Mercury is a global environmental pollutant that poses potential threats to ecosystems and human health. Among the various chemical forms of mercury, methylmercury is of particularly concern due to its neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The consumption of aquatic products is a significant source of human exposure to mercury. To ensure food safety, stringent regulations have been established by different countries and regions, specifying the maximum allowable levels of mercury species such as total mercury and methylmercury in aquatic products, as well as the corresponding detection methods. This paper provided a comprehensive summary of the current international regulations on the maximum allowable levels of total mercury and methylmercury in aquatic products, and compared the standard detection methods for methylmercury in different countries. Through comparative analysis, investigated the characteristics of various extraction methods, including acidic, organic reagent, and distillation methods in depth. Additionally, this paper evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of common separation techniques, such as liquid and gas chromatography, summarized the performance of various detection methods, including liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LC-AFS), liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS). These analyses not only revealed the limitations of existing detection methods but also provided a scientific basis and reference for the development and standardization of future methylmercury analytical techniques. This article further outlined the future direction of methylmercury determination in seafood, with the goal of enhancing the precision, accuracy, and sensitivity of detection methods to better support food safety.

Objective To establish a method for rapid determination of chromium content in aluminum food packaging based on fiber laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Methods The sensitivity and limit of detection of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and flame atomic absorption spectrometry optimized by laser pulse width, energy and baseline were evaluated with reference materials, and the 2 kinds of techniques were applied to the detection of aluminum food packaging samples, and the corresponding results were compared. Results For fiber laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, the time consumption was 2 min, the limit of detection was 5.2 μg/g, and the detected Cr content of coca cola packaging, aluminum foil paper and aluminum box were 45, 22, 21 μg/g, respectively. For flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the time consumption was 4 h, limit of detection was 7.2 μg/g, and the detected Cr content of these 3 samples were 136, 16, 14 μg/g, respectively. Conclusion This method is superior to the conventional flame atomic absorption spectrometry method in terms of analyzing speed, limit of detection and cost, and its detection results of commercial samples are similar to those of flame atomic absorption spectrometry, which proves the reliability of this method and its potential applicability in analysis tasks of limited time and large sample quantity.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 25 kinds of illegal additives in candy by dispersive solid phase microextraction extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods The samples were extracted with 50% methanol water, purified by dispersive solid phase microextraction extraction and separated by ACQUITY UPLC TSS T3 column. The samples were then eluted with ammonium formate aqueous solution and ammonium acetonitrile as mobile phase by gradient elution. The samples were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and quantified by external standard method. Results The results showed that the 25 kinds of illegal additives had good linearity in the range of 2.00 to 50.00 µg/L with a correlation coefficient (r²) greater than 0.99, recoveries were between 65.1% and 99.3%, relative standard deviations were 1.1% to 5.0%, and limit of detection was 0.05 mg/kg and limit of quantification was 0.10 mg/kg. The method was applied to the detection of 105 batches of samples, in which one batch of compressed candy was found to contain xinlisita, and two batches of candy were found to contain dipropylphenidate. Conclusion The method is purified by dispersive solid phase microextraction extraction and detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method has good accuracy and high sensitivity, and can meet the detection requirements of 25 kinds of illegal additives in candy.

Objective To establish a detection method for simultaneously detecting 9 kinds of biogenic amines in aquatic products using the dansyl chloride precolumn derivazation-reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Methods The samples were extracted with a 5% trichloroacetic acid solution and derivatized with a 10 mg/mL dansyl chloride acetone solution. The derivatization reaction was terminated with ammonia, and the resulting solution containing the dansyl chloride derivatives of the 9 kinds of biogenic amines was made up to volume with acetonitrile. The sample solution was analyzed by reverse phase liquid chromatography using a C₁₈ column, with a mobile phase gradient of acetonitrile and water, and detected at 254 nm using a ultraviolet detector. Results The limits of quantitation of the 9 kinds of biogenic amines in aquatic products ranged from 1.08 to 7.59 mg/kg, with recovery rates ranging from 85.2% to 106.7% and precision ranging from 1.5% to 4.9%. The established method was used to analyze 50 batches of high-histamine fish sold in Guangzhou. The results revealed that the overall quality of the high-histamine fish in Guangzhou was good. β-phenylethylamine and cadaverine had relatively higher detection rates compared to other biogenic amines, but their content was all below 35 mg/kg. Histamine, putrescine, spermidine, agmatine, and arginine were not detected. Conclusion The method is fast, simple, and highly sensitive, making it suitable for batch sample determination of the 9 kinds of biogenic amines in aquatic products.

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination the content of 4 kinds of human milk oligosaccharides [2'--fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3'-sialic acid (3'-SL), 6'-sialic acid (6'-SL) and lactose-N-neotetraose (LNnT)] in milk powder by liquid chromatography-fluorescence method. Methods The samples were dissolved in water, enzymolized with amyloglucosidase or β-galactosidase, derived with 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) and 2-methylpyridine borane (2-PB), and separated by amide bonding column, detected by fluorescence detector, and quantitated by internal standard methods. Results The 4 kinds of milk oligosaccharides had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 10-600 μg/mL, and the correlation coefficients (r²) were more than 0.999. The limits of detection and quantification of 4 kinds of milk oligosaccharides were 0.94-2.31 mg/100 g and 3.12-7.69 mg/100 g, respectively; the recovery rates of 4 kinds of milk oligosaccharides were 97.7%-101.5%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) (n=7) were 0.53%-3.09%. Conclusion This method does not have high requirements for people, equipments and environment for determining the content of 4 kinds of milk oligosaccharides in milk powder. The pre-treatment operation is simple, and it has good accuracy and precision. It can provide a reference for the quality control method of human milk oligosaccharides in milk powder.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of biotin in formula food for special medical purposes by high performance liquid chromatography-post column derivatization. Methods The biotin in the sample was dissolved in water and extracted by enzymatic hydrolysis with amylase and papain at 60 ℃ for 1 hour in a water bath. Using Zorbax SB-AQ chromatographic column separation and entering the post column reaction device, the biotin was derived from fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled avidin. Derivatives were detected using a fluorescence detector with an excitation wavelength of 495 nm and an emission wavelength of 525 nm. The results were quantified by the external standard method. Results Under the optimized conditions, the biotin showed good (r²>0.999) linear relationships within the concentration range of 5.00‒75.00 ng/mL. The average recoveries were 97.5%‒100.1%, and the relative standard deviations were 0.86%‒2.9%. The limit of detection was 12 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 41 μg/kg. The relative standard deviations of the biotin standard solution and the sample solution to be tested within 24 h were 0.68% and 1.08%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the results of this method and GB 5009.256—2016 National food safety standard-Determination of biotin in food. Conclusion This method has simple pretreatment, high recovery, good sensitivity and precision, and can be used for the determination of biotin content in formula food for special medical purposes.

