Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by fungi during their growth and reproduction. They are widely found in various kinds of grain and oil and their products, and can cause serious threat to human health. Mycotoxin contamination has become a common phenomenon and problem in many countries and regions. Mycotoxin detection is the key link to build a mycotoxin prevention and control system. Furthermore, mycotoxins content is one of the health indicators that must be detected in raw grain and its products. It is of great significance to establish accurate and efficient detection methods for mycotoxins in grain, oil and food to ensure food safety. This paper summarized and analyzed the common detection methods of mycotoxins in grain, oil and food, and mainly introduced the different detection techniques and methods and their application characteristics, such as chromatography analysis, spectral analysis and immunoassay. Futhermore, this paper prospected the development trend and related requirements of mycotoxins detection, so as to provide references for the detection and safety supervision of mycotoxins in grain, oil and food.

Objective To achieve rapid and non-destructive determination of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) content in Triticum aestivum L. kernels by establishing a quantitative prediction model based on near-infrared spectroscopy technology. Methods The reflectance spectra of Triticum aestivum L. samples in the wavelength range of 900-1700 nm were collected, and the AFB₁ content in Triticum aestivum L. was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The raw spectral data of the Triticum aestivum L. samples were subjected to preprocessing, and the feature wavelengths were extracted in order to establish a prediction model. A model for predicting the AFB₁ content was developed using a back propagation neural network (BPNN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM), the results of this model were compared with those of a full-wavelength modelling approach. Results The SVM model constructed following the application of multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) processing demonstrates superior performance compared to the other models and the full-band modelling model. Conclusion The combination of the CARS algorithm and the MSC-CARS-SVM model allows for the rapid and non-destructive detection of AFB₁ content. The feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of AFB₁ content has been demonstrated, and this approach can be employed to assess the quality of Triticum aestivum L. during storage.

Objective To rapidly and non-destructively detect aflatoxin in mildly moldy Zea mays using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology. Methods Mildly moldy Zea mays samples were selected as experimental materials, with the content of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) as the detection indicator. A total of 153 sample images were collected using the NIRS imaging acquisition system. Three kinds of preprocessing methods, including multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate transformation, and moving average smoothing (MAS), were applied to preprocess the raw near-infrared spectral data (RNSD). Backpropagation neural network (BPNN), extreme learning machine, and support vector machine were employed to model and analyze the preprocessed spectral data along with AFB₁ content data, evaluating the impact of preprocessing methods on model performance. Furthermore, the stepwise projection algorithm (SPA) was performed to select characteristic spectra from the preprocessed data for comprehensive comparison after incorporating them into the models. Results The optimal spectral preprocessing method was MAS. Ten characteristic spectra were selected through SPA, and the BPNN model exhibited the best prediction results, achieving a coefficient of determination of 0.932 and a relative prediction deviation of 3.922. This model demonstrated good performance and reliability. Conclusion It is feasible to determine AFB₁ content in mildly moldy Zea mays using NIRS technology. The findings of this study provide an important reference for the application of NIRS in identifying other agricultural products.

Objective To investigate the effects of different storage conditions on the water migration and volatile component changes of Zea mays, and to screen out characteristic volatile components. Methods Low field-nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology were used to study the changes in micro moisture, volatile component composition, and relative content of Zea mays under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Results With the extension of storage time, moisture, fatty acid value, starch, and alcohol soluble protein indicators all undergo certain changes. When stored for 30 days, the moisture content reached equilibrium; the maximum value of fatty acid value was 46.11 mgKOH/100 g when stored at 65% RH for 90 days at 30 ℃, and the fatty acid value was still suitable for storage after 120 days; storing at 20 ℃ was beneficial for the accumulation of starch content; alcohol soluble proteins were significantly affected by temperature; under 65% RH conditions, as the storage temperature increased, the bound moisture content gradually decreased, resulting in the transformation of T20 strongly bound water to T21 weakly bound water and T22 strongly bound water to T23 weakly bound water; under 55% RH conditions, as the storage temperature increased, the bound water content gradually decreased, and the changes in the peaks of non flowing water and free water were consistent with those of bound water; the volatile components in the sample were classified as acids (2 types), aldehydes (20 types), ketones (15 types), alcohols (15 types), esters (12 types), furans (2 types), olefins (3 types), and amines (1 type). Conclusion As the storage temperature increases, the ability of Zea mays to retain moisture gradually weakens, while as the humidity increases, its ability to retain moisture increases. The high temperature and high humidity environment promotes the release of volatile components such as aldehydes and alcohols, while ketones and esters decrease. The 3-pentanone, 1-octen-3-one-M, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-D, 1-hexanol-D, isovaleric acid, methyl ester can be used as characteristic volatile components to distinguish mold growth in high moisture Zea mays, providing reference for the identification of mold growth in high moisture Zea mays.

Objective To establish a rapid colloidal gold card method for the determination of fumonisin and T-2/HT-2 toxin in Triticum aestivum L. and Zea mays. Methods The limit of detection, limit of quantitative, precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated in 6 laboratories. Results The limits of detection of fumonisin and T-2/HT-2 toxin methods were 150 μg/kg and 5 μg/kg, respectively. The limits of quantitation were 450 μg/kg and 11 μg/kg, respectively. When the fumonin content in Triticum aestivum L. and corn ranged from 426.39 to 3897.22 μg/kg, the relationship between the method repeatability standard deviation S_r and reproducibility standard deviation S_R and fumonin content was obtained, namely, repeatability standard deviation S_r=1.478m^0.600 and reproducibility standard deviation S_R=4.269m^0.591. When the T-2/HT-2 toxin content in Triticum aestivum L. and Zea mays ranged from 426.39 to 3897.22 μg/kg, the relation between repeatability standard deviation S_r and reproducibility standard deviation S_R and T-2/HT-2 toxin content m was as follows: Repeatability standard deviation S_r=3.1901m^0.218, reproducibility standard deviation S_R=0.2507m^0.492 (Triticum aestivum L. matrix). Repeatability standard deviation S_r=0.8357m^0.333, reproducibility standard deviation S_R=1.1231m^0.585 (Zea mays matrix). The recoveries of fumonisin and T-2/HT-2 toxin ranged from 95.42% to 101.90% and 83.30% to 118.20% respectively. There was no significant difference between the paired t test and the standard method. Conclusion The method has good accuracy and can be widely used for rapid and quantitative determination of fumonisin and T-2/HT-2 toxin in Triticum aestivum L. and Zea mays.

