To investigate the blood glucose regulatory effects of Pediococcus acidilactici AUI2505 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri AUI2506 on hyperglycemic Danio rerio.

The in vitro probiotic properties and safety of 2 strains of lactic acid bacteria were evaluated through simulated gastrointestinal fluid tolerance tests,antibiotic susceptibility assays, hemolytic activity assessment and analyses of hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation ability. A hyperglycemic Danio rerio model was established by immersing the fish in water containing 3% glucose to induce blood glucose metabolism disorder, after which the Danio rerio were treated with the bacterial strains. After intervention, the survival rate, blood glucose levels, insulin levels, inflammatory factors and glucose tolerance of the Danio rerio in each group were measured.

Strains AUI2505 and AUI2506 exhibited survival rates greater than 80% in simulated gastric fluid and greater than 40% in simulated intestinal fluid, respectively. Both strains were sensitive to most antibiotics tested and non-hemolytic. The 2 strains exhibited favorable hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation capacity. In the hyperglycemic Danio rerio model, it was demonstrated that following intervention with bacterial suspensions of AUI2505 and AUI2506, all experimental groups exhibited normal larval survival rates,blood glucose and inflammatory cytokine levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and glucose tolerance was significantly enhanced (P<0.05). Additionally, a significant reduction in insulin level was shown in the AUI2505 group (P<0.05).

Pediococcus acidilactici AUI2505 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri AUI2506 have significant hypoglycemic effects, providing a theoretical foundation for their use in adjunctive probiotic treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

To evaluate the hypoxia tolerance activity and mechanisms of action of a compound formulation consisting of Olea europaea fruit-Lycium barbarum-Panax quinquefolius compound (Olea europaea fruit polyphenols:Lycium barbarum extract:Panax quinquefolius extract 5:5:1, m:m:m).

BALB/C mice were orally administered the compound for 30 consecutive days. Hypoxia tolerance was assessed using a normobaric hypoxia test (referencing Health food functional evaluation methods, 2023 edition) to determine survival time. The hypoxia tolerance mechanism was investigated by analyzing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, malondialdehyde(MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in brain and lung tissues.

The Olea europaea fruit-Lycium barbarum-Panax quinquefolius compound significantly prolonged hypoxia survival time in mice [low,medium and high dose groups: (30.35±5.63), (37.53±6.72) and (39.13±8.73) min, respectively, significantly outperformed the control group (22.91±1.61) min; P<0.05 or P<0.001], and the effect was dose-dependent. Its effect was superior to that of the positive controls [Rhodiola oral solution: (26.50±2.44) min; Hongyi capsules:(28.93±6.67) min]. The mechanism was that it reduced LDH activity (reducing anaerobic metabolism) and MDA content (inhibiting lipid peroxidation), and increased SOD activity (enhancing free radical scavenging ability) in brain and lung tissues.

The Olea europaea fruit-Lycium barbarum-Panax quinquefolius compound exerts hypoxia tolerance effects by modulating oxidative stress pathways, including free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition and antioxidant enzyme activity maintenance, and thus possesses the potential to be developed as a functional food.

To optimize the extraction process for flavonoids from Alxa Cistanche to improve the elution efficiency of its active components, determine the antioxidant activity of the flavonoids to clarify the intrinsic relationship between flavonoid content and antioxidant efficacy, apply the Cistanche extract obtained from the optimized extraction process to the formulation of Cistanche liqueur, and analyse its impact on the flavor compounds of the liqueur.

With Cistanche in Alxa as the research object and the total flavonoid yield as the evaluation index, the effects of the solid-liquid ratio, extraction time and ethanol concentration on the flavonoid yield of Cistanche were studied. The antioxidant properties of Cistanche flavonoids were evaluated by measuring the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging rate hydroxyl radical scavenging rate,2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) scavenging rate and total antioxidant capacity. The flavor substances of Cistanche liqueur were identified to analyze their characteristic volatile organic compounds.

The optimal extraction conditions were determined as a solid-liquid ratio of 1:38(g:mL), an extraction time of 1.7 h, and an ethanol concentration of 58%. Under these conditions, the yield of Cistanche flavonoids reached 7.38%±0.45%. Cistanche flavonoids exhibited good antioxidant activity in various antioxidant index measurements.

Response surface experiments are conducted to determine the optimal process conditions for the extraction of flavonoids from Alxa Cistanche. This process significantly increases the flavonoid yield with good reproducibility, and confirms that Cistanche flavonoids exhibit strong antioxidant activity.Furthermore, an analysis of flavor components in the Cistanche liqueur identifies various volatile compounds, including esters, alcohols and aldehydes, which collectively contribute to its distinctive sensory profile and aromatic characteristics.

To evaluate the protective effects of α-ketoglutarate (AKG) on oxidative damage induced by D-galactose (D-gal) in rats and explore its potential mechanisms.

