differentiated trends. The bioaccessibility of Zn, Mn, and Mg increased by 7%–45%. The bioaccessibility of Ca and Cu decreased by 14%–49%. K exhibited extremely high solubility stability, whereas Fe and P achieved a recovery of release in the small intestine stage. Data assessment based on bioaccessibility showed that Zea mays L. was a stable and high-quality dietary source of K, P and Mg. Estimated based on conventional consumption amounts, the EDI of its edible parts and the contribution rate to the RNI were both at relatively high levels; INQ analysis further confirmed that even afterwater-boiling, Zea mays L. still possessed good nutritional value in providing K, P, and Mg, belonging to high-nutrient-density quality foods.
This study reveals that water-boiling exerts a bidirectional regulatory effect on the bioaccessibility of mineral elements in Zea mays L., thereby altering their final nutritional quality. This study indicates that the total concentration of minerals in food cannot accurately reflect the degree of their actual absorption and utilization by the human body. When performing food dietary nutritional evaluation and processing technology optimization, it is necessary to consider bioaccessibility indicators in combination with traditional total concentration indicators to more scientifically and accurately assess the actual nutritional contribution of processed foods. This finding provides a key theoretical basis for nutritional loss assessment in household cooking,precise dietary guidance for special populations and the optimization of food processing technologies.
To investigate the in vivo antioxidant effects of balenine and its impact on skeletal muscle metabolism–related indicators, and its biosafety within the experimental dose range.
Mice were used as the experimental subjects and were administered different doses of balenine by gavage for 4 consecutive weeks.Physiological changes were monitored throughout the study, including body weight and the weights of major organs such as the liver, kidney and spleen. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to evaluate tissue morphology.Antioxidant capacity was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde levels as well as the activities of catalase, total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The expression levels of 4 kinds of myosin heavy chain subtypes and genes related to energy metabolism were assessed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to evaluate skeletal muscle metabolic function.
Compared with the control group, balenine administration at all tested doses did not induce significant changes in body weight or major organ weights. Tissue structures remained intact without observable pathological lesions. Low-dose balenine significantly reduced the level of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde and increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities.Meanwhile, low-dose balenine upregulated the expression of myosin heavy chain IIa and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α.
Within the experimental dose range, balenine exhibits good biosafety, effectively improves the in vivo antioxidant status, and exerts positive regulatory effects on skeletal muscle metabolism and muscle fiber-type-related indicators. These findings provide scientific support for the potential use of balenine as a functional food ingredient.
To evaluate the nutritional value of Hainan specialty prepared dishes using the nutrient-rich food index (NRF) model.
The 39 representative Hainan specialty prepared dishes were selected. Protein, fat, vitamins and minerals were determined according to Chinese national standard methods.After classification by ingredient types, nutritional value was assessed using the NRF 8.2 index. Nutritional distribution characteristics were analyzed using bubble plots and Kruskal-Wallis test.
The 38 dishes had a positive NRF 8.2 score (except Li-style braised pork belly). Nutritional value ranking: Seafood (93.49)>mixed dishes (61.62)>livestock (44.33)>poultry (37.84), with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Median macronutrient content analysis showed: Highest protein in livestock (24.75 g/100 g), highest fat (20.30 g/100 g) and energy(1231.60 kJ/100 g) in poultry, and highest carbohydrates in mixed dishes (12.89 g/100 g), all with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Median sodium content was highest in livestock (439.00 mg/100 g), but inter-group differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05).
Hainan specialty dishes showes significant categorical differences: Seafood dishes represents “low-energy, high-NRF, high-protein” optimal dietary choices; poultry exhibits “high-energy, low-NRF, hight-protein” characteristics, requiring promotion of skin-removal consumption methods; livestock demonstrated “high-energy, low-NRF, high-protein, high-sodium”; the balanced mix features“moderate-energy, moderate-to-high-NRF and moderate-protein” features, and it is recommended to optimize cooking methods and diversify ingredient combinations.