Objective To establish a quantitative analysis method for determining the content of 5 kinds of lactose derivatives (3'-galactosyllactose, 4'-galactosyllactose, 6'-galactosyllactose, 3'-sialyllactose, 6'-sialyllactose) in milk and dairy products by pre-column derivatization-high performance liquid chromatography. Methods The proteins in milk and dairy products were precipitated. The 5 kinds of lactose derivatives were reacted with 2-aminobenzamide at 55 ℃ for 120 min to label the fluorescent groups. The 5 kinds of lactose derivatives were separated by high performance liquid chromatography with an amide column and quantified by external standard method. Results The 5 kinds of lactose derivatives exhibited good linear relationships within the concentration range of 0.025-5.000 mg/L, with correlation coefficients (r) all exceeding 0.999. The limits of detection and quantification for the 5 kinds of lactose derivatives ranged from 3.5 to 7.5 mg/kg and 12.0 to 25.0 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery rates for the 5 kinds of lactose derivatives were between 90.8% and 103.3%, with relative deviations in detection results ranging from 2.8% to 5.3% (n=3). Conclusion This method demonstrates good precision, recovery rate, and sensitivity, making it suitable for determining the content of 5 kinds of lactose derivatives in milk and dairy products.

Curdlan, a type of microbial extracellular polysaccharide, is widely utilized as a food additive due to its exceptional gelling, water-holding, thickening, and freeze-thaw stability properties within food systems. In recent years, the research on the regulation of the interaction between curdlan and biomacromolecules has become a research hotspot in the field of food science, aiming at optimizing the texture of food, enhancing the stability of food, and promoting the development of new healthy foods. However, a systematic summary of the interaction between curdlan and biological macromolecules, as well as their regulatory mechanisms is still insufficient at present. As a result, this review offered a comprehensive overview of recent research progress in the interaction between curdlan and biomacromolecules, particularly emphasized the interactions between curdlan and polysaccharides, proteins and other macromolecules in food applications. This review aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the precise design and innovative development of functional foods.

Objective To explore the effects of dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale on the gut microbiota of normal mice and to provide a reference for its rational development and application. Methods The normal mice were administrated with dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale for 7 days, respectively. The growth of mice was observed, and the mucosa-associated microbiota in the small intestine and colon was detected using the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results The results showed that both dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale could control the weight gain of mice, but the weight-control effect of fresh Dendrobium officinale was more significant than that of dried Dendrobium officinale. Both dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale decreased α diversity of mucosa-associated microbiota in the colon. However, fresh Dendrobium officinale increased α diversity of mucosa-associated microbiota in the small intestine, while the effect of dried Dendrobium officinale was the opposite. Moreover, fresh Dendrobium officinale significantly promoted the proliferation of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria (Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum and Roseburia inulinivorans) in the small intestine and up-regulated metabolic pathways such as lipid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, carbohydrate metabolism, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism. In colonic mucosa-associated microbiota, dried Dendrobium officinale showed a stronger inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus than fresh Dendrobium officinale. Conclusion The results show that fresh Dendrobium officinale can control body weight and maintain health by promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and up-regulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, while dried Dendrobium officinale can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, and may help reduce the potential risk of disease.

Objective To explore the dose effects and molecular mechanism of B-type proanthocyanidins trimer, the main active component of Litchi chinensis Sonn pulp phenolics, on hepatocyte triglyceride (TG) deposition. Methods HepG2 cell steatosis model induced by oleic acid (OA) was treated with different mass concentrations (0.5-10.0 μg/mL) of B-type proanthocyanidins trimer. The content of TG and the expressions of genes related to lipid absorption, transport and oxidation, together with apoptosis of hepatocytes, were detected in oleic acid loaded hepatocytes. Results B-type proanthocyanidins trimer (0.5-10.0 μg/mL) all significantly inhibited TG accumulation in oleic acid-loaded hepatocytes, while no dose dependence was observed. Low-dose (1.0 μg/mL) B-type proanthocyanidins trimer inhibited hepatocyte apoptosis by increasing the relative expression ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax, thereby reducing TG accumulation in hepatocytes. In addition to the above-mentioned pathway, medium/high-dose (5.0 μg/mL, 10.0 μg/mL) B-type proanthocyanidins trimer also inhibited lipid absorption in hepatocytes by down-regulating CD36 and FATP2 expression, and promoted hepatocytes lipolysis by up-regulating ACSL1 and CPT1α expression, hence reducing TG accumulation in hepatocytes. Conclusion B-type proanthocyanidins trimer of Litchi chinensis Sonn pulp can inhibit lipid absorption, promote β-oxidation of fatty acids and inhibit excessive apoptosis of liver tissue cells, thereby improving lipid metabolism and preventing fatty liver.

Objective To investigate the solvent effect differences in the extraction of substances from flower discs of Helianthus annuus L. using non-targeted metabolomics technology, and to explore the impact of different solvent extraction methods on the metabolic composition of flower disc of Helianthus annuus L.. Methods Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) combined with non-targeted metabolomics was utilized to preprocess and statistically analyze the data. Results The study revealed that lipids and lipid-like molecules constituted the largest proportion of metabolites (21.5%), followed by shikimate and phenylpropanoid metabolites (13.4%), and organic heterocyclic compound metabolites (11.1%). Further identification led to the discovery of 8407 kinds of up-regulated and 1054 kinds of down-regulated metabolites, highlighting significant differences in metabolite composition resulting from various extraction methods. The main differential metabolites between the 2 kinds of solvent extraction methods encompassed lipids, shikimate and phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, etc., involving 96 metabolic pathways, with 20 pathways exhibiting significant differences. Based on fold change (FC), using criteria of log₂(FC)>0.6 or -0.2<log₂(FC)<0, and P<0.05 to screen for significantly differential metabolites between alcohol and water extracts, only 11 substances had a log₂(FC) value less than 1, indicating that alcohol extraction significantly increased the content of bioactive components extracted from the flower disc of Helianthus annuus L.. Conclusion The research method is simple and reliable, confirming the importance of non-targeted metabolomics analysis in studying solvent effect differences in flower disc of Helianthus annuus L.. It provides a novel approach for the analysis of flower disc of Helianthus annuus L. products and offers theoretical support for the subsequent development of health foods and pharmaceuticals.