There are many types of pollutants in food, and exposure involves multiple stages such as raw material, processing, transportation, storage, packaging, and sales. With the improvement of people's requirements for the healthy, nutritive and safe condiments, the pollutants in food have received more and more attention. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) combines the separation ability of liquid chromatography with the advantages of high resolution mass spectrometry, such as wide mass range, fast scanning speed, and high sensitivity, making it an important means in the field of food safety analysis. This review summarized the technical characteristics of quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry and quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry, as well as the research progress in the detection of pollutants in food using LC-HRMS technology over the past 5 years. The article focused on the application of LC-HRMS in the targeted and non-targeted determination of pesticides residues, veterinary drugs and their metabolites, food additives, illegal additives and mycotoxins, and prospected the development trend. Aiming to provide reference for the detection of pollutants in food in the future.

Edible agricultural products are primary products derived from agriculture, forestry, livestock husbandry and fishery, which are important components of people's daily diet. The widespread use of pesticides in recent years has effectively promoted agricultural development, but the problem of pesticide residue pollution caused by illegal use of banned or restricted pesticides and unscientific pesticide application has attracted considerable attention to the safety of edible agricultural products. As an agricultural powerhouse, China has a fairly comprehensive range of pesticides, and new pesticides are constantly emerging. Therefore, effective regulation of pesticide residues in edible agricultural products, as well as exploration of more convenient, quick, efficient, and sensitive detection methods, has become an important research topic for the inspection and testing industry. This paper briefly summarized pesticide residues in edible agricultural products, focused on the relevant technical methods of pesticide residues detection in edible agricultural products, and looked forward to new detection technologies and methods, in order to provide references for improving the detection of pesticide residues in edible agricultural products, and ensure food safety and people's health.

Objective To prepare a polydopamine (PDA)-based lateral flow immunochromatography assay for the highly sensitive detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereals. Methods In this paper, PDA was synthesized by dopamine self-oxidative polymerization, and the PDA labeled monoclonal antibody (PDA-mAb) probe was prepared by a one-step conjugation method. Subsequently, the PDA lateral flow immunochromatography assay was established using DON antigen as the test line (T line) and goat anti-mouse antibody as the control line (C line). Results The results showed that the cut-off value of the PDA lateral flow immunochromatography assay for detecting DON was 6.0 ng/mL, the visual limit of detection was 0.9 ng/mL, half maximal inhibitory concentration was 1.13 ng/mL, which were 0.88 times and 3.08 times higher than those of fluorescent microsphere test strip and colloidal gold test strip, respectively. Meanwhile, the PDA lateral flow immunochromatography assay possessed well stability and specificity. In addition, the proposed lateral flow immunochromatography assay has been successfully used for the detection of DON in corn, millet, and oats samples, with minimum detection limits of 8.40, 6.87, and 9.89 μg/kg, recoveries ranging from 80.10%-122.05%, and relative standard deviations less than 12.01%. Conclusion In summary, the PDA lateral flow immunochromatography assay established in this work is sensitive, accurate, rapid and simple, and provides technical support for the detection of mycotoxins in cereals.

Objective To establish a detection method for 12 kinds of nicotine pesticides in fruits by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with cold induced liquid-liquid extraction. Methods Fruit samples were extracted using acetonitrile, and after salting out, shaking, and centrifugation, they were subjected to freeze induced liquid-liquid extraction using acetonitrile water solution for further enrichment and purification. Combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, data was collected using a multi reaction monitoring mode, and quantified using isotope internal standard method. Results The linear range of 12 kinds of nicotine compounds was 1-500 ng/mL, and the method showed good linearity (r²>0.999). The limits of detection were 2.15-3.60 μg/kg, and the method limits of quantification were 7.11-13.01 μg/kg. The recovery rates of 12 kinds of nicotine compounds were 73.1%-126.7%, and the relative standard deviations were 3.5%-13.3%. Conclusion This method is easy to operate, has high precision, and good stability, and is suitable for screening and detecting nicotine like compounds in fruit samples.

Objective To develop an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of pentachlorophenol sodium residues in aquatic products. Methods The sample preparation involved extraction with 80% acetonitrile in water containing 5% triethylamine, followed by purification using Waters Oasis MAX solid-phase extraction cartridges. After elution with a 4% formic acid in methanol solution, the pentachlorophenol sodium was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS using a Waters XBridge C18 column (100 mm × 2.10 mm, 3.50 µm). The mobile phases consisted of A: 0.1% formic acid in water (containing 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate) and B: acetonitrile. Quantification was carried out using the external standard method. The recovery of pentachlorophenol sodium in the muscle of Ctenopharyngodon idella and the eatable part of Eriocheir sinensis matrices was examined. Results The linear range of the pentachlorophenol sodium residue detection method in Ctenopharyngodon idella and Eriocheir sinensis was 0.2 to 8.0 ng/mL (r²>0.999). The limit of detection was 0.5 μg/kg and limit of quantification was 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries at spiking levels of 1.0, 2.0, and 10 μg/kg were within the range of 77.0% to 105%. Intra-assay relative standard deviations ranged from 2.51% to 7.62% (n=6), and inter-assay relative standard deviations ranged from 3.36% to 6.48% (n=3). Conclusion The developed UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of pentachlorophenol sodium residues in Ctenopharyngodon idella and Eriocheir sinensis matrices is highly sensitive, accurate, and precise, with good repeatability and reproducibility, and is therefore suitable for the detection of pentachlorophenol sodium residues in aquatic products.

Objective To establish a rapid detection method for the simultaneous determination of 24 kinds of veterinary drug residues in pork by QuEChERS technique combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were extracted with acidified acetonitrile, salted out by 3 g magnesium sulfate anhydrous and 2 g C₁₈ E, separated by Thermo-Fisher Hypersil GOLD aQ chromatographic column (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) via gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution. The gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in aqueous solution was performed in the mode of electrospray positive ion scanning. Results The linear relationship of 24 kinds of veterinary drugs was good, and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.9910, and the detection limit ranged from 0.2-10.0 μg/kg. The spiked recoveries varied between 70.2%-110.3%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.2%-13.8%. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid, accurate, practical, and suitable for detection of multiple veterinary drug residues in pork.