To investigate the targeted addition of Qiongbei red rice pigment into starch-based foods for modifying their nutritional and functional properties.
This study systematically examined the effects of red rice pigment on the physicochemical and digestive characteristics of starch using iodometry, scanning electron microscopy and rapid viscosity analysis.
Red rice pigment significantly influenced the physicochemical and digestive properties of starch (P<0.05). The addition of the pigment increased the pH of starch suspensions,reduced chroma, elevated a* and b*, and resulted in a reddish-brown appearance. It also significantly decreased the iodine blue value of wheat starch, altered the microstructure of starch granules, and increased granule size. In vitro digestion experiments showed that as pigment concentration increased from 0% to 1.0%, resistant starch content increased from 48.11% to 63.71%, while rapidly digestible starch decreased from 42.41% to 28.27%. Hydrolysis sensitivity values generally declined, and the predicted glycemic index of starch dropped from 94.40 to 73.81.
Red rice pigment reduces the iodine-binding capacity of starch in a dose-dependent manner. It interacts with starch through non-covalent bonds, affecting the spatial distribution and arrangement of starch chains, and disrupting the crystalline structure of starch granules. Consequently, the sensitivity of starch to hydrolytic enzymes decreases, leading to a reduced hydrolysis rate and inhibited in vitro digestibility.
To establish the optimal extraction process of total flavonoids from the perianth and pollen of Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. sinensis Rousi male flowers and compare their antioxidant activity.
The total flavonoids of perianth and pollen were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted alcohol extraction method. The content of total flavonoids was determined by spectrophotometry. The optimal extraction process of both was optimized by single factor experiment and response surface optimization. Additionally, in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and the 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cationic radical scavenging activities of total flavonoids from the calyx and pollen.
The optimal extraction process for the perianth was 60% ethanol by volume, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 10:1(mL:g), ultrasonic extraction at 61 °C for 39 min, under which the total flavonoid yield was (4.59±0.12)%. The optimal extraction process for pollen was 70% ethanol, solid-to-liquid ratio of 10:1 (mL:g), ultrasonic extraction at 52 °C for 62 min, under which the total flavonoid yield was (1.88±0.06)%. At a mass concentration of 4.0 mg/mL, the DPPH radical scavenging rates of total flavonoids from perianth and pollen were (84.87 ± 0.03)% and (82.53 ± 0.11)%,respectively. At a mass concentration of 0.80 mg/mL, the ABTS cationic radical scavenging rates of total flavonoids from perianth and pollen were (83.21 ± 0.13)% and (79.37 ± 0.06)%, respectively.
This study analyzes the differences in total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity between the perianth and pollen of male flowers from Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. sinensis Rousi. The results showes that the total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity of the perianth were higher than those of the pollen, and both exhibited good antioxidant capacity. The differences provide ideas for the separate development and utilization of the perianth and pollen, while the similarities offer data support for the overall development and utilization of male flowers from Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. sinensis Rousi resources.
To investigate the ameliorative effect of B-3 probiotic powder on diet-induced obesity in rats.
First, the obesity model was established by feeding rats with high-calorie diet and the rats were divided into a blank control group, a model control group and low, medium and high-dose B-3 probiotic powder groups. The rats were continuously administered for 42 d. The body weight and food intake data were recorded weekly. At the end of the experiment, the levels of perirenal fat, peritesticular fat, serum inflammatory factors,adiponectin and intestinal hormones were measured.
B-3 probiotic powder significantly inhibited body weight gain, perirenal fat, peritesticular fat, body fat weight, fat/body ratio and food utilization rate increase in obese rats. Serum analysis indicated that oral administration of B-3 probiotic powder significantly reduced the levels of interleukin-6 and C-type reactive protein and increased the levels of adiponectin (P<0.01), glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY in the serum of obesity model rats.