Male SD rats were used as experimental subjects. Oxidative stress injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of D-gal solution, and the animals were randomly divided into 5 groups: Control group, model group, low-dose AKG group (AKG-L, 50 mg/kg),medium-dose AKG group (AKG-M, 100 mg/kg) and high-dose AKG group (AKG-H, 200 mg/kg). Rats were administered the respective treatment once daily for 4 weeks. The levels of oxidative biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls, as well as antioxidant indicators and enzymes such as catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH), were determined using colorimetric assays in plasma and liver tissues. Histopathological examinations were conducted to assess the protective effects of AKG against D-gal-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing and ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were performed to analyze gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids levels in each group, in order to investigate the potential antioxidant mechanisms of AKG.

Compared with the model group, AKG administration significantly reduced MDA and protein carbonyl levels in plasma and liver, while partially enhancing the activities of SOD and CAT as well as GSH levels. Additionally, AKG could modulate the structure of gut microbiota and increase the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Prevotella and Clostridia vadinBB60 group. Compared with the control group, the levels of the short‑chain fatty acids valeric acid, butyric acid and isobutyric acid in the intestines of rats with oxidative damage were significantly reduced. Following AKG intervention, the levels of these 3 kinds of short‑chain fatty acids were markedly increased, with butyric acid and isobutyric acid showing the most pronounced improvement (P<0.01),approaching those of the normal control group.

AKG exerts a significant protective effects against D-gal-induced oxidative damage in rats. This protective effect is accompanied by improvements in gut microbiota composition and short‑chain fatty acid levels. These findings suggest that the gut microbiota-short‑chain fatty acid axis and antioxidant effects may jointly contribute to the protective action of α‑ketoglutarate.

To optimize the extraction process of the functional components of compound Polygonati rhizoma ointment and evaluate its immune regulating activity.

Using crude polysaccharides, total saponins, cordycepin content and dry extract rate as evaluation indicators, the extraction process parameters were optimized through analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC)mixed weighting method and Box-Behnken design response surface methodology. Carbon clearance test, delayed type hypersensitivity test and serum hemolysin test were used to evaluate its immune regulating activity.

The optimal extraction process for the functional components of compound Polygonati rhizoma ointment was 117 min of extraction time, 3 times of extraction, extraction temperature of 94 ℃ and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:14 (g:mL).Compound Polygonati rhizoma ointment could enhance the delayed type hypersensitivity ability of mice, improve the phagocytic ability of monocytes macrophages and increase the content of serum hemolysin.

The process is reasonable and feasible, and the compound Polygonati rhizoma ointment extracted under the optimal process has good immune regulatory activity, providing a reference for the further development and application of compound Polygonati rhizoma ointment.

To establish a method for the determination of glucosamine hydrochloride content in health foods, with phenyl-isothiocyanate as the derivatizing reagent by pre-column derivatization-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Samples were ultrasonically extracted with water, and the extract was derivatized with phenyl-isothiocyanate. Separation was achieved on an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈ column (4.6 mm×150 mm, 4 μm) via gradient elution with sodium acetate and methanol as mobile phases at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min.Detection was performed at 245 nm using a HPLC-ultraviolet detector. Pre-column derivatization conditions: 1 mL sample solution was vortex-mixed with 6 mL phosphate buffer, equilibrated at room temperature for 15 min, then mixed with 2 mL phenyl-isothiocyanate reagent in the same colorimetric tube. The mixture was heated in an 80 ℃water bath for 30 min, rapidly cooled to room temperature, and diluted to 10 mL with water.

Glucosamine hydrochloride exhibited a good linearity in the range of 25–250 mg/100 g (r²=0.9993). The limit of detection for glucosamine hydrochloride was 0.0050 mg/mL, and the limit of quantitation was 0.0100 mg/mL. The repeatability relative standard deviation was 0.81%, and the recovery rates ranged from 97.9% to 99.9%.

This method is simple to operate and exhibits good repeatability, making it suitable for the determination of glucosamine hydrochloride content in health foods.

To establish a technical method based on untargeted metabolomics, analyze the differences in metabolites after blending glacial acetic acid (ethanol fermentation method) in brewed vinegar, and screen characteristic markers for adulteration identification.

Taking Ninghuafu traditional aged vinegar as the research object, ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS/MS) was used to collect metabolite components of vinegar samples with different dilution degrees (acidity ranging from 6.0%–8.0%). Combined with multivariate statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis, differential metabolites were screened and identified.

A total of 5 markers with significantly differences were identified, including oleamide,N-benzyl-linoleamide, triethylcitrate, dibutyladipate and monopalmitin. When the content of oleamide was significantly lower than 479.99 µg/kg, and the content of N-benzyl-linoleamide, triethylcitrate, dibutyladipate and monopalmitin were higher than the levels in traditional brewed vinegar (0.92, 0.89, 10.82 µg/kg and 56.56 mg/kg,respectively), these compounds could effectively distinguish whether the vinegar had been adulterated. The content of oleamide showed a significant downward trend with increasing glacial acetic acid concentration, with a content of 39.40 µg/kg in samples with an acidity of 8.0%. N-benzyl-linoleamide (9.50 µg/kg) reached peaks in the sample groups 7.0% acidity. Triethylcitrate (4.22 µg/kg), monopalmitin (129.26 mg/kg) and dibutyladipate (27.66 µg/kg) in the 8.0% acidity sample reached 4.75, 2.29 and 2.56 times that of traditional vinegar.