Objective To establish the detection of 172 kinds of pesticide residues in brown sugar by QuEChERS-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were fully dissolved in ultrapure water and extracted by high-speed homogenization of n-hexane, nitrogen blowing and concentration, and purified by QuEChERS method, and the data was collected in selective reaction monitoring mode by GC-MS/MS detection technology, and quantitatively detected by matrix curve and solvent curve. Results The 172 kinds of pesticides had a good linear relationship in the linear range of 10-200 ng/mL, and the linear correlation coefficient was between 0.9962 and 0.9999, the limit of quantification of the method was 0.01 mg/kg, performed 6 repeated spiked experiments at concentrations 1, 2, and 10 times the limit of quantification each, the recovery rate of spikes was between 71.0%-113.0%, and the relative standard deviation (n=6) was 0.49%-17.00%. Conclusion This method can detect hundreds of pesticides in one injection, which is fast, simple, high-throughput and economical, and is suitable for the detection of a variety of pesticide residues in brown sugar.

Objective To explore the effect of stir-frying and ultramicro grinding on the quality of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel. Methods The Crataegus pinnatifida kernels produced and processed by the enterprise were used as the test materials, and the Crataegus pinnatifida kernels were treated by ordinary grinding, frying-ordinary grinding and frying-ultrafine grinding combined treatment technology, and the physical properties of surface color, surface structure, water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and the changes of oxidation resistance and flavonoid release were determined. Results The Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder treated by frying and ultrafine grinding had an increased binding capacity to water, a solubility of 35.63%, an expansion force of 3.71 mL/g, and an oil-holding capacity of 2.61 g/g. The angle of repose and slip angle were reduced to 37.12° and 43.63°, respectively. The flavonoid release rate of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder increased from 60.47% to 71.48%, and the oxidant resistance increased by nearly 20%, which was manifested by a increase in the scavenging rates of 2,2-diazine-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cationic radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and hydroxyl radicals. Conclusion Therefore, the combined treatment technology of frying and ultrafine grinding is a feasible processing method for Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder. This technology can effectively improve the physicochemical properties of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder and increase the total flavonoid release rate. The results of this study are helpful to enhance the market value of Crataegus pinnatifida nuclear powder and promote the sustainable development of Crataegus pinnatifida industry.

Objective To explore the effects of harvesting periods on nutritional quality, processing properties and antioxidant activities of different parts of Fagopyrum tataricum. Methods The harvesting period was determined based on the first flowering time, and the flavonoid content, protein content, dietary fiber content, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity and antioxidant activity of seeds, stems, flowers and leaves of Fagopyrum tataricum at different harvest periods were determined measured and analyzed. Results The seeds, stems, leaves, and flowers of Fagopyrum tataricum all include the rich nutrients and the biological activity ingredient, with excellent processing properties. The flavonoid content, protein content, dietary fiber content, water and oil holding capacity of Fagopyrum tataricum seeds showed a downward trend, while the dietary fiber content of Fagopyrum tataricum stems and flowers generally showed an upward trend. The flavonoid and protein content of Fagopyrum tataricum stems and leaves decreased. The dietary fiber content of Fagopyrum tataricum leaves, flavonoid content and total antioxidant activity of Fagopyrum tataricum flowers increased first and then decreased. The total antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content of Fagopyrum tataricum flowers were significantly higher than other parts of tartary buckwheat. The highest total antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content were found 14 days after flowering, at 369.42 μmol/g and 7.83%, respectively, which were 6.2 and 8.8 times that of Fagopyrum tataricum seeds. Conclusion As food processing raw materials, different parts of Fagopyrum tataricum have the potential and value for food development and processing, and can be fully utilized. The nutrition and functional components of different parts of Fagopyrum tataricum are directly affected by harvest period, and the reasonable harvest period shall be determined based on the purpose in production.

Objective To study the beef quality characteristics of Pingliang red cattle. Methods The 12-13 thoracic intercostal eye muscles of A3 grade Pingliang red cattle were taken. The nutritional characteristics, tenderness and water retention of Pingliang red cattle were analyzed by measuring the protein, fat, moisture content, amino acid and fat composition, as well as the shear force and cooking loss. The sensory evaluation of raw and fried steak and rinsed meat slices were carried out respectively. The meat quality of A3 grade imported snowflake beef was compared, and the meat quality of Pingliang red cattle was comprehensively analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in crude protein, moisture and total fat content between Pingliang red cattle and imported snowflake beef (P>0.05); Pingliang red beef was rich in amino acids, and the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids was 0.45±0.05, which was higher than that of A3 grade imported snowflake beef (0.42±0.00); Pingliang red cattle had the advantages of low saturated fatty acid and high unsaturated fatty acid content. The fatty acid content of Pingliang red cattle was lower than that of imported snowflake beef, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05); the shear force of Pingliang red beef was (4219.10±225.29) g, which was significantly higher than that of imported snowflake beef (P<0.05). Sensory evaluation results showed that fresh Pingliang red beef was slightly lower than imported snowflake beef, but cooked Pingliang red beef scored higher, especially chewing elasticity, juiciness and aftertaste were significantly higher than imported snowflake beef (P<0.05). Conclution Pingliang red cattle A3 grade snowflakes beef can completely reach the quality level of imported snowflake beef, but the content and distribution of functional fatty acid needs to be regulated.

Objective To explore of odor differences and volatile differences between rape honey-adulterated and syrup-adulterated samples and real honey. Methods Different proportions of 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% syrup-adulterated and rape honey-adulterated samples were constructed, and the electronic nose technique and headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were used to analyze the odors and volatiles of the adulterated and authentic honey samples. Results The electronic nose (E-nose) combined with the principal component analysis (PCA) and sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) could distinguish different botanical honey of linden honey, jujube honey acacia honey, and could distinguish syrup-adulterated samples from real honey, but could not distinguish rape honey-adulterated samples from acacia honey. The GC-MS results showed that 62 kinds of volatile compounds were identified in acacia honey, linden honey and jujube honey, with the highest content of alcohols in acacia honey, aldehydes in jujube honey, terpenes in linden honey. The content of volatile compounds in combination with sPLS-DA could distinguish 100% acacia honey, 100% linden honey from 5%-30% syrup-adulterated samples and 5%-30% rape honey-adulterated samples. Conclusion The odor analysis and volatiles analysis based on E-nose and GC-MS combined with chemometrics analysis can be used to identify syrup-adulterated and rape honey-adulterated samples. The results of the study provide a reference for honey traceability and adulteration identification studies.