Objective To study the Morchella eohespera mycelium extracellular polysaccharides (MEP), purify MEP-H and MEP-N by DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column chromatography, and analyze their physicochemical properties, hypoglycemic activities, and antioxidant activities in vitro. Methods The physicochemical properties of MEP-H and MEP-N were studied by carbohydrate content determination, analysis of ultraviolet scanning, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The hypoglycemic activities and antioxidant activities of MEP-H and MEP-N were evaluated by α-amylase inhibition rate, α-glucosidase inhibition rate, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ammonium salt (ABTS) cationic free radical scavenging ability, reducing power and superoxide anion scavenging ability. Results The carbohydrate content of MEP-H and MEP-N was (78.12±0.14)% and (77.37±0.03)%, respectively. Hypoglycemic studies showed that at a mass concentration of 0.75 mg/mL, MEP-H and MEP-N had the highest α-amylase inhibition rates, which were (8.06±1.93)% and (11.08±1.05)%, respectively; at a mass concentration of 0.50 mg/mL, MEP-H and MEP-N had the highest α-glucosidase inhibition rates, which were (74.93±2.72)% and (69.48±2.97)%, respectively. Antioxidant studies showed that MEP-H and MEP-N achieved the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity at mass concentrations of 4 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, with scavenging rates of (47.54±10.88)% and (47.16±6.91)%, respectively; at a mass concentration of 8 mg/mL, the maximum ABTS cationic free radical scavenging rates of MEP-H and MEP-N were (8.67±0.53)% and (17.00±4.21)%, respectively, the maximum reducing power absorbance values were 0.13±0.004 and 0.17±0.008 respectively, and the maximum superoxide anion scavenging rates were (40.95±6.02)% and (29.87±3.18)%, respectively. Conclusion Both MEP-H and MEP-N, the extracellular polysaccharides from the mycelium of Morchella eohespera, exhibit hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research on liquid fermentation of Morchella eohespera.

Objective To optimize the decolorization process of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharides and explore their antioxidant activity. Methods Using activated carbon as a decolorizing agent, the effects of 4 factors including activated carbon dosage, decolorization temperature, decolorization time, and pH on decolorization rate and polysaccharide recovery rate were investigated. Based on single factor experiments, the decolorization process of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide extract was optimized using response surface methodology. Using an in vitro antioxidant activity evaluation method, the free radical scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH), total reducing ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and 2,2'-azino bis(3-ethylbenzothiazole- 6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cation free radical scavenging ability of the polysaccharides from Cistanche deserticola were determined. Results The optimal decolorization process conditions for the extract of polysaccharides from Cistanche deserticola were as follows: Active carbon dosage 20%, decolorization temperature 37 ℃, decolorization time 49 min, pH 5.03. Under these optimal conditions, the decoloizration rate and polysaccharide recovery rate were 62.66% and 96.16%, respectively. After decolorization, the capabilities of scavenging DPPH radical and hydroxyl free radical was significantly increased, while the capabilities of scavenging ABTS anion radical was significantly decreased. Conclusion The decolorization process is easy to operate, with good decolorization effects and polysaccharide recovery rate. It has important application value and provides basis for the later research and development of Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide.

Objective To analyze and evaluate amino acid composition and content of 10 kinds of livestock meats and products in Hunan Province. Methods Kjeltee2300 automatic nitrogen determinator kjeldahl apparatus was used to determine the proteins in 10 kinds of livestock meats and products in Hunan Province. Amino acid composition was measured using membra Pure GmbH A300 automatic amino acid analyzer. The nutritional value of livestock meats and products was evaluated by the amino acid score method. Results There were 17 kinds of amino acids in livestock meats and products except stewed meat with smallpox fungus without proline and sour soup beef without methionine. The content of protein, amino acids and essential amino acids in stir fried pork jerky with red pepper were the highest, which were 19.50, 15.98, 5.98 g/100 g, respectively. The content of lysine in essential amino acids in 10 kinds of livestock meats and products was the highest, Except for leucine, which had the highest essential amino acid content (1.25 g/100 g) in handmade pig blood meatball, all others had the highest lysine content, which were stewed meat with smallpox fungus (0.24 g/100 g), Pingshang omasum (0.38 g/100 g), sour meat (0.49 g/100 g), sour soup beef (0.80 g/100 g), steamed pork balls with pork heart (0.96 g/100 g), large chunks of beef (1.09 g/100 g), stir fried large pieces of meat with wheat sauce (1.16 g/100 g), stir-fried smoked pork (1.36 g/100 g), stir fried pork jerky with red pepper (1.38 g/100 g) respectively, except the content of leucine in essential amino acids in handmade pig blood meatball was the highest (1.25 g/100 g). The content of lysine in 10 kinds of livestock meats and products except Pingshang omasum (50.67 mg/g protein), including steamed pork balls with pork heart (73.85 mg/g protein), large chunks of beef (80.15 mg/g protein), sour meat (64.47 mg/g protein), stewed meat with smallpox fungus (114.29 mg/g protein), stir-fried smoked pork (87.74 mg/g protein), stir fried large pieces of meat with wheat sauce (70.73 mg/g protein), sour soup beef (77.67 mg/g protein), handmade pig blood meatball (63.19 mg/g protein), stir fried pork jerky with red pepper (70.77 mg/g protein), were higher than the (World Health Organization) WHO/(Food and Agriculture Organization) FAO model value (55 mg/g protein) and ovalbumin pattern value (55 mg/g protein). The limited amino acid in 10 kinds of livestock meats and products was isoleucine or valine. Conclusion Excellent lysine content and high nutritional value in livestock meats and products; it is possible to combine the consumption of foods rich in isoleucine or valine to construct a reasonable diet and enhance their nutritional value.

