Objective To investigate the residues characteristics of veterinary drug in Gallus gallus domesticus from Hubei Province and assess the dietary exposure risks. Methods The 34 types of veterinary drug residues were detected in 100 randomly collected samples of Gallus gallus domesticus from farms, agricultural markets, wholesale markets and slaughterhouses in Hubei Province in 2024 by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The dietary exposure risk assessment of detected veterinary drug residues was conducted using the veterinary drug residue risk ranking matrix of the United Kingdom Veterinary Drug Residue Committee and the index of food safety (IFS) method. Results The 12 kinds of veterinary drugs were detected in the samples, with a residue detection rate of 49%. Among these, 2 kinds of drugs were prohibited for use in food animals, and 1 kind of drug was approved for therapeutic use but prohibited from detection in animal-derived foods. The risk assessment revealed that the IFS values of all detected veterinary drugs were significantly less than 1, indicating a low dietary exposure risk from residues. Conclusion This suggests that the quality and safety of Gallus gallus domesticus in Hubei Province are satisfactory, with minimal health risks posed by residual veterinary drugs to humans.

Objective To optimize coffee peel beverage formula by response surface methodology with coffee peel and black tea as the main ingredients. Methods First, the ripe coffee fresh fruits were peeled. After homogenization and filtration, coffee peel liquid was obtained. This liquid was then mixed with black tea liquid, fructose and citric acid for formulation. Single-factor experiments and the response surface methodology were employed to investigate the effects of the addition amounts of coffee peel juice, black tea liquid, fructose, and citric acid on the coffee peel beverage, thereby determining the optimal formulation for it. Results The optimal addition amounts were 28% coffee peel juice, 40% black tea liquid, 5% fructose and 0.05% citric acid. This formulation yielded a product with protein content (5.13±0.34)%, fat content (4.94±0.78)%, dietary fiber (18.43±1.06)%, ash (1.00±0.01)%. The coffee peel juice beverage processed according to this process had a strong aroma, a deep amber color, and a delicious sour and sweet taste. Conclusion The application of response surface methodology to optimize the formula of coffee peel beverage provides another feasible way for the high value utilization of coffee peel and the development of functional products.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol in aquatic products by QuEChERS combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The sample was extracted with water-acetonitrile (2:8, V:V), purified with N-propylethylenediamine, C₁₈ and neutral alumina, blown to dryness with nitrogen, and then reconstituted with water-acetonitrile (8:2, V:V). The sample solution was analyzed using water and acetonitrile (both containing 5 mmol/L ammonia) as mobile phase, separated by C₁₈ chromatographic column, scanned and detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and quantified by external standard method. Results The results showed that 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol showed a good linear relationship in the concentration ranges of 5 to 200 μg/L, and the correlation coefficients were 0.9998 and 0.9985, respectively. The average recoveries at three spiked concentration levels varied from 66.5% to 101.1% with relative standard deviations of 0.62% to 10.17%. The limit of detection was 0.85-0.90 μg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 2.1-2.4 μg/kg. Conclusion This method is simple, fast, sensitive and accurate, suitable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of 17α-estradiol and 17β-estradiol in aquatic products such as fish, shrimp, crabs and shellfish.

The frequent occurrence of adulteration in meat products not only affects people's quality of life but also restricts the healthy development of the industry. The technology of identifying adulteration in meat products has become a research hotspot. Fast, accurate, reliable, and simple meat ingredient detection technology is an effective means of identifying adulteration in meat products This article reviewed the principles, advantages, disadvantages and application research of various meat source component detection technologies that had been extensively studied, including spectroscopic technology, chromatographic and mass spectrometry analysis technology, immunoassay technology and isothermal amplification analysis technology. It also looked forward to the future research directions of these technologies, in order to provide theoretical basis and reference ideas for the research of meat product adulteration identification technology.

Many foodborne Chinese herbs exhibit significant efficacy in sedation and hypnotic effects, with the advantages of safety, mildness, and convenience. These properties have garnered widespread attention from individuals suffering from insomnia, scientific researchers, and relevant practitioners. Such herbs are predominantly utilized in health foods and ordinary foods. In the realm of health foods aimed at aiding sleep, dosage forms are diverse, and ingredients such as Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, Ganoderma lucidum, and Schisandra chinensis are frequently employed. Within the domain of ordinary foods, a variety of products including medicinal diets, beverages, and snacks are involved, showcasing diverse product forms and production processes. Regarding research advancements, the effective dosages of different food-derived Chinese herbs medicines for improving sleep vary, and their sleep-aid components encompass terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and other constituents. The mechanisms of action span neurotransmitter regulation, signaling pathway modulation, gut microbiota improvement, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. Nevertheless, there remain deficiencies in the research and product development of foodborne Chinese herbal medicines for sleep aid. This paper systematically summarized the applications and usage rules of foodborne Chinese herbal medicines in sleep aid foods, reviewed modern research on foodborne Chinese herbal medicines and sleep aids, and elucidated the efficacious components and mechanisms of foodborne Chinese herbal medicines for sleep enhancement, thereby providing valuable references for the research and development of sleep aid products based on foodborne Chinese herbal medicines.