B-3 probiotic powder can effectively inhibit diet-induced obesity in rats by promoting the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY and by promoting the secretion of adiponectin to inhibit obesity-induced inflammatory response.
To establish a method for determining the content of ergothioneine in edible and medicinal fungi, screen out edible and medicinal fungi with high ergothioneine content, and explore their antioxidant activities.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was adopted for content determination. An Agilent ZORBAX NH2 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) was used, and isocratic elution was performed with acetonitrile-5 mmol ammonium acetate (80:20, V:V), followed by detection with an ultraviolet detector. To conduct methodological investigation using linearity, precision, stability, repeatability and recovery as indicators. The scavenging rates of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cationic radical and 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO)radical were used as indicators to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of ergothioneine in various edible and medicinal fungi.
For the 24 kinds of species of edible and medicinal fungi, the standard curve showed a linear range of 0.0053–0.1060 mg/mL, with a good linear relationship (r2>0.999), and the average recovery rate was 99.35%.Screening of edible fungi with high ergothioneine content among Boletus edulis, Armillaria mellea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Flammulina velutipes. And these 5 kinds of edible fungi also exhibited good antioxidant capacity; while the ergothioneine content in medicinal fungi was relatively low.
This method features simple operation and high detection efficiency, and can be applied to the determination of ergothioneine content in edible and medicinal fungi. It provides a scientific and reliable detection method for the content evaluation, quality control and resource development of ergothioneine in edible and medicinal fungi.Screening reveal that Boletus edulis, Armillaria mellea, Pleurotus citrinipileatus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Flammulina velutipes exhibit high ergothioneine content. And there is a certain dose-effect relationship between their mass concentration and in vitro antioxidant activity. This study lays a foundation for the subsequent development of ergothioneine from edible and medicinal fungi in the food and cosmetics industries.
To investigate the in vitro and in vivo hypoglycemic function of composite solid beverage with extract of Malus hupehensis and Panax ginseng as the main raw material.
The in vitro hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by inhibiting the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, the in vivo hypoglycemic activity was evaluated in mice with oral starch tolerance test and model of type 2 diabetes induced by high sugar and high fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ).
The composite solid beverage had a certain inhibitory effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, with semi-inhibitory concentration (IC50) of (2.50±0.32) mg/mL and (0.36±0.03) mg/mL, respectively. In the oral starch tolerance test of normal mice, when the high and low dose composite solid beverage group compared with the blank control group, the amplitude of blood glucose increase at 30 min was reduced by 79.64% and 51.27% (P<0.05), respectively, the area under the blood glucose curve was decreased by 24.72% and 11.20% (P<0.05), respectively. After 4 weeks of drug administration in type 2 diabetic mice, when the high and low dose composite solid beverage group compared with the model group, the fasting blood glucose was decreased by 27.92% and 16.48% (P<0.05), respectively, glycosylated serum protein levels was decreased by 19.46% (P<0.05) and 8.60%, respectively, serum insulin levels was decreased by 28.84% and 18.57%(P<0.05), respectively, liver index was decreased by 13.59% (P<0.05) and 6.04%, respectively, kidney index was decreased by 18.67% (P<0.05) and 10.22%, respectively.
Malus hupehensis-Panax ginseng composite solid beverage has a good hypoglycemic activities in vitro and in vivo, which can significantly reduce postprandial and fasting blood glucose levels in mice, the mechanism may be related to inhibiting the activity of starch digestase,increasing insulin sensitivity and protecting liver and kidney tissue.
To investigate the metabolism and accumulation of major bioactive components in Eucommia cicada.
Ultrasound-assisted extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography was employed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze 9 kinds of Eucommia-derived bioactive components(aucubin, geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, geniposide, pinoresinol diglucoside, rutin, astragalin, quercetin and kaempferol) in both larval and newly emerged Eucommia cicadas.