Objective To investigate the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and ZSM-5 nano molecular sieve blended polyethylene (PE) film on the quality and oxidative stress of Prunus persica during cold storage. Methods The 4 kinds of treatments were set up: PE packaging (P), PE packaging combined with 1-MCP (PM), PE film blended with ZSM-5 Nano molecular sieve blended polyethylene film (PN), and the combination of ZSM-5 and 1-MCP (PMN). Samples were stored at 0-2 °C for 35 days with sampling every 7 days. Texture, chromatic indexes, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, electrical conductivity, and the activities or content of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Results 1-MCP and the nano molecular sieve blended polyethylene film effectively inhibited fruit softening, color change and fibrosis. On day 21, the fruit hardness in the PM and PMN groups was significantly higher than in other groups (P<0.01), while the cohesiveness of the PMN group was significantly lower than the P group on day 27 (P<0.01). Color analysis showed that the redness and yellowness changes in other treated groups were significantly reduced compared to the P group (P<0.05). Although the PMN group's fruit appeared more yellow by day 35, the over-ripening process was suppressed. In terms of physicochemical indicators, the PM and PMN groups exhibited significantly lower electrical conductivity ratio and titratable acidity lose than the P group (P<0.01), indicating that 1-MCP and the nano molecular sieve blended polyethylene film effectively slowed down the increase in cell membrane permeability and the decrease in flavor and nutrients. Physiological measurements showed that by day 35, the MDA level in the PMN group was significantly lower than in the P group (P<0.01), with delayed peak POD and PPO activities. The PMN group's PPO activity was significantly lower than the P group (P<0.01). Conclusion The combination of 1-MCP and ZSM-5 nano molecular sieve blended polyethylene film significantly alleviates color change, over-ripening, and oxidative stress in Prunus persica during cold storage, demonstrating promising application potential.

Objective To establish the qualitative and quantitative methods for water soluble sugars in Cyperus esculentus meal, and to analyze the effects of producing areas and climatic conditions on the kinds and content of sugars in Cyperus esculentus meal. Methods High performance liquid chromatography equipped with a refractive index detector was performed to analyze maltose, raffinose, sucrose, D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-fructose in Cyperus esculentus meal. Aminex^® HPX-87C (300 mm×7.8 mm) sugar-analyzing column was used with a column temperature of 85 °C and a mobile phase of pure water at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The D-galactouronic acid in Cyperus esculentus meal was analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography equipped with an evaporative light scattering detector. XBridge^® Amide 3.5 μm amino column was used with the column temperature of 40 °C. The mobile phase of 0.2% triethylamine water-acetonitrile (20:80, V:V) was used with the flow rate of 0.6 mL/min, and the gas pressure was 40 psi, drift tube temperature was 82 ℃ and the gain of 800. Results An analytical method for 7 kinds of water-soluble sugars in soybean oil was established, which had good accuracy and precision. The limits of detection of the 7 kinds of water soluble sugars were 0.02-0.05 μg and the limits of quantification were 0.06-0.10 μg. The content of 7 kinds of water-soluble sugars, including maltose, raffinose, sucrose, D-glucose, D-galactose, D-fructose, and D-galactouronic acid in 186 samples from 11 Provinces and regions were analyzed based on the method. The total sugar content in the Cyperus esculentus meal samples ranged from 11.10% to 25.51%, with significant differences among different regions. Samples from Northeast, North, and Northwest of China were higher than those from Southern China. The water soluble sugars in Cyperus esculentus meal were mainly sucrose, accounting for 65.48% to 75.85% of total sugar. In addition, maltose, raffinose, and D-galactouronic acid had high content, ranging from 1.01%-2.93%, 0.37%-1.09%, and 1.94%-2.53%, respectively, accounting for 9.11%-12.73%, 1.62%-6.37%, and 7.95%-17.75% of the total sugar content. The content of D-glucose and D-fructose was 0.01%-1.07% and 0.02%-0.78%, respectively, accounting for 0.07%-4.21% and 0.17%-3.28% of the total sugar content, respectively. Except for the samples from Heilongjiang Province, a few amount of D-galactose was also detected in most of other samples. Conclusion This study establish an analysis method for sugar content in Cyperus esculentus meal and investigated the content of water soluble sugars in samples from different producing areas. This provides a basis for breeding and planting research of Cyperus esculentus, and also can offer the guideline to the deep processing of Cyperus esculentus and the preparation and application of carbohydrates.

Objective To investigate the Effects of lactic acid bacteria fermentation on the sensory, physicochemical, and flavor quality of sour bamboo shoots. Methods Fresh Dendrocalamus latiflorus bamboo shoots were cut into strips and subjected to fermentation using lactic acid bacteria or natural fermentation in pure water as a control. The study investigated changes in total acidity, amino nitrogen, nitrite content, sensory evaluation, and volatile flavor compounds in sour bamboo shoots fermented with lactic acid bacteria compared to natural fermentation. Results After 60 days of fermentation, the total acidity and amino nitrogen content of the lactic acid bacteria-fermented sour bamboo shoots were 19.28 g/kg and 0.506 g/100 g, respectively, significantly higher than those of the naturally fermented sour bamboo shoots (16.14 g/kg and 0.448 g/100 g, respectively). The nitrite content of the lactic acid bacteria-fermented sour bamboo shoots was less than half that of the naturally fermented sample, with both fermentation methods yielding nitrite levels below 2.9 mg/kg. Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) analysis detected 10 kinds of volatile flavor compounds in the lactic acid bacteria-fermented sour bamboo shoots, compared to 9 in the naturally fermented ones, with p-cresol being the primary flavor compound. The lactic acid bacteria-fermented sour bamboo shoots exhibited a uniform milky-white color, crisp texture, rich aroma and moderate acidity, achieving a sensory evaluation score of 88 points. Conclusion Sour bamboo shoots fermented with lactic acid bacteria have high sensory scores, good quality, and high food safety.