The untargeted metabolomics method based on UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS/MS established in this study screens out significantly differential biomarkers, which provides a novel technical approach for the authenticity identification of vinegar, and guarantees the quality of vinegar products as well as protects the health rights and interests of consumers.

To establish n method for simultaneously identifying multiple meat species within a single reaction system by efficient multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology.

Based on species-specific variations in animal mitochondrial gene sequences, primers were designed and screened using multiple bioinformatics tools, and an octuple PCR assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of 8 kinds of meat species, namely mutton, chicken, rabbit, pigeon, goose, turkey, ostrich and dog. The specificity of the amplification products was confirmed through reaction condition optimization and DNA sequencing. The sensitivity and applicability of the method were further evaluated by multi-species DNA mixtures and adulterated meat model samples.

The octuple PCR assay enabled stable and simultaneous amplification of DNA from all 8 kinds of target species in a single reaction tube, with no nonspecific amplification observed. Sequencing results were consistent with the corresponding target species. Sensitivity analysis showed that, in both raw and heat-processed meat samples, the limits of detection for the target species ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 ng of genomic DNA. In adulterated samples, target meat components were detectable at levels as low as 0.10%.

The established octuple PCR method can be successfully applied to the authenticity assessment of commercially available meat products, allowing rapid and accurate identification of multiple meat species. This method demonstrates good practical applicability and provides effective technical support for food safety surveillance and market regulation.

To establish a method for the rapid identification of duck-derived components in mutton by duplex real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (dRT-PCR).

First, the response surface methodology was used to optimize various conditions for the rapid extraction of DNA from animal tissues.Subsequently, multiple sets of specific primers were designed based on the differences between the sheep mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (CYTB) and the duck cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (COX3). The dRT-PCR experiment was conducted using the rapidly extracted animal tissue DNA. By analyzing the melting curve, the sheep and duck-derived components were qualitatively identified according to the differences in peak temperature.

The optimized method for crude extraction of animal tissue DNA could extract 586 ng/μL of DNA suitable for species detection from 20 mg of animal tissue within 5 minutes. The sheep-derived gene products and duck-derived gene products produce melting peaks at 84.79 ℃ and 81.66 ℃ respectively, with no specific amplification for non-target species. It could quickly detect more than 0.01 ng/μL of crude duck DNA within 1 hour.

This method is simple to operate, low in cost, and has high sensitivity, providing effective technical support for the identification of adulteration in mutton products.

To construct an intelligent detection system based on portable near infrared spectroscopy(1000–1800 nm) and ensemble learning algorithms for rapid identification of 8 kinds of edible starch.

A total of 239 commercial starch samples from 8 botanical sources—corn, potato, cassava, wheat, sweet potato, mung bean, lotus root and pea—were collected, yielding 2392 near infrared spectroscopy spectra. The spectra were preprocessed by standard normal variate (SNV) and Savitzky-Golay first derivative (window length=11, polynomial order=2). And it was directly modeled across the full spectral range without conducting characteristic wavelength screening.

The 5 kinds of classification models—K-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and a weighted soft-voting ensemble model—were trained and compared. In validation using an independent test set of 59 samples, the ensemble model achieved an accuracy of 97.0% with a Brier score as low as 0.008.

The system takes only 0.8 seconds for a single prediction, providing an efficient and reliable on-site detection technical solution for starch adulteration monitoring and species traceability.

To establish a rapid identification method for the authenticity of honey botanical origin,based on an isothermal amplification approach for honey pollen gene detection, combined with a time-resolved fluorescent microsphere lateral flow strip (TR-LFS).

A rapid DNA extraction method for honey pollen was constructed to obtain the effective maturase K (matK) target gene template of Robinia pseudoacacia within 20 min.Denaturation bubble-mediated strand exchange amplification (SEA) was employed to achieve exponential amplification of the target sequence under a constant temperature of approximately 65 °C. To enhance amplification efficiency, single strand DNA-binding protein (SSB) was added to inhibit non-specific annealing of single strands,significantly improving primer hybridization efficiency and amplification specificity. When target pollen DNA was present in the honey, the SEA amplification generated double-stranded products labeled at both ends, which were subsequently detected visually via the TR-LFS based on fluorescence.

The fluorescence signal intensity of the TR-LFS allowed for visual determination of honey botanical origin authenticity. Using Robinia pseudoacacia honey as a model, the naked-eye detection sensitivity of this method for the target content reached 1% (V:V), and no cross-reaction was observed with other botanical honey sources.