The results showed that aucubin,geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, pinoresinol diglucoside and astragalin were detected in both larval and newly emerged Eucommia cicadas. Notably, geniposide and rutin were only found in newly emerged Eucommia cicadas,but not in larvae. Quercetin and kaempferol were not detected in any samples. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in the content of most components between the 2 sample types.
This study provides that Eucommia cicadas can absorb and accumulate bioactive compounds derived from Eucommia through the food chain,endowing them with the dual medicinal and nutritional value of both Eucommia and cicadas. It offers a scientific basis for the further development and utilization of Eucommia cicadas as a novel functional food or medicinal plant resource.
Vitamin B12, an essential micronutrient for humans, plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation and the maintenance of normal neurological function. Among its 4 kinds of major biologically active forms (cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, 5’-deoxyadenosylcobalamin and hydroxocobalamin), methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin are the primary coenzyme-active forms in the body. Adequate dietary intake of vitamin B12 is vital for human health, and accurate quantification of vitamin B12 in foods forms the methodological foundation and technical basis for studies on its physiological functions, dietary nutritional assessments and the development of high-quality functional foods. This review systematically summarized the significance of vitamin B12 in foods, the current progress in detection methodologies, its content and distribution in various foods and the technical challenges in measurement. Current mainstream analytical techniques relied on highly toxic cyanide-based pretreatments, pose risks of degradation to active forms, and struggle to achieve accurate quantification of coenzyme-active forms such as 5’-deoxyadenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin. These limitations lead to insufficient data accuracy and lack of standardization, which significantly hinder advances in research on form-specific functions of vitamin B12,improvements in dietary nutritional assessment accuracy and the development of high-quality functional foods.Future research needs to focused on the innovation and standardization of detection technologies, vigorously developing non-cyanide, green pretreatment methods and establishing highly sensitive and selective multi-form analysis method based on high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Promoting the standardization of detection workflows and establishing a unified, comparable data system will provide theoretical support and practical guidance for dietary evaluation, quality control and functional food development.
Headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) can accurately identify and quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in agricultural products. Benefiting from its advantages such as fast response, high sensitivity, simple operation and low cost, HS-GC-IMS has developed rapidly in the field of flavor analysis of agricultural products. This paper systematically expounded the working principle of HS-GC-IMS and the feature extraction methods of its fingerprint profiles, and reviewed the application progress of this technology in common agricultural products including alcoholic beverages, fruits and vegetables, tea, oils and fats, dairy products and honey. It focused on research directions such as the classification and adulteration identification of agricultural products, the dynamic changes of volatile metabolites during processing and storage, the evaluation of freshness and spoilage and the traceability of off-flavors, and forecasted its future development trends. In summary, HS-GC-IMS has broad application potential in the research on the flavor of agricultural products. It can provide efficient and reliable analytical methods for the quality evaluation, quality control and flavor mechanism analysis of agricultural products, and is of great significance for promoting the innovation of agricultural product quality detection technologies and the high-quality development of the industry.
To establish an analytical method for detection of residual tildipirosin in raw milk by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
The sample was extracted with acid acetonitrile, purified by enhanced matrix removal (EMR) purification column, and then separated by BEH C18. The target compound was analyzed by a positive electrospray ion multiple reaction monitoring mode and quantitative analysis using matrix matching isotope internal standard method for quantification.
The calibration curves were linear in the range of 2.5–100.0 ng/mL with correlation coefficients more than 0.99. The limit of detection was 2.5 μg/kg, limit of quantitation was 5.0 μg/kg. The average recoveries at different addition concentrations ranged from 78.2% to 97.6%, with the relative stand deviations of the determination results ranged from 6.02% to 7.69%.
This method is accuracy, sensitive stability, simple and easy to operate, which can be used to determinate of residual amounts of tildipirosin in raw milk.
To establish a method for determation of 22 kinds of phytochemicals in Ficus carica by high performance liquid chromatography.