Objective To characterize the composition of amino acids in fish dishes consumed by Liaoning Province residents and to evaluate their nutritional value. Methods The 7 kinds of representative fish dishes for daily consumption were selected, the amino acid composition and content of fish dishes were determined by conventional acid hydrolysis and alkaline hydrolysis methods using a fully automated amino acid analyzer, the amino acid score and amino acid ratio coefficient methods were used to evaluate the comprehensive nutritional value and to analyze the content of essential amino acids in a clustered heat map. Results The 7 kinds of fish dishes had complete amino acid types, with a total amino acid content ranged from 92.88 to 190.00 mg/g; the essential amino acid content ranged from 36.09 to 74.14 mg/g; the ratio of the essential amino acid to the total amino acid ranged from 0.39 to 0.41; and the total content range of sweet amino acids and umami amino acids ranged from 51.23 to 103.37 mg/g. The evaluation of amino acid scores and ratio coefficients showed that the composition of essential amino acids in the 7 kinds of fish dishes was balanced and abundant. The clustering heat map divided the 7 kinds of fish dishes into two categories according to the content of essential amino acids. Conclusion Although there is variability in the amino acid content and nutritional value of fish dishes consumed daily by Liaoning residents, they all contain a wide variety of amino acids with high nutritional value. They can be used as high-quality protein sources. This study can provide a scientific value for the nutritional value analysis of finished dishes.

Pyrus spp. are cherished by consumers for their unique taste and flavor, which has led to their widespread cultivation and consumption around the globe. Pesticides, an essential input for Pyrus spp. production, are vital in the prevention and control of pests and diseases; however, they also contribute to the issue of pesticide residues, which has emerged as a significant concern affecting the quality and safety of Pyrus spp. products. This paper briefly described the registered and commonly used pesticides in China's Pyrus spp. production, analyzed the contamination characteristics of pesticide residues in Pyrus spp. both domestically and internationally, discussed recent findings on the dissipation of pesticide residues in Pyrus spp., reviewed principal analysis techniques and recent advancements for their determination, including sample preparations such as solid phase extraction, dispersive solid phase extraction, multi-plug filtration cleanup, and array-thin film micro-extraction, as well as analytical procedures like triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, surface-enhanced raman scattering, and immunoassay, and offered current shortcomings and future research recommendations in this field. This review aims to provide valuable references for ongoing studies on pesticide residues in Pyrus spp.

Objective To analyze Cyperus esculentus by near infrared spectroscopy, and trace geographical origin of Cyperus esculentus by the identification model in chemometrics. Methods A total of 408 samples of Cyperus esculentus samples from Hebei, Hunan, Shandong, Xinjiang, and Yunnan were analyzed for provenance tracing using near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometric software, 3 kinds of spectral preprocessing methods including multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate transformation and standard normal variate transformation & detrending, were used respectively, and 5 kinds of recognition modes such as support vector machine (SVM), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and K-nearest neighbor algorithm (KNN) were used to identify the geographical origin. Results The modeling recognition rates of the 5 kinds of modes including SVM, SIMCA, OPLS-DA, PLS-DA, and KNN were 91.89%, 94.47%, 62.37%, 65.32%, and 100.00% respectively. The KNN was selected as the origin identification model, and the impact of different preprocessing methods, data preprocessing and sample distance on the stability of the model prediction results were analyzed in order to select the optimal model parameters. The prediction set recognition rate could reach 100.00% by using multiplicative scatter correction spectral preprocessing method, one of data preprocessing methods including UV, Pareto, automatic, or centering, and block distance as the sample distance. Conclusion The technology of near infrared spectroscopy combined with KNN mode has the advantages of fast analysis speed, simple operation, easy sample pretreatment, non-destructive, on-line qualitative and quantitative analysis, etc., and has a certain application prospect.

Objective To establish a method for the analysis of 19 kinds of metal elements in Nelumbo nucifere Gaertn. by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and to compare and analyze the metal elements content from different areas. Methods The Nelumbo nucifere Gaertn. sample was digested by microwave, and the metal elements content was determined by ICP-MS. The metal element fingerprint was drawn, and principal component analysis was performed on the metal element content using SPSS 26.0 software. Results The fingerprint of 19 kinds of metal elements in the Nelumbo nucifere Gaertn. had certain characteristics, and the content of harmful metal elements should be of concerned. Principal component analysis identified 8 main factors and identified B, S, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Sr, Sb, Ba, As, and Pb as characteristic metal elements for Nelumbo nucifere Gaertn.. The correlation of 19 kinds of metal elements with the comprehensive score value of principal component analysis that were positively correlated in decreasing order were as follows: Pb, As, Ba, Zn, Sb, Mg, Cd, K, S, B, Na, Hg, Cu, Fe, Ni, and negatively correlated correlated in decreasing order were as follows: Sr, Mn, Ca, Mo. Conclusion The method is rapid, accurate and sensitive, and can be used for the simultaneous determination of the content of various metal elements in Nelumbo nucifere Gaertn.. It provides the basis for the quality control and safety evaluation of Nelumbo nucifere Gaertn..

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 13 kinds of illegally added azo industrial dyes (Sudan red I, Sudan red II, Sudan red III, Sudan red IV, Sudan red B, rhodamine B, Sudan red G, Sudan red 7B, para red, Sudan orange G, basic orange 2, basic orange 21, and basic orange 22) in spices using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Methods After the sample was soaked with water, it was extracted with acidified acetonitrile (containing 1% acetic acid) by ultrasonic extraction, and purified with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride. After concentration, acetonitrile-0.10% formic acid aqueous solution was used as mobile phase, gradient elution, C₁₈ chromatographic column (2.1 mm×150 mm, 1.7 µm) separation, electrospray multi reaction monitoring and positive ion mode determination were used to qualitatively determine 13 kinds of azo industrial dyes in spices, and external standard method was used for quantitative determination. Results The 13 kinds of azo industrial dyes showed good linear relationships within the mass concentration ranges of 0.5-50.0, 1-50, or 4-100 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients (r²) all greater than 0.99; the limits of detection could reach 1.0-10.0 µg/kg, and the limits of quantification could reach 3.0-30.0 µg/kg. The average spiked recovery rates at 1-fold, 2-fold, and 10 fold concentration levels were 75.7% to 102.4%, with relative standard deviations below 10% (n=6). Conclusion This method has the advantages of simple pretreatment, rapid, accurate, and sensitive, and is suitable for rapid screening and quantitative detection of 13 kinds of azo industrial dyes in spices, in order to provide strong technical support for the supervision of illegal addition of azo industrial dyes.