The detection method established in this study significantly enhances the amplification efficiency of SEA technology through the introduction of SSB.Combined with the high sensitivity and stable fluorescence output characteristics of TR-LFS, and eliminating the need for complex thermal cycling equipment, this method is suitable for on-site rapid detection, providing reliable technical support for authenticating honey floral sources.

To develop a rapid detection test strip based on specific antigen-antibody reactions, which can be used for rapid and highly sensitive detection of camel milk adulteration.

By utilizing the structural differences of α-lactalbumin between cow’s milk and camel milk, specific antibodies were developed. Then, an indirect competitive colloidal gold immunochromatographic technique was adopted to develop the detection test strip.

The test strip could detect adulteration in camel milk, with a sensitivity of up to 0.03%. In addition, it could also be used to detect adulteration in camel milk powder and its detection sensitivity could reach 0.1% when calculated based on milk powder.

The colloidal gold rapid chromatographic detection test strip developed in this study has high sensitivity, convenient operation and low cost. It greatly improves the detection efficiency and plays an important role in the rapid detection and screening of camel milk adulteration.

To develop a method for rapid detection of lead in dairy products by anodic stripping voltammetry.

The gold electrode and machine learning algorithm were used to optimize the deposition time, pulse height and sample pretreatment parameters. The linear range, limit of detection, recovery rate, relative standard deviation and other indicators of the method were determined.

Setting deposition time to 360 s,pulse height to 270 mV and the optimized parameters of sample pretreatment were as follows: 1:3 (V:V) for milk,1:2 (m:V) for milk powder and 1:4 (V:V) for yogurt, centrifugation 10 min (milk), 10 min (powder), 14 min (yogurt)were determined as the optimal parameters for rapid detection. The results showed that the method had good linearity in the range of 187.5–6000.0 ng/mL (r²>0.99), the limit of detections were 123.32–273.10 ng/mL, the recovery rates were 90%–110%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 5%.

This study establish a fast, simple and accurate method for detecting lead content in milk powder, yogurt and milk, providing standardized solutions for heavy metal prevention and control.

To establish a method for the detection and identification of lysozyme in complex food matrices by gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-aptasensor array.

The 3 lysozyme-specific aptamers were selected as recognition elements, and a sensor array was constructed using AuNP color changes as the response signal. Based on the differences in binding affinity between lysozyme and the 3 aptamers, combined with the aggregation state and color change rules of AuNPs under salt-induced conditions, the characteristic color response differences of the samples were employed as lysozyme “fingerprints”. Supervised machine learning via linear discriminant analysis was applied to enhance model orthogonality, enabling recognition and prediction of unknown samples.

The 3 aptamers exhibited distinct binding affinities for lysozyme, with dissociation constants (K_D) of 141.528 nmol/L(Seq-1), 67.671 nmol/L (Seq-2) and 38.404 nmol/L (Seq-3). The limits of detection of lysozyme for the 3 aptamers Seq-1, Seq-2 and Seq-3 alone were 14.45, 15.739 and 1.95 nmol/L, respectively. The difference in binding affinity leaded to different degrees of protection for AuNPs by aptamers, causing AuNPs to present different aggregation states under salt-induced conditions and exhibit gradient color changes from red to blue. Characteristic “fingerprint spectra” were formed based on the color differences between food matrices with and without lysozyme added. A linear discriminant analysis model was constructed based on the data matrix of “3 nucleic acid aptamers ×18 kinds of food matrices ×5 parallel experiments”, achieving 100% accurate identification and classification of 18 kinds of food matrices with 100 nmol/L lysozyme added. The variance contribution rates of the 3 discriminant factors were 88.0%,7.6%, and 4.4% respectively. In addition, the recognition accuracy of this model for 36 blind samples reached 100%,indicating that this method could effectively distinguish lysozyme in different food matrices.

This study presents an AuNP-aptasensor array integrating pattern recognition and machine learning strategies, enabling reliable lysozyme detection in complex matrices. The approach provides a novel paradigm for the developing aptamer-based detection methods that mitigate matrix effects.

To establish a method for simultaneous detection of 38 kinds of veterinary drug residues(including tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, β-agonists, amantadine, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, etc.) in raw pork puree for infant complementary foods by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).

Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na₂EDTA)–Mcllvaine buffer, cleaned-up on an Oasis PRiME HLB cartridge, concentrated to dryness under nitrogen at 40 °C and reconstituted in 0.2% formic acid. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Phenomenex Kinetex® 2.6 µm EVO C₁₈ column, and the analysis was conducted using multiple reaction monitoring with dynamic polarity switching via an Agilent Jet Stream electrospray ionization source (AJS ESI), with quantification based on a matrix-matched calibration standard approach.