Ficus carica samples were ground, then mixed with distilled water and sonicated at 50 ℃ for 30 min before centrifugation. Ficus carica tea samples were soaked in 100 ℃distilled water. After soaking, samples were separated using gradient elution with 0.15% phosphoric acid solution-acetonitrile as mobile phase on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C18 (4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) column. Column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃ with a 10 μL injection volume. Plant chemical content was determined using the external standard method with wavelength switching technology.
The 22 kinds of phytochemicals were detected within 50 min with baseline separation achieved, and the linear correlation coefficients (r2) were all greater than 0.9995. The limits of detection ranged from 0.06 to 0.35 μg/g, the limits of quantitation ranged from 0.20 to 1.18 μg/g, and the spiked recovery rates ranged from 84.7% to 106.6%, relative standard deviations were 1.3%–9.5%.
The method is sensitive, accurate and reproducible, and is suitable for determining the 22 kinds of phytochemicals in Ficus carica tea.
To establish a rapid method for the determination of tetracycline in honey by nanogold-aptamer colorimetric method.
Discovery Studio 2022 software was used to optimize the tertiary structure of aptamer and select the optimal adapter. The relationship between different tetracycline concentrations and changes in absorbance ratio at specific wavelengths was explored under optimized conditions.
Under the optimal conditions of AuNPs:aptamer:tetracycline:NaCl ratio of 5:1:1:1 (V:V:V:V), NaCl concentration of 0.4 mol/L,and adapter concentration of 0.30 mol/L, the established method showed a good linear relationship with the change in absorbance ratio within the range of tetracycline mass concentration of 1–200 ng/mL. The linear regression equation was Y=0.007X+0.16, r2=0.9906, and the limit of detection was 0.838 ng/mL. Specific analysis showed that this method had high specificity for tetracycline and had no color reaction with enrofloxacin, salbutamol and other drugs.The recovery rates of honey determination with added standards were 95.30%–97.96%. Compared with the detection results of GB/T 21317—2007 Method for detecting tetracycline residues in animal derived foods-Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, it had good accuracy.
This method has strong specificity, is easy to operate, and can quickly quantify tetracycline residues in samples.
To understand the background value of aluminum in pickled Brassica juncea in the Huarong area.
Taking 8 townships in Huarong County as monitoring sites, a total of 180 samples of soil and fresh Brassica juncea were collected, 218 samples of pickled Brassica juncea finished products from pickled vegetable production enterprises in Huarong County, 30 samples of pickled Brassica juncea products from Huarong County on the market, and 40 samples each of bittern solutions, semi-finished products and finished products formed by different pickling processes were collected. In total, 548 samples were tested for the content of aluminum element.Soil samples were detected by HJ 1315—2023 Determination of total amount of 19 metal elements in soil and sediment-Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; fresh Brassica juncea and their stems and leaves, pickled Brassica juncea samples, commercial pickled Brassica juncea products, and different processes of brine solution,semi-finished products and final products were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),the first method of GB 5009.268—2016 National food safety standard-Determination of multi-elements in food.
The average value of aluminum element content in the soil of Huarong County was 67.82 g/kg, and the median value was 68.81 g/kg. The average value of aluminum element content in fresh Brassica juncea was 97.02 mg/kg,and the median value was 85.30 mg/kg. Moreover, it presented the changing rule that the aluminum element content in the leaves was greater than that in the whole plant, which in turn was greater than that in the stems. The average value of aluminum element content in pickled Brassica juncea in Huarong County was 34.74 mg/kg, and the median value was 32.29 mg/kg.
Eventually, 82.90 mg/kg is selected as the background reference value for aluminum element in pickled Brassica juncea. By comparing the aluminum content in pickled Brassica juncea produced through different pickling processes, it is recommended that enterprises adopt the methods of secondary pickling or clean pickling for production to control the residual amount of aluminum in finished products.
To establish a method for evaluating the freshness of cold-chain fish and shrimp using biogenic amines (BA) as markers.