Objective To analyze the characteristics and differences of volatile components in Wuliangye liquor based on non targeted metabonomics technology. Methods The characteristics and differences of volatile components of 5 series of liquor including Wuliangye, Wuliangye alcohol, Wuliangchun, Wuliangtequ and Wuliangtouqu liquor was analyzed by non targeted metabonomics technology. Results A total of 900 kinds of compounds were detected in 5 series of liquor, including 26 kinds of amines, 86 kinds of alcohols, 51 kinds of aromatics, 18 kinds of phenols, 11 kinds of nitrogenous compounds, 11 kinds of sulfur compounds, 3 kinds of halogenated hydrocarbons, 4 kinds of ethers, 47 kinds of aldehydes, 28 kinds of acids, 143 kinds of terpenes, 78 kinds of hydrocarbons, 79 kinds of ketones, 139 kinds of heterocyclic compounds, 172 kinds of esters, and 4 kinds of others. The number and composition of compounds detected in different Wuliangye liquor were different. The number of compounds with significant differences in Wuliangye was significantly higher than that in Wuliangye alcohol, Wuliangchun, Wuliangtequ and Wuliangtouqu. Conclusion The difference of composition and content in different Wuliangye series liquor is an important factor reflecting the quality of liquor. Non targeted metabonomics technology has good application in the analysis and identification of liquor characteristic components, providing reliable data support for scientific differentiation of Wuliangye series liquor.

Objective To develop a method for the simultaneous determination of lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene in infant formula milk powder and natural foods by online solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography (online SPE-LC). Methods Samples were saponified with 50% potassium hydroxide solution at 70 ℃ for 15 min. Saponified solution was diluted with 70% ethanol, and after high-speed centrifugation, the supernatant was directly analyzed. A styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer-based SelectCore PSS-packed chromatographic column was chosen as the online SPE column, using 80% methanol-water as the initial loading solvent and acetonitrile/methyl tert-butyl ether as the washing solvent. A ChromCore C₃₀ column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 3 μm) was used as the analytical column, with acetonitrile-methanol (26:74, V:V, 0.4 g/L of ascorbic acid) and methyl tert-butyl ether as the mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was 450 nm. Results The 4 target analytes in infant formula milk powder and natural foods were well separated. Linear correlation coefficients for all target analytes were greater than 0.9999. The limit of quantification of method for lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene were 0.77, 0.72, 0.94, and 1.40 μg/100 g, respectively. Average recovery rates of infant formula milk powder were 99.76%, 103.51%, 99.16%, and 97.92%, respectively. The relative standard deviations of method repeatability for all the analytes were less than 2.5%. Conclusion This method is accurate, reliable, and reproducible and can meet the quantitative requirements of lutein, zeaxanthin, and α-carotene, β-carotene in foodstuffs. It can be applied to the determination of real samples.

Tetracycline antibiotics are widely used in animal husbandry, and their main ways of entering milk are through environmental exposure and direct ingestion by cows. Tetracyclines accumulate toxicity through the food chain and pose a threat to human health. Molecular imprinting technology can customize high molecular network polymers that specifically bind to tetracyclines, with many advantages such as high selectivity, good mechanical properties, low cost, high temperature and acid-base resistance, and reusability. It plays an important role in the detection of tetracycline residues in milk. The combination of molecular imprinting and solid-phase extraction technology can simplify the pretreatment process, optimize methods, and effectively solve the separation and purification problems caused by the complexity of milk matrix, including four solid-phase extraction and chromatography techniques: Solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, dispersed solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, etc. The specific recognition ability based on molecular imprinting technology combined with sensors (including 5 types of sensors: Molecular imprinting electrochemistry, fluorescence, photonic crystal, plasma resonance, and photoelectric sensors) can improve selectivity, stability, and response speed. The operation is simple, especially suitable for rapid screening on site. This article introduced the research progress of the above-mentioned technologies and sensors in detecting tetracycline residues in milk, analyzed and discusses their application effects, and pointed out the future direction of molecular imprinting technology in this field, providing reference for subsequent research and application.

Objective To study the characterization and antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction products of autolytic peptides from Stichopus japonicus. Methods The autolysis phenomenon of Stichopus japonicus was taken to dissolve their body walls. Further used D-xylose and Stichopus japonicus autolytic peptides for Maillard reaction to modify autolytic peptides, and the physical and chemical properties and antioxidant activity differences of the Maillard reaction products were analyzed. Results The Maillard reaction conditions were as follows: Reaction time 4 h, reaction temperature 120 ℃, mass ratio of Stichopus japonicus autolytic peptides to D-xylose 1:2. After the reaction, the content of free amino group decreased from (32.35±1.90) μg/mL to (12.68±1.10) μg/mL. The maximum fluorescence emission peak of the Maillard reaction products shifted from 401 nm to 434 nm, and an absorption peak appeared at 288 nm in the ultraviolet absorption spectrum. The molecular weight measurement showed that the large molecular weight material above 3600 u increased significantly. The appearance of the Maillard reaction products from the autolytic peptides of Stichopus japonicus and D-xylose was verified. When the mass concentration of Maillard reaction products was 8 mg/mL, the scavenging ability of hydroxyl free radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) free radical and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cation free radical were above 85%, and the reducing ability of Fe³⁺ was 6.3 times higher than that of autolytic peptides from Stichopus japonicus before the reaction. Conclusion The results provide a new reference for utilizing the autolysis of Stichopus japonicus and improving the antioxidant activity of the Stichopus japonicus autolytic peptides.

Objective To optimize the process of spray drying pomelo powder and the formula of compound pomelo tea powder. Methods This study focused on optimizing the de-bittering process of pomelo peel powder and the spray drying parameters of pomelo powder, using sensory evaluation as key indicators. Subsequently, compound pomelo tea powder was made using maltodextrin, spray-dried pomelo pulp powder, pomelo outer peel powder, anhydrous citric acid, white sugar, and jasmine tea powder as raw materials. The formulation and production process of the compound pomelo tea powder were optimized through single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments, with dispersibility and sensory evaluation serving as the key indicators. Results The optimal de-bittering process was achieved by treating pomelo peel in a water bath at 50 ℃ for 40 minutes with the addition of 1.8% β-cyclodextrin. The spray drying parameters were optimized with an inlet temperature of 160 ℃, an outlet temperature of 60 ℃, a feed flow rate of 2 mL/min, an air velocity of 3 m³/min, and an air pressure of 0.1 MPa. The final formulation of compound pomelo tea powder included 0.6% of pomelo pulp powder, 0.2% of pomelo outer peel powder, 0.1% of jasmine tea powder, 5% of sugar, 0.05% of anhydrous citric acid, and 0.4% of maltodextrin. The optimized product demonstrated excellent dispersibility 13.19 s, a high sensory evaluation score 76.3, and an overall score of 97.45, while retaining the distinct aroma of pomelo and the flavor of jasmine tea. Conclusion This process offers a promising approach for the industrial production of high-quality compound beverages.