The 10 kinds of target compounds and 28 kinds of target compounds showed good linear responses in the concentration ranges of 10–400 µg/L and 10–500 µg/L, respectively, and the correlation coefficients (r) of the obtained calibration curves were all no less than 0.995. The limits of detection were determined to range from 0.03 to 1.47 µg/kg, with the limits of quantitation established between 0.10 and 4.90 µg/kg. At 3 spiked levels of 5, 10 and 20 µg/kg (n=6), the average recoveries ranged from 64.32% to 111.66% with relative standard deviations of 2.17%–10.70%, meeting the requirements specified in GB/T 27404—2008 Specifications for quality control in laboratories-Physical and chemical testing of food.

This method offers straightforward operation, high sensitivity, good accuracy and precision,enabling high-throughput screening and confirmation of 38 kinds of veterinary drug residues in pork puree used as raw material for infant complementary foods.

To evaluate and analyze the rapid detection products for tropical fruit.

The representative tropical fruits (litchi, banana, mango) were selected as the research objects, and the mainstream colloidal gold rapid detection products for common risk factors were selected. The quality of the products was evaluated and verified by 2 kinds of methods: Laboratory standard blind sample evaluation and actual sample verification. It mainly investigated the false positive rate, false negative rate, product type, brand difference and so on.

A total of 98 rapid detection products participated in the blind sample evaluation with additional standards, with a matching rate of 46.9%; 26 products participated in the actual sample verification, with a matching rate of 42.3%. Among the 16 different batch numbers of the same product that participated in the verification by 2 kinds of methods, 9 results were consistent, accounting for 56.3%. Overall, the matching rate of single-card was higher than that of multi-card, and the false negative rate exceeding 5% was the main reason for the inaccuracy of tropical fruit rapid testing products, which also showed significant brand differences.

The total matching rate of rapid detection products for tropical fruits is relatively low. It is necessary to increase research and development efforts, improve product quality and perfect the product evaluation system. This paper can provide data support and theoretical reference for the optimization, standard formulation and scientific application of rapid testing technology for the quality and safety of tropical fruit.

To establish a method for the determination of the monosaccharide components and content in polysaccharides from Liubao tea by ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction-ion chromatography.

Optimization of extraction conditions for monosaccharide components and content in Liubao tea polysaccharides by single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments. The chromatographic conditions for the determination monosaccharides in Liubao tea polysaccharides by ion chromatography were optimized simultaneously, and the established method was evaluated methodologically.

Through analysis of range and variance, the optimal extraction process conditions for monosaccharide components and content in Liubao tea polysaccharides were that m_cellulase to m_pectinase ratio of 1:5, enzyme addition level of 4.0%, enzymatic hydrolysis pH of 5.0, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25 (g:mL), enzymatic hydrolysis-ultrasonic treatment duration of 40 minutes and enzymatic hydrolysis-ultrasonic temperature at 50 ℃; after methodological evaluation, all 7 kinds of monosaccharides exhibited good linear relationships, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.995, the relative standard deviation of precision was less than 3.2%, the limit of quantitation were satisfactory, and the recovery rates ranged from 83.33% to 101.74%. Through the analysis of monosaccharide components in the polysaccharides of Liubao tea showed that the tea polysaccharides in Liubao tea were composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose,glucose, D-xylose, D-mannose and galacturonic acid.

The ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction method can significantly shorten the extraction time of sample, and can be utilized for the rapid determination of monosaccharide components and content in the polysaccharides of Liubao tea.

To optimize the composition of the culture medium for Pediococcus acidilactici TC-4 and the formula of freeze-drying protectants.

The composition and mass concentration of the culture medium for Pediococcus acidilactici TC-4 and the formula of the freeze-drying protectant were screened by combining single-factor experiments, Plackett-Burman experiments and response surface methodology.

The optimal composition of the culture medium was: Glucose 26 g/L, yeast extract 30 g/L, sodium acetate 8 g/L, diammonium hydrogen citrate 2 g/L, dipotassium phosphate 2 g/L, magnesium sulfate 0.4 g/L, manganese sulfate 0.075 g/L and Tween 80 1 g/L. The viable count increased from 3.50×10⁹ CFU/mL to 1.09×10¹⁰ CFU/mL, which was 3.11 times that before optimization. The optimal formula of the freeze-drying protectant was: Sodium L-glutamate 8%, maltitol 14%,skim milk powder 18%, and the survival rate reached 90.77%.

The optimization of the culture medium for Pediococcus acidilactici TC-4 is completed, and a high-viable probiotic preparation is successfully prepared, lays a solid theoretical foundation for the industrialization of this strain.

To systematically investigate the synergistic influence mechanism of different storage temperatures and pre-harvest fertilization treatments on the post-harvest quality of Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu, determine the most ideal preservation strategy.

The study utilized a 3 (fertilization)×3 (temperature)×3 (biological replicates) experimental setup. Pears subjected to different pre-harvest fertilization treatments [melilotus officinalis green manure (CM), sunflower green manure (DK) and no fertilizer (CK)] were stored at different temperatures (4,12 and 20 °C). Over a 55 d storage period, a texture analyzer was used to periodically determine 8 texture parameters:Weight loss rate, hardness, fracturability, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess, resilience and adhesiveness.