Objective To optimize the preparation process of Brassica rapa L. polysaccharide oral liquid and test its quality. Methods Graded alcohol precipitation was used to study the yield of crude polysaccharides of Brassica rapa L. at different ethanol concentrations. The optimal formulation of oral solution of Brassica rapa L. polysaccharide was screened by one-way and orthogonal tests, and the quality was tested according to the pharmacopoeia. Results The extraction rates of crude polysaccharide from Brassica rapa L. were 12.8%, 9.2%, 23.2% and 24.8% for the alcohol precipitation group with ethanol concentration of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%, respectively. The optimal preparation process conditions of oral solution of Brassica rapa L. refined polysaccharide were: 2% addition of Brassica rapa L. crude polysaccharide, 15% addition of honey, 0.6% addition of citric acid and 0.6% addition of sodium citrate. The best preparation process conditions for oral liquid of Brassica rapa L. crude polysaccharide were: 2% addition of Brassica rapa L. crude polysaccharide, 15% addition of honey, 0.6% addition of citric acid, 0.6% addition of sodium citrate. The pH of the oral solution of refined polysaccharide of Brassica rapa L. and the oral solution of crude polysaccharide of Brassica rapa L. were 4-5. The relative density of the oral solution of refined polysaccharide of Brassica rapa L. was 1.106 g/mL. The relative density of the oral solution of crude polysaccharide of Brassica rapa L. was 1.100 g/mL. Conclusion The optimal preparation process conditions for refined polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L. and crude polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L. are the same, but the taste, odor, and appearance of the former are superior to those of crude polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L.. However, the extraction process for refined polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L. is slightly more complex and not suitable for mass production in factories.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of Matricarla chamomilla L. extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice and explore the mechanism by which Matricarla chamomilla L. extract alleviates ALI. Methods Forty-eight male SPF Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group, LPS group, dexamethasone (DEX) group, and low, middle and high doses of Matricarla chamomilla L. extract groups. The mice in each group were first continuously administered by gastric gavage for 7 days, and dexamethasone was administered intraperitoneally in the dexamethasone group 5 mg/kg. Matricarla chamomilla L. extract was administered 85, 170 and 340 mg/(kg·d) for gastric lavage in the low, medium and high dose groups, respectively. Mice of all groups, except those of control group, were induced into ALI mouse model by intratracheal instillation of LPS. Subsequently, the mice were subjected to the determination of their levels of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and perform Giemsa staining and white blood cell count on the BALF sediment. The content and activities of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum were detected. Lung tissue was taken and the pathological morphology of the inferior lobes of the right lung was observed. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), recombinant myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in lung tissue were detected. Results Compared with the blank group, the alveolar lavage fluid of LPS model group mice TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, White blood cell count and serum MDA content significantly increased (P<0.05), serum SOD significantly decreased (P<0.05), HE staining showed severe interstitial inflammation infiltration in the lungs, structural damage and abnormal morphology of lung tissue, protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κBp65 in lung tissue of mices increased (P<0.05). Compared with the LPS model, the levels in mice of each treatment group TNF-α, white blood cell count, and serum MDA contents were significantly reduced (P<0.05), while serum SOD content was significantly increased (P<0.05). HE staining showed a decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration in mouse lung tissue, clearer alveolar spaces, more complete lung tissue morphology, and protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κBp65 in lung tissue of mice decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion Matricarla chamomilla L. extract can alleviate LPS induced pulmonary inflammation and overactivation of oxidative stress, thereby alleviating ALI in mice. Among them, a dose of 170 mg/(kg·d) has a better effect, and pathway such as TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB.

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of functional components in extracts from 7 kinds of medicinal and food homologous substances: Pueraria lobata, Sophora japonica, Lonicera japonica, Cistanche deserticola, Siraitia grosvenorii, Panax ginseng and Hovenia dulcis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods The analysis was conducted using an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈ column (4.6 mm× 250 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase gradient elution of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min, a column temperature of 30 ℃, a detection wavelength of 210 nm, and an injection volume of 5 μL. This method was employed to quantify the content of puerarin, rutin, chlorogenic acid, echinacoside, verbascoside, mogroside V, ginsenoside Re and dihydromyricetin. Results The results demonstrated that 8 kinds of functional components exhibited excellent linear relationships within their respective concentration ranges, with correlation coefficients (r²) exceeding 0.999. The limits of detection ranged from 0.02 to 1.88 mg/L, and the limits of quantification ranged from 0.08 to 3.62 mg/L. The precision experiment results showed that the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 3%, the average recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 95.49% to 109.87%. Conclusion This method is simple, rapid and highly accurate, making it suitable for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the functional components in the aforementioned 7 kinds of medicinal and food homologous substances.

Carthamu stinctorius L. serves as a viable raw material for health supplements but is not classified as a general food item. It is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and organic acids. Carthamu stinctorius L. exhibits significant benefits including enhancing immunity, providing antioxidant properties, maintaining healthy blood lipid and glucose levels, improving chloasma, alleviating physical fatigue, delaying aging, aiding memory improvement, and offering auxiliary protection against chemical-induced liver injury. Consequently, it has garnered considerable attention from researchers and consumers both domestically and internationally. Currently, Carthamu stinctorius L. is extensively utilized in health supplements within our country; however, there is a lack of systematic analysis regarding its application. This paper aims to examine the current status of Carthamu stinctorius L. is application in health supplements, the regulatory framework for its compliant use, and the factors influencing the efficacy of its primary active components. Additionally, it delves into the principal health functions and mechanisms of Carthamu stinctorius L., with the objective of providing insights for compliant utilization and future research and development of Carthamu stinctorius L. in the health supplement industry within our country.

Objective To develop and comprehensively evaluate the composite liquid beverage (CLB) based on the same source for Lonicera caerulea and other medicinal and edible materials. Methods Based on the binding rate of cholate, Lonicera caerulea, Auricularia and Crataegus pinnatifida were selected as the main raw materials and the ratio was optimized. Single-factor experiment, response surface experiment and more objective electronic tongue experiment were used to determine the amount of additives in the formulation, and the changes of physical properties, composition content and functional characteristics of CLB before and after sterilization were measured to evaluate the feasibility of pasteurization. Results The optimal ratio of extracts of Lonicera caerulea, Auricularia and Crataegus pinnatifida was 20:8:5 (V:V:V). The supplemental amounts of excipients were: Erythrolitol 13.00%, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 0.40%, potassium sorbate 0.03%, soybean polysaccharide 0.50%. Before and after CLB sterilization, the polymer dispersity index (PDI) was less than 1, the centrifugal stability coefficient was more than 90%, and the chroma ΔE was less than 2, which showed good stability. The differences in soluble solids, pH, turbidity, centrifugal stability coefficient, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, and active ingredients before and after CLB pasteurization were not significant, and it had good shear characteristics, indicating the feasibility of the sterilization method. Its viscosity value approached that of milk (0.01 Pa•s), and it had a good drinking taste. Conclusion This study provides a theoretical basis for expanding the development of Lonicera caerulea with poor palatability and the application of plant-derived health beverage.