Objective To investigate the effects of different brewing conditions on the antioxidant activities and effective components of Taraxacum mongolicum tea soup. Methods The method used a controlled univariate design to study the extraction content of total flavonoids, total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, and total amino acids in dandelion tea under different brewing times, temperatures, tea water ratios, and water quality conditions by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The antioxidant activities of dandelion tea soup were explored using 2,2-diazine-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cationic radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and nitroso scavenging rate, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) as indicators. The relationships between its antioxidant activities and the content of total flavonoids, total polyphenols, total polysaccharides, and total amino acids in the dandelion tea soup were analyzed. Results When the brewing time was 5 min, the nitroso scavenging activity was the best, expressed as the equivalent concentration of vitamin C (VC) per gram of sample was 0.3938 mg VC/g, which was significantly correlated with the contents of total polyphenols, theanines, and glutamic acids, with correlation coefficients of 0.597, 0.598 and 0.616, respectively; When the brewing temperature was 94 ℃, the iron ion reduction capacity was the strongest, at 0.1784 mg VC/g, significantly correlated with the total polysaccharide content, with a correlation coefficient of 0.529; when the tea water ratio was 1:50 (g:mL), the DPPH radical scavenging activity was the strongest, at 0.2571 mg VC/g, significantly correlated with the contents of total theanines and glutamic acids, with correlation coefficients of 0.483 and 0.497, respectively; when the brewing water was tap water, the ABTS cationic radical scavenging activity was the strongest, at 0.2072 mg VC/g, significantly correlated with the total flavonoids and total polyphenols content, with correlation coefficients of 0.417 and 0.787, respectively. In summary, different brewing conditions affected the antioxidant activities and effective components of dandelion. The antioxidant activities of Taraxacum mongolicum tea were the results of the combined effects of various active compounds, including flavonoids, polyphenols, polysaccharides and amino acids. Conclusion To ensure the optimal antioxidant effects of Taraxacum mongolicum tea, when primarily considering antioxidant activities, it is recommended that the best brewing conditions are: A brewing time of 5 min, a brewing temperature of 94 ℃, a tea-to-water ratio of 1:50 (g:mL), and using tap water for brewing.

Objective To explore the optimal conditions of different deodorization treatment methods and compare the main flavor components of oyster raw materials, oyster enzymatic hydrolysates and the products obtained through different deodorization methods. Methods Taking the Crassostrea hongkongensis enzymatic hydrolysate as the research object, the changes in flavor after deodorization of the samples were investigated by means of single-factor experiments, sensory analysis and physicochemical analysis in combination. Results The optimal conditions for activated carbon deodorization were reaction time 50 min, reaction temperature 50 °C, and the amount of activated carbon addition was 1.0%. The optimal conditions for yeast deodorization were a fermentation temperature of 40 °C and a fermentation time of 60 min, and the yeast addition amount was 1.0%. Compared with oyster raw materials, the total free amino acid content in the enzymatic hydrolysate increased, both bitter and sweet amino acids increased, while the umami amino acids decreased slightly. Compared with the enzymatic hydrolysate, the sweet amino acids of the product treated with combined deodorization increased slightly, while the bitter and umami amino acids decreased slightly. The relative content of alcohols and acids increased by 21.50%. The relative content of ketones decreased by 8.49%, and the clam flavor and oil flavor decreased. Conclusion The combined deodorization of activated carbon and yeast effectively improves the flavor of Crassostrea hongkongensis enzymatic hydrolysate, providing valuable preliminary data for the development of oyster condiments.

Objective To establish ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole electrostatic field orbital trap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap) and use various data analysis methods to quickly identify the chemical composition of Liubao tea. Methods A Thermo Scientific Hypersil GOLD aQ (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.9 μm) counm was used with 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile solution (A) and 0.1% formic acid-water solution (B) as the mobile phase in a gradient elution mode. Detection of chemical components in Liubao tea by positive and negative ion mode of electrostatic spray ion source combined with electrostatic field orbital trap detector. Based on accurate mass to charge ratio data from primary high-resolution mass spectrometry, fragment ions from secondary high-resolution mass spectrometry, Thermo Scientific mzCloud network database, Thermo Scientific high-resolution mass spectrometry database for traditional Chinese medicine components, and relevant literature reports, identify the chemical components. Results Rapid analysis was conducted on the chemical components of Liubao tea, and a total of 36 kinds of compounds were identified, included 3 kinds of amino acid compounds, 3 kinds of phenolic compounds, 16 kinds of flavonoids, 1 kinds of lignin compound, 4 kinds of alkaloids, 1 kinds of terpenoid compound, 2 kinds of coumarins, 4 kinds of organic acid compounds, and 2 kinds of other compounds. Conclusion This study apply UPLC-Q-Orbitrap database to analyze the composition of Liubao tea, which can provide scientific basis for further study on the efficacy and flavor substance basis of Liubao tea.

Objective To establish a high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector method for the determination of xylo-oligosaccharide content in food. Methods The sample size, hydrolysis time, derivatization time and purification times in the pre-treatment method were investigated. Gradient elution was compared with isocratic elution to fix the chromatographic conditions. Moreover, the detection wavelength and column temperature were obtained at the same time. Results The optimized condition was as follows: Weighing sample 2.0 g; hydrolysis time 100 min; derivation time 100 min; purification for 3 times; mobile gradient elution was employed, column temperature 30 ℃; detection wavelength 250 nm. Conclusion This method has good accuracy and sensitivity for the determination of xylo-oligosaccharides in food. This study provides data support for the development of a method for the determination of xylo-oligosaccharides in food.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of nitrite content in pickles by nitroso derivative ultra performance liquid chromatography. Methods A novel and sensitive method for the determination of nitrite content was developed. This is a nitroso derivative produced based on the interaction between nitrite and antipyrine This derivative has strong absorption in 0.02 mol/L acetate buffer solution (contains 0.1% acetic acid) at a wavelength of 345 nm the nitrite content was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography. Results Nitrite in the linear concentration range of 0.05-5.00 mg/L was determined with a limit of detection 0.01 µg/mL. The high, medium and low concentrations were spiked. The extraction recoveries ranged from 88%-96% (n=6). The relative standard deviation was the precision ranged from 2.0%-4.5%. Conclusion The method can effectively eliminate the interference of chloride ions and other anions and pigments on this experiment. The established analytical method has good sensitivity, accuracy, precision and recovery rate, and is suitable for the detection of nitrite in pickles.