Storage temperature played a crucial role: The 4 ℃ treatment considerably restricted the final fruit weight loss to within the range of 0.13%–0.31%, performing better than the 12 ℃ (0.14%–0.41%) and 20 ℃ (0.28%–0.74%) treatments, and also maintained texture more effectively. For instance, by the 50th day of storage, the fruit hardness at 4 ℃ stayed at a relatively higher level, while the CK+20 ℃ group dropped to 8.86 kN.Under the same 4 ℃ condition, the fertilization treatment had a notable effect, with the melilotus officinalis green manure (CM+4 ℃) exhibiting the overall best performance: Its elasticity value was still 0.60 on 30 d, which was notably higher than CK+4 ℃ (0.32) and DK+4 ℃ (0.28), and cohesion and other parameters mostly remained stable at various time points.

The combined application of “4 °C low-temperature storage” and “pre-harvest melilotus officinalis green manure management” effectively maintains the postharvest weight and edible quality of Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu through an internal-external synergistic mechanism. This strategy provides clear practical guidance for preserving the postharvest quality of Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu.

To explore the influences of sesame cake protein modified by cold plasma (CP) with different power on the quality of chicken mince gel.

Protein from sesame cake was modified by CP with different power (400–800 W), and then was added to chicken mince. The cooking yield, water holding capacity of chicken gel were analyzed, and their texture properties, microstructure and water distribution were measured by texture analyzer, scanning electron microscope and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance.

The cooking yield, water holding capacity, the springiness and resilience of gel texture increased first and then decreased, and reached the maximum of T4 group at CP power level of 600 W. Compared with the upper value of the control group,the value of T4 rose by 4.89%, 2.30%, 1.78% and 19.52%, respectively. Both the hardness and chewiness reached the highest value of T5 at 700 W, and their value was 7457 g and 4832 g, respectively. While, there was no significant difference compared to either of T4 group (P>0.05). The L^* declined continuously, and a^* and b^* first rose and then declined. With addition of CP modified sesame cake protein, the transverse relaxation time of T₂ changed in the direction of short relaxation time, and the proportion of immobilized water in chicken mince gel rose significantly while that of free water decreased. The change of storage modulus value showed that the addition of CP modified sesame cake protein could improve the gel forming ability of chicken mince, especially T4 group with CP power level of 600 W had the best gel forming ability. Additionally, when the cold plasma treatment power was 600 W, the chicken mince gel of T4 was obtained with more compact and uniform microstructure and smaller pores.

Sesame cake protein modified with CP power level of 600 W could enhance the quality of chicken mince gel. The results of this study could provide certain scientific basis for improving the value-added of sesame cake protein and broadening the application of sesame cake protein in meat foods.

To understand the distribution and prevalence characteristics, virulence gene carriage,drug resistance trends and multi-drug resistance situation of Bacillus cereus in Ningxia Region.

This study conducted biochemical and mass spectrometry re-identification, multiple fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction for virulence genes and microbroth dilution method for drug sensitivity tests on 312 isolates of Bacillus cereus obtained from monitoring points from 2010 to 2025, and analyzed the results.

A total of 312 strains of Bacillus cereus were detected from 2010 to 2025, including 284 strains from food samples and 28 strains from food poisoning. Among them, 78 strains were isolated in the early period, 112 in the middle period, and 122 in the late period. There were regional differences among the 5 cities of Yinchuan, Shizuishan, Wuzhong, Guyuan and Zhongwei. Yinchuan had the highest rate, followed by Wuzhong City, and the lowest was Shizuishan City. The carriage rate of virulence genes in Bacillus cereus exceeded 97%. The dominant genotype was double positive for gene nheB and gene hblC accounted for 52.82%. The resistance rates to ampicillin (AMP), penicillin (PEN), cefoxitin(CFX) and oxacillin (OXA) all exceeded 90%. The strains were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin (CIP),chloramphenicol (CHL), gentamicin (GEN), vancomycin (VAN) and imipenem (IMP). The most common resistance pattern was AMP-PEN-OXA-CFX, accounting for 60.90%.

The number of Bacillus cereus detected in Ningxia has been steadily increasing. It showes diversity in terms of time, source and region. The carriage rate of virulence genes is high, and the drug resistance situationwas is severe. Continuous monitoring of food and patients should be carried out, and effective measures should be taken for control to better ensure food safety and public health.

To investigate and analyze the pollution status of 6 kinds of elements (lead, chromium,mercury, arsenic, cadmium, zinc) in vegetables from markets in Hebei Province from 2022 to 2024, and to evaluate exposure risks for different populations.

The 1330 vegetable samples (12 kinds of) were tested for multi-elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Test results were statistical analyzed.The risks of exposure of multi-elements for vegetable-consuming populations, including those aged 2 to 3, 4 to 6, 7 to 10, 11 to 17, 18 to 29, 30 to 44, 45 to 59, 60 to 69 and 70 above, were evaluated via methods combined with Nemerow pollution index method, target hazard quotient method, total target hazard quotient method and carcinogenic risk index method.