Objective To analyze the overall situation of food safety supervision and sampling inspection in an eastern coastal city from 2021 to 2024 and the main food safety issues. Methods The municipal level food safety supervision and sampling inspection data publicly disclosed by the eastern coastal city from 2021 to 2024 were aggregated. The overall inspection situation was analyzed using the dynamic trend of non-compliance rates, and the distribution characteristics of non-compliant samples across dimensions such as testing items, food categories, packaging factors and locally produced foods were stratified to identify the main factors affecting regional food safety. Results Over the past 4 years, a total of 34545 batches were inspected at the municipal level, with an overall non-compliance rate of 2.20%. The annual non-compliance rates fluctuated, showed a narrowing trend in amplitude. The highest non-compliance rates were observed in fruit products (5.83%), edible agricultural products (3.71%) and aquatic products (2.58%). In industrial processed foods, the non-compliance rates of bulk (2.01%) and pre-packaged (0.78%) showed a significant difference. The non-compliance rate of locally produced foods decreased fluctuatingly. Among them, 12 major categories (38.71%) showed no non-compliance for 4 consecutive years, while 13 categories (41.94%) exhibited a decline in non-compliance rates. Conclusion The overall status of food safety in this city showed a positive trend, with particularly quality improvement of locally produced foods. However, there were still risks in edible agricultural products and bulk foods. The regulators should pay more attention to them.

Objective To optimize the ultrasonic extraction process of dihydromyricetin from Ampelopsis grossedentata using artificial neural networks combined with response surface methodology. Methods The stems and leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata were used as the research material. An ultrasonic extraction system for dihydromyricetin was established, and the process parameters were systematically optimized using a combination of single-factor experiments, response surface methodology and artificial neural network models optimized by genetic algorithms. The extraction yields of dihydromyricetin from different parts of Ampelopsis grossedentata were then analyzed under optimal conditions. Results The artificial neural network model exhibited superior accuracy and predictive capability in comparison to the response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be an ultrasonic power of 360 W, a temperature of 42 ℃, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20:1 (mL:g), and an extraction time of 35 min. Under these conditions, the actual extraction yield of dihydromyricetin was (39.83±0.01)%, with a relative error of only 0.36% compared to the artificial neural network-predicted value of 40.19%. Furthermore, the extraction yield of dihydromyricetin from various parts of Ampelopsis grossedentata under optimal ultrasonic conditions followed the sequence: Stems and leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata>branches of Ampelopsis grossedentata>pruned branches of Ampelopsis grossedentata. Conclusion This study successfully optimizes the ultrasonic extraction process to enhance the extraction efficiency of dihydromyricetin from Ampelopsis grossedentata and reveals significant differences in dihydromyricetin extraction yields among different parts of the plant.

Objective To understand the residual levels of semicarbazide in crustacean aquatic products such as shrimp and crabs, analyze the causes of endogenous and exogenous contamination. Methods Data from nationwide sampling inspections of crustacean aquatic products from 2017 to 2023 were analyzed. A total of 178 batches of shrimp, 136 batches of crabs, and aquaculture pond water samples were collected and tested. The quantitative determination was conducted following the standard of Ministry of Agriculture Announcement No.783-1-2006 Determination of nitrofuran metabolite residues in aquatic products. Results The detection level of semicarbazide in crabs was significantly lower than that in shrimp. The semicarbazide levels in crabs showed little correlation with species, while significant variations were observed among different shrimp species. No semicarbazide residues were detected in aquaculture pond water. Conclusion The presence of semicarbazide in crustacean aquatic products such as shrimp and crabs is primarily related to endogenous sources, though the detected levels from endogenous origins are very low. It is recommended that national authorities resume routine supervision and sampling inspections for nitrofurazone metabolites in crustacean products, establish a national database for semicarbazide monitoring, and utilize big data analysis to address current policy gaps. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the national database, efforts should be made to develop semicarbazide residue limit standards for crustacean aquatic products to ensure the healthy development of the aquaculture industry.

Objective To construct a predictive model for bacterial growth in braised chicken legs under variable temperature conditions during actual circulation. Methods Based on the one-step method of the Huang model, the growth process of foodborne Escherichia coli (E. coli) in braised chicken legs was studied. Kinetic parameters for E. coli growth and survival were determined through multiple sets of isothermal experiments, ultimately yielding a second-order model describing the relationship between instantaneous colony count, temperature, time and initial colony count. The model was validated using simulation experiments. Results A significance analysis of differences was conducted between the measured growth colony counts of E. coli strains cultured under fluctuating temperatures and the predicted colony counts obtained by the model. The test showed that P=0.926>0.05, indicated that there was no significant difference between the predicted values and the measured values. Conclusion The second-order model constructed in this study can effectively simulate E. coli growth under fluctuating temperatures and is sufficiently reliable. The model, integrated with the R programming language, allows for rapid prediction of E. coli growth under fluctuating temperature conditions, providing a rapid and effective tool for risk assessment of braised meat products in actual circulation.

Objective To develop for the determination of 16 kinds of rare earth elements in plant agricultural products by micro-open graphite digestion coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Methods Using the micro-open graphite digestion as the pretreatment method, the effects of acid digestion system, digestion time and matrix elements (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺) on rare earth elements were investigated. Results The results showed that adding HF to the HNO₃+HClO₄ mixed acid system facilitated complete digestion of samples and significantly improved the recovery of rare earth elements. When the concentration ratio of matrix elements to rare earth elements reached 4 orders of magnitude, there was no significant interference in the determination of rare earth elements. Under optimal conditions, the standard curves exhibited good linear relationships (r≥0.999) in the range of 0-50 μg/L, with the limits of detection was 0.001-0.006 mg/kg. The method was validated using national standard reference materials, and the determination results of each rare earth element were generally consistent with the reference values. The recoveries of spiked samples were 83.2%-110.3% and the relative standard deviations were 1.0%-10.4%. Conclusion The method features simple operation, strong anti-interference capability, and high accuracy, making it suitable for rapid determination of rare earth elements in batch plant agricultural products.