Fungi are one of the more common microorganisms in our daily lives, and are closely related to our lives, with both advantages and disadvantages. Its harmful effects are manifested in a number of ways. For example, some fungi can cause crop diseases and reduce yield, accidental consumption of poisonous mushrooms can cause food poisoning and threaten people's lives, in addition, pathogenic fungi can also cause fungal infections and other diseases that are harmful to people's health, so it is very important to be able to quickly and accurately detect pathogenic fungi and identify poisonous mushrooms. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a nucleic acid amplification technique widely used in recent years, which uses DNA polymerase and specific primers to amplify nucleic acids with high efficiency in a short period of time under constant temperature conditions, compared with traditional molecular biology methods, this method does not require high instrumentation, and is characterized by rapidity, sensitivity and simplicity. At present, LAMP technology has been widely used in the detection of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses, and this paper summarised the application of LAMP technology in the detection of fungi to provide a reference for related research.

Objective To obtain a comparative analysis of the unqualified infant and toddler foods in the sampling inspection of national food safety supervision from 2018 to 2023. Methods The information of unqualified infant and toddler food samples sampled by the national food safety supervision from 2018 to 2023 was summarized and analyzed from the sampling quantity and product brands, unqualified rate, food categories, unqualified items and sampled areas. Results The total amount of sampling of infant and toddler food decreased in the past 4 years. The unqualified rate decreased from 0.20% (2018) to 0.02% (2022), however, the unqualified rate increased significantly since 2022. Domestic and foreign brands of infant and toddler food had certain risk of problems. Milk powder and rice flour were the main unqualified infant food categories, accounting for 30.30% and 23.23% respectively. In the unqualified items, mineral content accounted for the highest proportion, followed by vitamin content. The source of unqualified infant food was mostly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas of China, and the unqualified rate of online shop sampling was also quite high. Conclusion In recent years, the state's supervision of infant and toddler food has achieved remarkable results, but it still needs to be strengthened, while the frequency and quantity of sampling inspection should be reasonably arranged. The content of mineral and vitamin in infant food doesn't meet standards, which is an urgent problem to be solved. National market supervision departments need to strengthen follow-up supervision.

Objective To detect and analyze the content of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in different dried Lycium barbarum L. from Nuomuhong Farm, Chaidamu, and evaluate the health risk of heavy metals in Lycium barbarum L. via the dietary route to humans. Methods The content of 6 kinds of heavy metals in Lycium barbarum L. was determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. The pollution degree of Lycium barbarum L. heavy metals was evaluated by single factor index, mean pollution index, pollution factor analysis and Nemero's composite pollution index. The target risk factor method was used to evaluate the health risk of single and complex heavy metal intake of Lycium barbarum L. Results The single pollution index of 6 kinds of heavy metals in Lycium barbarum L. in this area was less than 1, and the comprehensive pollution index was less than 0.7, and the mean pollution index of the lock-in freshness group was less than 0.1, which was uncontaminated, and the mean pollution index of the sun-dried, hot air dried, and hang-dried groups was less than 0.2, which was a slightly contaminated state, and among them, Cu, and Cd were the main contaminating factors. Through correlation and principal component analysis, the sources of heavy metal pollution in the drying process of Lycium barbarum L. were characterized by diversified and multiple pathways, and the heavy metal content of Lycium barbarum L. that had undergone lock-in freshness treatment and hang-dried treatment had a higher safety coefficient; the single or compound heavy metals ingested by the human body through the consumption of Lycium barbarum L. did not pose a health risk to either children or adults. Conclusion The pollution degree of heavy metal of Lycium barbarum L. in this region is low, and the content is in accordance with the limited requirement of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020, and there is a certain effect of different drying on the heavy metal content of Lycium barbarum L., and this test can provide a reference basis for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution of Lycium barbarum L. in the drying system.

Objective To establish a method for determination the content and migration of metal elements (lead, arsenic, aluminum) in paper straws by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry (ICP-OES), and analyze the changes in the content and migration of 3 kinds of elements. Methods Microwave digestion and immersion in 4% acetic acid for 2 hours were used as pre-treatment conditions. The instrument was analyzed according to the selected working conditions, and a standard working curve was drawn. Three elements were subjected to spiked recovery experiments, and the recovery rate and precision were calculated. Then, the content and migration amount of 3 kinds of elements were detected in 45 samples. Results The linear range of lead and arsenic elements in the ICP-MS method was 5-50 μg/L, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999 and limits of detection of 0.005 and 0.002 mg/kg. The spiked recovery rates were 96.1% and 104.2%, with relative standard deviations of 1.5% and 3.6%. The linear range of aluminum element in ICP-OES method was 0.5-4.0 mg/L, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999 and the limits of detection of 0.3 mg/kg. The spiked recovery rate was 94.0%, with a relative standard deviation of 0.2%. The aluminum content and migration amount in paper straws were relatively high, especially the aluminum content, with an average content of 148.00 mg/kg and a maximum content of 1005.00 mg/kg. The 40% of the straws had a content exceeding 100.00 mg/kg. Conclusion Based on the characteristics of lead, arsenic, and aluminum content in paper straws, this study establishes an analytical method for testing aluminum, lead, and arsenic in paper straws. Based on this method, the content and migration patterns of lead, arsenic and aluminum elements in actual use are explored, providing technical support for a deeper understanding of the safety of paper straws.

Objective To investigate the contamination level of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) in the production chain of the Liuzhou river snails rice noodles, promptly assess the risk of VP in the production chain. Methods From 2023 to 2024, a total of 487 simlpes, including snails and snail meat, semi-finished soup packets, and pre-packed Liuzhou river snails rice noodles final products, were randomly collected from Liuzhou agricultural markets and manufacturing enterprises in Liuzhou. A conbination of culture-based methods and real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect VP. Results Among 70 snails samples from agricultural market with a detection rate of 38.6% and an average contamination level of 16.1 MPN/g in 44 snails samples. In the 41 snails and snail meat sample from manufacturing enterprises showing the detection rate of 2.4%; no VP was detected in the semi-finished soup package or final product. Conclusion Although VP contamination is relatively common in snails at the retail trade, the contamination rate of snails and snail meat in the enterprise is low. Furthermore, the repeated boiling in Liuzhou river snails rice noodles production can effectively control VP. Therefore, the risk of VP contamination in the Liuzhou river snails rice noodles production chain is relatively low.