The detection rates of cadmium, chromium and zinc were all above 50%,with zinc having the highest detection rate of 95.1% and mercury the lowest of 11.6%; among all samples, the highest detected aoumut of zinc content was 15.5 mg/kg; among 12 kinds of vegetable samples, Chinese chives had the highest comprehensive pollution index of 0.254; chromium had highest target hazard quotient value and carcinogenic level, which should be continuously monitored.

The pollution status of multi-elements in vegetables from markets is at a safe level. The overall exposure for multi-elements through vegetable intake is not high, with low health risks and no threats to physical health. However, since the weights of children affect the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks more than the weights of adults, the assessment results such as element exposure levels,integrated target hazard quotient values, and carcinogenic risk for the younger age group (2–6 years) differ from those of other age groups, which should be focused on.

To investigate the aluminum contamination level and its sources in Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch products in Southern Shaanxi in 2022—2025, and assess the dietary exposure risk of aluminum from these products.

A total of 109 Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch products were systematically collected from Southern Shaanxi. The aluminum content was determined according to GB 5009.182—2017 National food safety standard-Determination of aluminum in foods. The average daily consumption was estimated under 2 kinds of extreme assumptions, namely the tuber consumption estimation method and the dietary fiber recommended intake back-calculation method. Combined with the aluminum content data, the chronic hazard quotient (cHQ) was calculated using the point assessment approach to evaluate the dietary exposure risk of aluminum.

The detection rate of aluminum in 109 samples was 78.0%, with a median content of 28.8 mg/kg. Among the 29 samples with aluminum content exceeding 100 mg/kg, bulk products accounted for 65.5% and non-ready-to-eat products accounted for 86.2%. Under the general consumption level estimated by the tuber consumption estimation method,the cHQ values of all samples were less than 1, indicating acceptable risk. Only when the theoretical consumption(0.0982 kg/d, based on the average recommended intake) calculated by the dietary fiber recommended intake back-calculation method was combined with the 90th percentile (P90) aluminum content (261 mg/kg), the cHQ value was greater than 1, suggesting a theoretical potential risk.

The overall aluminum content in Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch products in Southern Shaanxi is relatively low, and conventional consumption by the general population is safe. However, localized contamination is prominent, and bulk non-ready-to-eat products are high-risk categories for aluminum contamination. It is recommended that small workshops and farmers’ markets be taken as key supervision targets to further reduce the dietary aluminum exposure risk of residents.

To systematically understand the status of pesticide residues in commercially agricultural products in Shigatse, Xizang, and assess the level of food safety risks.

From 2022 to 2024, large-scale monitoring and analysis were carried out on agricultural products sold at major farmers’ markets, large supermarkets and origin direct supply outlets in Shigatse. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were adopted for the quantitative determination of 45 kinds of common pesticides, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids.

A total of 5229 samples were collected and tested, among which vegetables accounted for 57.2%, fruits 30.9%, and other agricultural products 11.9%. The overall qualified rate of pesticide residues in agricultural products from 2022 to 2024 was 97.3%. Leafy vegetables had the highest detection rate of pesticide residues (11.7%); among fruits, berries such as strawberries and grapes had a relatively higher detection rate. The pesticide residue levels of all samples were lower than the limit values specified in GB 2763—2021 National food safety standard—Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food. Meanwhile, the risk quotient (RQ) of all detected pesticides was significantly lower than 1.

Pesticide residues in commercially available agricultural products in Shigatse are generally within the national limit standards, and the dietary exposure risk is acceptable. Nevertheless, banned and restricted pesticides are occasionally detected. It is necessary to further strengthen publicity and guidance on scientific pesticide use as well as the supervision of agricultural product quality and safety.

To establish a machine learning predictive model based on multidimensional spatiotemporal risk feature engineering for forecasting the results of supervisory sampling inspections of edible agricultural products.

Using supervisory sampling data for edible agricultural products from Fujian’s prefecture-level cities between 2022 and 2024, information on product type, sampling location, sampling site and production date were systematically integrated. Multidimensional spatiotemporal risk feature engineering was applied to process the dataset, constructing 6 kinds of new features to form a novel dataset based on the original data. The 3 kinds of mainstream binary classification prediction models were applied to forecast inspection outcomes using the processed data.

Across all 3 kinds of mainstream models, the multidimensional spatiotemporal risk feature engineering method demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to traditional sampling methods.Specifically, the combination of multidimensional spatiotemporal risk feature engineering with light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) achieved the best overall performance on the test set samples, with an AUC of 0.845,Recall of 0.881, G-mean of 0.741 and misclassification costs of 8561.

Compared to traditional sampling methods, multidimensional spatiotemporal risk feature engineering enhances the model’s ability to capture complex risk patterns, leading to a comprehensive improvement in predictive performance. The LightGBM model based on multidimensional spatiotemporal risk feature engineering can accurately predict the inspection results of edible agricultural products, providing technical support for formulating differentiated, dynamic supervision and inspection plans and risk early warning systems for edible agricultural products.