Objective To establish a specific identification method for Ganoderma lucidum extract, and achieve the synchronous determination of a variety of monosaccharides. Methods The analysis of monosaccharide composition in Ganoderma lucidum extracts was conducted using a pre-column derivatization reversed-phase liquid chromatography method. A quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker method was established to determine the monosaccharide content in Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Results Ganoderma lucidum extract from 3 manufacturers contained mannose, glucose and galactose, but the proportion of monosaccharides in 4 batches was significantly different. The content of mannose, glucose and galactose could be determined by one test and multiple evaluation method at the same time. The relative deviation from external standard method was less than 5%, and there was no significant difference, which was feasible. Conclusion This study analyzes the monosaccharide composition and monosaccharide ratio in Ganoderma lucidum extract, which can serve as an auxiliary means for identifying the quality of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum extract. It provides a reference for enterprises to monitor the quality of extracts.

Objective To study the change of benzoic acid content in water extract of Paeoniae Radix Alba after decocting, and the influence of different decocting time on the content of benzoic acid. Methods The raw materials were decocted separately or in combination, and concentrate to a density of 1.15-1.20, the content of benzoic acid in the water extract after decocting and concentrating was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results Benzoic acid content was not detected (limit of quantification was 0.01 g/kg) in Paeoniae Radix Alba, the benzoic acid content in concentrated liquid of paeony increased to 2.91-3.77 g/kg after single decocting, and the benzoic acid content after two-stage decocting ranged from 3.26 g/kg to 4.02 g/kg. The content of benzoic acid in the mixed concentrate containing Paeoniae Radix Alba was 0.542 g/kg. Benzoic acid was not detected in others. Conclusion The content of benzoic acid in water extract of Paeoniae Radix Alba increased after high temperature decocting, and it's proportional to time. Therefore, when preparing food or health products with Paeoniae Radix Alba as the main raw material, attention should be paid to the control of decocting temperature and time, and the factory inspection of this item should be increased to prevent the harm caused by high content of benzoic acid.

At present, the demand for acaricides in agricultural production in China ranks second only to insecticides. As an important chemical pollutant affecting the safety of agricultural products, acaricides, represented by heterocyclic compounds, have relatively stable structures, long half lives, are not easily degraded, and are more likely to remain on the surface or inside of food, causing serious food safety problems. The development of economically effective detection methods for heterocyclic acaricides has become a current research trend, which is of great significance for ensuring the safety of public vegetable baskets, promoting green ecological agriculture, and advancing high-quality agricultural development. Immunoassay methods are widely used in the field of pesticide residue detection due to their fast, simple, efficient, and sensitive characteristics. This paper reviewed the research progress of immunological analysis methods for heterocyclic acaricides pesticides from the aspects of synthesis of haptens, preparation of antibodies, and their detection applications in agricultural product matrices, analyzed the challenges and future development prospects of immunoassay methods, which have certain reference value for the detection of heterocyclic acaricides residues.

Objective To prepare colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips for the rapid detection of acetamiprid residues in vegetables. Methods The immunogen was obtained through hapten synthesis, and a highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody against acetamiprid was developed using animal immunization and hybridoma technology. Based on this antibody, parameters such as membrane-coating conditions were optimized to prepare immunocolloidal gold test strips. These test strips, combined with colorimetric analysis, were applied for the quantitative detection of acetamiprid residues in various vegetables. Results Under optimal working conditions, the established method achieved a limit of detection of 0.23 μg/kg for acetamiprid, with a linear range of 0.42-18.38 μg/kg. The recovery rates for actual sample detection ranged from 70.0% to 88.3%, and the coefficients of variation (CV) for intra-batch and inter-batch experiments were below 12.00% and 11.03%, respectively. Conclusion The rapid test strips can be directly applied for high-throughput on-site screening of acetamiprid residues in vegetables. Additionally, with the assistance of a colorimetric analyzer, quantitative acetamiprid detection can also be achieved.

Objective To establish a vegetable safety risk prediction model based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the stacked generalization (Stacking) model, and to predict the sampling results of fenthion in vegetables sold in Shanghai. Methods Based on the sampling data of fenthion in vegetables sold in Shanghai from 2021 to 2023, task type, sampling area, sampling link, sampling place, sampling month, testing institution, and vegetable variety were selected as feature variables. The target variable was whether the sampling results for fenthion in vegetables were qualified. The PSO-Stacking prediction model was constructed using ten-fold cross-validation to select effective machine learning models and resampling methods and optimized the model parameters using the PSO algorithm. Results Fenthion-positive samples were found in 55 out of 3889 vegetable samples, with an overall failure rate of 1.4%. Bean vegetables had the highest rate at 2.3%, followed by eggplant and fruiting vegetables at 0.2%. The base models were obtained through screening, including Random Forest (RF), categorical boosting (CatBoost), gradient boosting (GB), extreme gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine (LGBM). The best resampling technique was adaptive synthetic sampling (ADASYN). The PSO-Stacking model achieved the highest precision (0.91), recall (0.83), F1 score (0.87), and area under the curve (AUC) value (0.91) on the test set. Conclusion The PSO-Stacking model effectively addresses imbalanced food safety sampling data, accurately predicts the unqualified fenthion samples in vegetables, and provides technical support for vegetable supervision, sampling and risk warning.