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was applied to monitor the time-dependent concentration dynamics of BA in frozen hairtail, chilled sea bass and frozen shrimp under different storage conditions. The spoilage index was defined as the ratio of the sum of histamine (HIS),tryptamine (TRY), putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD) and trimethylamine (TMA) to the sum of spermine (SPM)and spermidine (SPD). The umami index was defined as the ratio of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) content to the sum of SPD and SPM. These indices were used to evaluate the freshness of cold-chain fish and shrimp. Sensory evaluation was also conducted concurrently.
It was shown that 94.4% agreement between the spoilage index method and sensory evaluation for freshness ratings of the 3 kinds of representative samples and the umami index could provide complementary information on umami substance retention, serving as an important supplement to the spoilage index.
The freshness evaluation method, utilizing BA as a marker and defining both the spoilage index and umami index, provides a more comprehensive and objective basis for assessing the freshness and quality monitoring of related products.
To establish a method for simultaneous determination of the content of beauvericin (BEA), enniatin A (ENN A), enniatin A1 (ENN A1), enniatin B (ENN B) and enniatin B1 (ENN B1) in Castanea mollissima Blume by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
The mass spectrometry conditions for 5 kinds of emerging mycotoxins were optimized. The optimal chromatographic column and mobile phase conditions based on the separation degree and peak shape of the chromatographic peaks were selected. The best extraction reagent and QuEChERS purification column through recovery rate indicators were determined. The matrix effects of Castanea mollissima Blume samples on 5 kinds of emerging mycotoxins were analyzed. Finally, a methodological experiment was conducted on the established method.
The method ultimately used acetonitrile-water (80:20, V:V) as the extraction reagent, selected QuEChERS column (primary secondary amine 50 mg, MgSO4 150 mg) for cleaning Treatment. The ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column was used as the chromatographic column and acetonitrile-2 mmoL/L ammonium acetate was used as the mobile phase, the elution mode was gradient elution. Matrix effects of the method could not be ignored, the isotope internal standard method should be used for quantitative analysis. The limits of detection of BEA, ENN A, ENN A1,ENN B and ENN B1 were 0.03 μg/kg and the limits of quantatition were 0.1 μg/kg, the recovery rates were between 89.5% and 125.0%, the relative standard deviations were 1.6% to 8.4%, the correlation coefficients were all than or equal to 0.9990.
This method is simple, rapid, with the high accurates and ensitivity, which can be used for simultaneous determination of the content of BEA, ENN A, ENN A1, ENN B and ENN B1 in Castanea mollissima Blume.
To explore the distribution characteristics of amino acids and elements in Yiwu brown sugar, as well as the influences of flavor substances on its quality.
The 6 representative batches of brown sugar from the main producing areas of Yiwu were selected. The content of 16 kinds of amino acids, such as aspartic acid, threonine and serine, were determined using an automatic amino acid analyzer. The content of 17 kinds of elements, such as potassium, sodium and iron were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Volatile flavor substances, such as decanal and nonanal, were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
The maximum content of potassium, sodium elements in Yiwu brown sugar could reach 1.43×104 mg/kg and 928 mg/kg, respectively. The total amino acid content of Yiwu brown sugar ranged from 0.452 to 1.390 g/100 g, and the total content of 7 kinds of essential amino acids ranged from 0.0875 to 0.187 g/100 g.Dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-2(3H)-furanone, nonanal, decanal and acetic acid were identified as key contributing components to the flavor of brown sugar.
Yiwu brown sugar exhibits significantly higher potassium and sodium content, with this high-potassium and low-sodium elemental distribution pattern playing a decisive role in its mineral nutritional value. The notable differences in total amino acid content and essential amino acids directly influence the flavor complexity and nutritional quality of the sugar. Key flavor contributors such as dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-2(3H)-furanone, nonanal, decanal, and acetic acid demonstrate that their compositional variations constitute the core factors shaping Yiwu brown sugar’s distinctive aroma profile. In summary, the quality characteristics of Yiwu brown sugar are collectively determined by the synergistic distribution patterns of its elemental composition, amino acids, and volatile flavor compounds..