To develop a plant-based walnut-oat-coffee yogurt, and subsequently analyze its basic physicochemical properties as well as nutritional components including amino acids and fatty acids.

Taking walnuts, oats and coffee as the main raw materials, the production process of the walnut-oat-coffee plant-based yogurt was optimized through single-factor experiments and response surface methodology and a systematic nutritional analysis was conducted on the unfermented yogurt base.

The optimal exhibited optimal quality when formulated with 14% walnut kernel, 9% oat flour, 8% coffee extract, 0.3% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), followed by fermentation at 40 °C for 8 h. The final product exhibited a sensory score of 85.49, titratable acidity of (62.50±1.04) °T, a protein content of (3.20±0.11) g/100 g, and a fat content of (3.62±0.13) g/100 g. Nutritional analysis revealed that, compared to the unfermented base, the total amino acid content of the final product increased significantly from (225.57±5.17) μg/g to (594.29±5.91) μg/g, along with a more balanced fatty acid profile (saturated fatty acids:monounsaturated fatty acids:polyunsaturated fatty acids=1:1.7068:5.9335).

The optimized process in this study produces a walnut-oat-coffee plant-based yogurt with favorable taste and rich nutritional value, characterized by significantly increase amino acid content and a balanced fatty acid profile. This approach provides a feasible processing protocol for developing composite plant-based yogurts that integrate good flavor with balanced nutrition.

To establish a detection and evaluation system for nutritional components of representative Chongqing Jianghu cuisine.

Using freshly prepared stir-fried pork kidney and twice-cooked preserved pig snout as the research subjects, the edible portions were sampled, the content of 26 kinds of nutritional components and 37 kinds of fatty acids was determined according to the GB 5009—2016 series of testing methods.The dishes nutrient index (DNI) model was used to evaluate their nutritional value.

The 2 kinds of dishes of the stir-fried pork kidney and twice-cooked preserved pig snout detected 22 and 24 kinds of nutritional elements,respectively, the moisture content in both exceeded 50 g/100 g, the protein content was 13.8 g/100 g and 23.9 g/100 g,respectively, while the fat content was 10.8 g/100 g and 19.2 g/100 g, respectively. The vitamin A content was 0.0806 mg/100 g and 0.0255 mg/100 g, respectively, and the vitamin C content was 5.64 mg/100 g and 1.68 mg/100 g, respectively.The detection rates of the 2 dishes among 37 kinds of fatty acids were 64.8% and 62.2%, with total fatty acid content of 9.69 g/100 g and 14.80 g/100 g, respectively, predominantly unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for 67.9% and 73.4%, respectively. Among the 10 kinds of mineral elements, sodium content was the highest in both dishes, at 817 mg/100 g,1480 mg/100 g, respectively. The iron and selenium content of stir-fried pork kidney cuisine were high with 3.920 mg/100 g and 0.2120 mg/100 g, and 7 kinds of mineral content such as calcium, copper, magnesium, zinc, potassium,phosphorus and manganese were higher than twice-cooked preserved pig snout dishes. The DNI model comprehensive evaluation results indicated that the nutritional index of stir-fried pork kidney was 6.485, suggesting it could be consumed in moderation, while twice-cooked preserved pig snout had a nutritional index of –1.402, indicating that its intake should be limited.

Clarify the nutritional characteristics of stir-fried pork kidney and twice-cooked preserved pig snout, both dishes contain rich nutritional components, but their sodium content is high, with a notable high-sodium and low-potassium profile. This study establish a quantitative nutrition detection and evaluation system, providing empirical data for the construction of a nutritional assessment system for Chongqing Jianghu cuisine,as well as data support for the healthy reform of dishes and rational consumption by consumers.

To establish a method for the determination of total arabinoxylan content in cereals by microwave digestion-high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection.

Following digestion with 1.0 mol/L trifluoroacetic acid at 120 ℃ for 30 min, the samples were de-acidified,re-dissolved and subsequently analyzed. Separation was performed on an NH₂ chromatographic column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm) with isocratic elution using acetonitrile-water (90:10, V:V) as the mobile phase. Detection was conducted using an evaporative light scattering detection, quantification was performed by the external standard method, and the developed method was applied to the analysis of common cereal samples.

After methodological verification, good linearity was observed for xylose and arabinose in the range of 0.2 to 2.0 mg/mL,with coefficient of determination exceeding 0.999. The limits of detection were 1.0 mg/g for xylose and 1.5 mg/g for arabinose, and the corresponding limits of quantitation were 2.5 mg/g and 5.0 mg/g. Recoveries ranged from 86.8% to 93.1% (relative standard deviation all less than 3.5%).

The method is accurate, reliable and sensitive,making it suitable for the determination of total arabinoxylan in cereals and providing a reference for cereal quality evaluation, processing adaptability analysis and dietary nutrition research.