Objective To establish a method for rapid determination of 58 kinds of pesticide residues in animal derived foods by QuEChERS-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Methods After dissolving the oil and fat in n-hexane, the sample was subjected to ultrasonic extraction with a saturated acetonitrile solution (containing 1% glacial acetic acid). The extract was purified with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, octadecyl bonded silica gel (C₁₈), and N-propylethylenediamine (PSA), and then nitrogen was blown to near dryness in a water bath. An internal standard was added and dissolved in ethyl acetate. GC-MS/MS was used for determination, and the blank matrix matching standard curve internal standard method was used for quantification. Results The linear relationship between 58 kinds of pesticides was good within the mass concentration range of 0.005-0.500 mg/L, with correlation coefficients (r²) greater than 0.9945. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.001-0.005 mg/kg and 0.002-0.015 mg/kg, respectively. The average recovery rates of pork, chicken, fish, eggs and milk matrices at 3 different spiked levels ranged from 71.8% to 117.4%, with relative standard deviations of 0.7% to 8.7% (n=4). Conclusion This method has high sensitivity and good accuracy, and is suitable for simultaneous determination of 58 kinds of pesticide residues in animal derived foods.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 11 kinds of residues of benzimidazole drugs in freshwater fish and shrimp by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were first extracted by acetonitrile twice, purified by mixed strong cationic solid phase extraction column, then separated by Waters C₁₈ column, detected by UPLC-MS/MS, and the internal standard method was adopted for quantitative analysis. Results The 11 kinds of benzimidazole drugs showed good linear relationships at 1.0-50.0 μg/L, with correlation coefficients (r²) greater than 0.99. The ranges of spiked recovery rates for 3 concentrations of blank fish samples were between 78.4% and 104.3%, and the relative standard deviations of the recovery rates for 3 concentrations were between 2.0% and 8.8%; the recovery rates of 3 concentrations of shrimp meat blank samples ranged from 73.3% to 107.5%, with relative standard deviations between 1.5% and 8.7%. The limit of detection of the method in this study was 0.5 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification of the method was 2.0 μg/kg. Conclusion The method has good purification effect, stable reproducibility and recovery, and is suitable for the determination of 11 kinds of benzimidazole residues in freshwater fish and shrimp.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum powder based on liquid-liquid microextraction with deep eutectic solvents (DES) combined with high performance liquid chromatography. Methods Sudan red I, Sudan red II, Sudan red III, Sudan red IV, Sudan red 7B and Sudan red G in Capsicum annuum powder were extracted by liquid-liquid microextraction. The extract was filtered through a microporous membrane and then determined by high performance liquid chromatography with external standard method for quantification. The effects of DES dilution ratio, DES molar ratio, DES addition amount, extraction time, and extraction method on the extraction efficiency of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes were investigated. Results The results showed that the optimal method conditions were: Dilution ratio of DES 5 times, molar ratio of DES 1:2.5, addition amount of DES 600 μL, extraction time 50 s, and extraction method was vortex extraction. Under these conditions, the established equation had a good linear relationship in the range of mass concentration 0.1-50.0 mg/L, the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.999, the limits of detection were 0.03-0.20 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitative were 0.10-1.00 mg/kg. The recovery rates of Sudan red G, Sudan red I, and Sudan red II were higher, ranging from 71.6% to 117.5%, with relative standard deviations of 0.6% to 4.7%. Conclusion The established method is simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly, and can be used for rapid detection of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum.

Objective To investigate the effects of cured meat products on the gut microbiota of mice based on high-throughput sequencing technology. Methods Mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, with half male and half female. Each group consisted of 12 mice, including the control group, the low-dose group, and the high-dose group, and feeding for a period of time. The feces and intestinal content of mice were collected for microbial structure research, and the effects of consuming cured meat on the gut microbiota of mice was analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in total bacterial count between the control group and the experimental group (P>0.05), however the changes in the number of Gram negative bacterial colonies and Gram positive bacterial colonies were significant (P<0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria in the high-dose group showed significant changes (P<0.05), while the low-dose group had no significant changes (P>0.05). The high-throughput sequencing analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) in the gut microbiota of mice showed that the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in the high-dose group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05) starting from the 4th week of the experiment, and starting from 12th week, that of the low-dose group also began to decrease significantly. The types of bacteria that changed in the gut microbiota of mice in the high-dose and low-dose groups were almost the same, with an increase in the proportion of Gram positive bacteria, an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Spirochetes, and a decrease in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Starting from the 4th week of the experiment, there were differences in metabolic pathways between each group of mice in terms of glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, protein metabolism, etc. The differences were self-compensated at the 8th week, and significant differences were observed between the high-dose and low-dose groups and the control group at the 12th week (P<0.05). The differences between the high-dose and low-dose groups increased. Conclusion Continuous intake of cured meat products can change the structure and composition of the gut microbiota, cause imbalance in the gut microbiota structure, and alter the colonization of beneficial and harmful microbiota in the intestine of mice, which may be related to the induction of intestinal diseases.

Objective To investigate the effects of different storage methods on the quality safety of high-moisture harvested Zea mays L.. Methods The Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) Zea mays L. variety was selected for the experiment, and the Zea mays L. harvested under the same moisture content was stored as ear Zea mays L. and grain Zea mays L.. Changes in fungi species, quantity, and mycotoxin content were measured. Results Predominant fungi during Zea mays L. storage were Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. In the early stage of storage, the dominant fungal genus was Fusarium, and with the extension of storage time, the dominant fungal genera changed to Aspergillus and Penicillium; with the increase of storage days, the total number of fungi in Zea mays L. stored in ear and grain storage showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The number of fungi in Zea mays L. stored in ears was significantly lower than that in Zea mays L. stored in grains (P<0.05). During the storage period of 10-100 days, the number of fungi in Zea mays L. stored in ears decreased by 90.3%-98.6% compared to Zea mays L. stored in grains; with the increase of storage days, except for gibberellin in Zea mays L. kernels stored in ear, the content of vomitoxin and gibberellin in Zea mays L. showed an increasing trend. The content of vomitoxin and gibberellin in Zea mays L. stored in ears was significantly lower than that in Zea mays L. stored in grains (P<0.05). And with the increase of storage days, the difference in the content of vomitoxin and gibberellin in Zea mays L. under the two storage methods increases. Conclusion After high-moisture harvesting, ear storage can reduce fungi quantity and mycotoxin content, ensuring the quality safety of Zea mays L..

Objective To study the effects of deep eutectic solvent (DES) on the absorbance of tea polysaccharide by visible spectrophotometry, and establish a fast and efficient method for the determination of tea polysaccharide. Methods Choline chloride/DL-tartaric acid was used as the extraction solvent of tea polysaccharide. The influence of DES on the determination of tea polysaccharide content in anthrone sulfuric acid and phenol-sulfuric acid 2 kinds of detection methods was investigated. The linear relationship, precision, stability, repeatability and standard recovery rate of the 2 kinds of detection methods were compared. Results The best method for the determination of tea polysaccharides was phenol-sulfuric acid method, the optimal detection wavelength was 484 nm, and the absorbance had a good linear relationship with glucose concentration between 20 and 100 μg/mL. The precision relative standard deviation (RSD) of this method was 0.10%, the stability RSD was 0.00%, the repeatability RSD was 2.40%, and the recovery rate was 94.25%-111.19%, and the content of tea polysaccharide was 54.76 mg/g. Conclusion Phenol-sulfuric acid method is suitable for the determination of tea polysaccharide in tea with DES as extraction solvent.