To establish a geographical origin discrimination model for Fritillaria thunbergii based on multi-element fingerprint characteristics, thereby identifying the authenticity of this medicinal and edible substance.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique was employed to determine the content of 38 kinds of inorganic elements in 32 batches of Fritillaria thunbergii and its confusable species Fritillaria hupehensis collected from the market. Multivariate statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and Fisher linear discriminant analysis (LDA), were performed on the elemental content data.
All target elements exhibited good linearity within their respective concentration ranges (r>0.999), with spiked recoveries ranging from 81.73% to 114.85%. The preliminary distinction between Fritillaria thunbergii and Fritillaria hupehensis could be achieved through PCA, but there was some overlap in some samples. An OPLS-DA classification model was subsequently developed, with model metrics R2X=0.685, R2Y=0.858 and Q2=0.700 (all>0.5), confirming its stability and reliability.Using variable importance in projection (VIP)>1 as the cutoff, 15 kinds of differential characteristic elements were screened to distinguish the 2 kinds of species. Ratio transformation was applied to these characteristic element variables to construct a Fisher LDA model and cross-validation results showed a discrimination accuracy of 100%,indicating excellent classification performance.
The established model allows rapid and accurate differentiation between Fritillaria thunbergii and Fritillaria hupehensis and provides a scientific basis for geographical origin traceability and optimization of quality evaluation systems for Fritillaria thunbergii.
To establish a method for determination the 4 kinds of androgen residues, namely testosterone, methyltestosterone, trenbolone and 17 β-trenbolone acetate in pork by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
The pork samples were homogenized after comminution. Subsequently, water and acetonitrile solution were added sequentially for extraction by oscillation.Anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride were introduced for dehydration, followed by centrifugation. The supernatant was collected and purified by adsorption using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and neutral alumina.The purified solution was dried under nitrogen in a water bath at 45 ℃, then redissolved by vortexing in an acetonitrile-water mixture (1:1, V:V). After filtration through a 0.22 μm microporous membrane, the solution was ready for analysis. For the determination of analytes, an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm) was adopted. Acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution were used as the mobile phase for chromatographic separation. Data acquisition was performed in the electrospray ionization positive mode with multiple reaction monitoring, and quantification was carried out via the external standard method.
The target compounds exhibited good linearity in the concentration range of 0.1–100.0 ng/mL, with all correlation coefficients (r2) greater than 0.999. The limits of detection were 0.1–0.3 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 0.2–1.0 μg/kg. At the spiking levels of 2, 8 and 20 μg/kg, the recoveries were between 84.12% and 109.75%, with the relative standard deviations varying from 1.72% to 9.62%.
This method can simultaneously determine 4 kinds of androgens and the pretreatment is simple. It has high sensitivity, repeatability and accuracy and can provide a reference for related detection.
To compare the analytical performance of high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector for determination of 9 kinds of biogenic amines in fermented wines.
Under identical pretreatment and chromatographic conditions, both methods were applied to determine 9 kinds of biogenic amines in fermented wines. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted based on linear range, sensitivity, precision, recovery and resistance to interference.
Both methods exhibited good linearity (r2≥0.9986) within the 1–50 μg/mL range, with precision (<3.00%)and accuracy meeting detection requirements. The fluorescence detection method exhibited higher sensitivity than the diode array detection method for most biogenic amines, with a detection limit as low as 0.05 μg/mL; however, its sensitivity for histamine, octopamine, and tyramine was comparable to that of the diode array detection method; The diode array detection method provided a more uniform response across different biogenic amines, whereas the fluorescence detection method demonstrates superior resistance to interference in complex matrices..
The high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector is suitable for high-sensitivity detection of trace biogenic amines, whereas high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector holds practical value for balanced screening and routine analysis of multiple biogenic amines.
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