Objective To elucidate the influence of pH treatment on the structural and functional properties of Solanum tuberosum L. protein. Methods Solanum tuberosum L. protein was selected as the research subject, and the effects of pH on its physical and chemical properties, structure, and conformation were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size and potential analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Results Significant differences were observed in the protein subunit composition, particle size distribution, and potential values following treatments at different pH levels. Compared to pH 7, pH 10 enhanced the electrostatic repulsion of Solanum tuberosum L. proteins, significantly increasing protein solubility and viscosity to 89.2% and 19625.0 mPa·s, respectively. Additionally, λ_max in the endogenous fluorescence spectra of the proteins shifted to 343 nm, exposing more hydrophobic groups. The particle size of protein molecules decreased to 123.2 nm, while the absolute value of the Zeta potential increased to 41.3 mV. Protein molecules formed intramolecular disulfide bonds, leading to an increase in the denaturation temperature to 82.22 ℃. At pH 2, the protein aggregated and formed soluble aggregates while unfolding. However, viscosity decreased to 1860.6 mPa·s, λ_max in the fluorescence spectrum shifted to 341 nm, particle size increased to 369.3 nm, the absolute value of the Zeta potential decreased to 8.97 mV, and the number of disulfide bonds did not change significantly. This resulted in insufficient stability of Solanum tuberosum L. protein under acidic conditions, with a tendency for aggregation. Conclusion Different pH treatments can enhance the physicochemical properties of Solanum tuberosum L. protein, and this study aims to offer scientific guidance for its application in food processing.

Objective To establish a method based on real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of the genus Cipangopaludina and Bellamya, and identify the snail-derived ingredients in the meat soup package of river snail rice noodle. Methods Specific primers and probes were designed using mitochondrial genes from the genera Cipangopaludina and Bellamya, respectively. The effectiveness of the established real-time fluorescence PCR method was evaluated for its specificity, sensitivity and repeatability. Results The real-time fluorescence PCR identification method developed in our study exhibited strong specificity, detecting fluorescence signals only in the designated channel for the DNA of the Cipangopaludina and Bellamya, with typical amplification curves observed. No fluorescence signals were detected in the designated channel for the genomic DNA of various heterogeneous animals and plants, including aquatic products, poultry, livestock, and spice and seasoning raw materials, with no observable amplification curves. The method demonstrated sensitivity as low as 0.002 ng/μL for Cipangopaludina and 0.001 ng/μL for Bellamya. The method was employed to analyze DNA extracted from snail meat soup packets in 21 batches of prepackaged river snail rice noodle across various brands in supermarket distribution. In 7 batches of prepackaged river snail rice noodle from different brands, Cipangopaludina components were detected in the DNA of the snail meat soup packets, representing 33.3%. In 18 batches of prepackaged river snail rice noodle from different brands, Bellamya components were detected in the DNA of the snail meat soup packets, representing 85.7%. In 3 batches of prepackaged river snail rice noodle from different brands, neither Cipangopaludina and Bellamya components were detected in the DNA of the snail meat soup packets, accounting for 14.3%. In 7 batches of prepackaged river snail rice noodle from different brands, both Cipangopaludina and Bellamya components were detected in the DNA of the snail meat soup packets, representing 33.3%. Conclusion This method boasts strong specificity and high sensitivity, effectively identifying snail-derived components in snail meat soup packets of river snail rice noodle, thereby providing robust technical support for market regulation.

Objective To investigate the type and drug resistance characteristics and virulence gene carrying of some food-borne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureu (MRSA) in Ningxia. Methods MRSA isolates from some food risk monitoring in Ningxia were collected and subjected to drug susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole-genome sequencing analysis respectively. Results PFGE typing of 9 food-borne MRSA strains was divided into 3 clusters and 8 kinds of types, all of which were more than 85% provenance. ST typing of the whole genome sequencing results was divided into 4 kinds of ST types, 6 strains were ST59, and the other 3 strains were ST3355, ST7 and ST965, respectively. MRSA were all multi-drug resistant, which carrying different resistance genes and virulence genes, resulting in different drug resistance phenotypes. Conclusion Foodborne MRSA isolates have a large number of genes related to antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity, which pose a significant threat to human health. Therefore, it is of great importance to continuously monitor and take effective measures to reduce the contamination level of MRSA in food to ensure food safety.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ferric sodium salt (NaFeEDTA) by microemulsion liquid chromatography. Methods After simple dilution and centrifugation of the sample, it could be filtered through a 0.22 μm microporous membrane and directly loaded onto a Waters BEH C₁₈ column (2.1 mm×150 mm, 1.7 µm) was the chromatographic column. The microemulsion mobile phase was 3.64 g/L cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-50 g/L acetonitrile-8 g/L ethyl acetate-6.8 g/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The flow rate was 0.30 mL/min and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. The column temperature was 30 ℃ temperature. External standard method was used for quantitative determination. Results Under the selected experimental conditions, the mass concentration of NaFeEDTA had a good linear relationship (r≥0.999) within the range of 0.50-35.00 µg/mL, the limits of detection were 50 mg/kg. The recovery rates of NaFeEDTA were investigated, with average recovery rates ranging from 92.7% to 97.7%. Conclusion This method is easy to operate and has good reproducibility. The method can be used for the detection of NaFeEDTA content in soy sauce.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 2-hexylpyridine content in the milk and dairy product by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Methods The sample was extracted by acetonitrile vortex extraction, and the analytical solution was purified by QuEChERS dSPE EMR Lipid degreasing tube. After centrifugation, it was tested on a membrane machine. The acetonitrile primary water as the mobile phase was used, the flow rate was set at 0.25 mL/min, the gradient elution procedure was applied, the GL Sciences InertSustain C₁₈ chromatographic column was used for separation, the electro spray positive ion (ESI⁺) mode, the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for detection, and the matrix matching external standard method was used for quantification. Results The methodological validation indicators were well that the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5-20.0 ng/mL with the correlation coefficients (r²) larger than 0.998. The average recoveries of 2-hexylpyridine were 94.45%-109.63% and the relative standard deviations were 3.93%-9.53% at 0.005, 0.010 and 0.050 mg/kg with 3 kinds of spiked levels. Conclusion The accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the method meet the requirements for residue detection.

Objective To establish a simple and efficient method for the determination of 6 kinds of eugenols in infant formula milk powder by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods After ultrasonic extraction with acetonitrile, the sample was purified and degreased using acetonitrile saturated n-hexane. The n-hexane was discarded, and acetonitrile was extracted and concentrated to a volume of 1 mL. DB-1701 chromatographic column was used to separate without splitting the sample, with an injection volume of 1 μL. Ion monitoring mode for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination and external standard method for quantification was used. Results The 6 kinds of eugenols showed a good linear relationship within the range of 20-500 ng/mL, the limit of detection of the 6 kinds of eugenol compounds in this method was 0.007 mg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 0.02 mg/kg. In 2 matrix samples of milk powder and sheep milk powder, the average recoveries of 6 kinds of eugenols at 3 different concentration levels were between 97.3% and 105.0%, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was between 0.3% and 3.7%. Conclusion The pretreatment operation of this method is simple and fast, and the detection method has high sensitivity and good stability, meeting the requirements of national standards, in order to provide reference basis for establishing national standards or methods for the detection of 6 kinds of eugenols in infant formula milk powder.

Benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers (BUVs) are a new class of persistent organic pollutants, which are widely used as light stabilizers in various industrial products with good ultraviolet absorbing ability and thermal stability, among which 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV-328) has been listed in the Stockholm Convention. Currently, there are a large number of domestic and international studies on the exposure of BUVs in the environment and living organisms, and the concentration of BUVs in sediments and soils generally reaches hundreds of ng/g, and they are frequently detected in water bodies and fish. Humans have an exposure risk through dietary intake and respiratory tract intake, but there are few reports on the load of BUVs in human urine and blood, and it is noteworthy that the load of BUVs in human breast milk can reach up to thousands of ng/g. In view of the bioaccumulation and potential toxicity of BUVs, this paper provided a detailed overview of the exposure to BUVs in various types of environmental, biological, and human tissue samples. This paper briefly summarized the potential hazards of BUVs, such as liver and kidney target organ toxicity, endocrine disrupting effects, and immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity, aiming to provide a reference for the assessment of the health risk of BUVs in human beings.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance of foodborne disease cases and pathogens in Jinshan District of Shanghai. Methods The case information of foodborne diseases in 15 sentinel medical institutions in Jinshan District was monitored in 2023, and the positive bacteria in the stool samples of patients were rechecked, identified, and tested for drug sensitivity. Results In 2023, a total of 408 cases of foodborne diseases were reported in Jinshan District, the male to female ratio was 5:4, most of them were 18-34 years old, the occupation was mainly workers, migrant workers and farmers, and the incidence was high from May to September. Except for multiple and mixed foods, vegetables and fruits accounted for a relatively high proportion in suspicious exposed foods. The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria was 21.46% (47/219), diarrheagenic Escherichia coli was the main pathogen, and norovirus was 18.72% (41/219). The results of drug sensitivity showed that the proportion of multi-drug resistant strains in Salmonella was 83.33% (10/12). Conclusion In the 2023 foodborne disease surveillance in Jinshan District, norovirus and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli are the main pathogenic agents. Among the pathogenic bacteria, both Salmonella and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli shows varying degrees of drug resistance. It is necessary to continue strengthening the monitoring of foodborne diseases. Meanwhile, relevant departments shall enhance public awareness of antibiotic resistance, and strengthen the management, rational use and sensitivity testing of various antibiotics.

Objective To provide a theoretical basis and beneficial reference for the formulation of the local specialty characteristic dairy mooncake standard and the product development of the production and processing enterprises. Methods Dairy mooncakes from Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia was used as experimental samples, the sensory, nutritional, quality, and microbiological characteristics using national food safety standards were analyzed. Results Dairy mooncake samples had a strong milky aroma and high protein content. The results showed that the sensory organs, protein, moisture, sodium, peroxide value, acid value, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, saccharin sodium, lead, total bacterial count, coliform bacteria, mold, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella levels in the dairy mooncake samples all met the national limits set by national safety standards. Conclusion The above-mentioned indexes indicate that the local specialty dairy mooncakes exhibit good quality and safety throughout production, processing, storage and distribution. The Xilingol milk-based mooncakes are an innovative combination of dairy products and pastries, which not only broadens the variety of local specialty dairy products but also expands the fusion of milk and flour flavors. More importantly, the Xilingol milk-based mooncakes fill the GB/T 19855—2023 General rules for mooncake quality for “Mongolian-style” milk-based mooncakes with high protein content.

Objective To analyze the overall situation of national food safety supervision and sampling inspection from 2021 to 2023 and the main food safety issues. Methods The food safety supervision and sampling inspection data of the national market regulation departments from 2021 to 2023 were summarized, and the categories of food, unqualified project categories, as well as specific unqualified project were analyzed. Results In the past 3 years from 2021 to 2023, market regulation departments at all levels in China had completed a total of 34 food categories and over 20 million batches of supervision and sampling inspection, with an overall unqualified rate of 2.76%. From the sampling batches, the sampling batches for edible agricultural products and catering food were relatively high, accounting for a total of 51.50%. From the unqualified rate, catering food had the highest unqualified rate of 7.20%, mainly due to the high unqualified rate of catering utensils. The unqualified rate of edible agricultural products (3.44%), vegetable products (3.10%), roasted seeds and nuts products (2.72%) was also relatively high. The analysis results of unqualified project categories showed that in recent years, the main problems had been excessive pesticide residues, microbial contamination, and excessive use of food additives, with a total of 64.78% of unqualified samples. Pesticide residues were mainly found in edible agricultural products such as cowpeas, chives, and celery, etc. The main unqualified projects were imidacloprid, fungicide, chlorpyrifos, etc. The main food categories involved in microbial contamination were instant foods, aquatic products, pastries, fruit products, etc. The main unqualified projects were the total number of colonies, molds, and coliforms. The main food categories with the excessive use of food additives were fruit products, catering food, grain processing products, and seasonings. The main unqualified projects were pigments, aluminum containing additives, preservatives, and seasonings exceed the standard. Conclusion The state should continue to pay attention to key categories in food safety sampling, such as edible agricultural products, catering food, vegetable products, roasted seeds and nuts products, as well as issues such as excessive residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs, microbial contamination, and excessive use of food additives in key projects. The country not only needs to increase sampling efforts, but also strengthens supervision of various links such as production and sales, and strives to ensure food safety.