Aflatoxins are of difuran cyclotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and own good chemical stability, thermal stability, strong hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and other toxicity to human body. Due to the low content of aflatoxins in food and the complex food matrix, these food samples contain a large number of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, food additives, etc., which have great interference to the accurate qualitative and quantitative detection of aflatoxins. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore new sample pretreatment techniques and establish rapid and practical detection methods for aflatoxins. This paper reviewed the application of aflatoxin pretreatment techniques (liquid phase extraction, solid phase extraction, ultrasonic microwave assisted extraction, immunoaffinity chromatography) and detection methods(thin-layer analysis, high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunochromatography, nucleic acid aptamer sensing) in the analysis of aflatoxins in food, prospected the development trends towards online combination, the integration of new technologies with traditional equipment, ease of operation, and low cost, providing reliable support for the development of mycotoxin detection.

Patulin is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi such as Penicillium and Aspergillus species, widely present in fruits and their products. Due to its multiple toxicities, it poses a severe threat to food safety. The thiol group in sulfhydryl compounds exhibits chemical reactivity and demonstrates a significant role in the detection and removal of patulin. Through Michael addition reactions, thiol compounds specifically bind to the β-lactone ring of patulin, substantially reducing its toxicity and concentration. Furthermore, functionalized thiol materials, such as thiol-modified nanoparticles and aerogels, demonstrate excellent adsorption performance and separation efficiency, providing efficient, economical and environmentally friendly solutions for ensuring food safety. This paper reviewed the research progress and underlying mechanisms of thiol compounds in the detection and removal of patulin, aiming to provide theoretical references for future research and applications in food safety.

Objective To develop specific antibodies against Fusarium graminearum and establish a double-antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for detecting the contamination of Fusarium graminearum in Triticum aestivum. Methods The fungal lysate antigen of Fusarium graminearum was prepared by physical grinding. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) against Fusarium graminearum were developed using hybridoma technology. The performance parameters of mAbs, such as specificity and affinity, were measured. The optimal combination conditions of the prepared mAbs and polyclonal antibody (pAb) were explored using the checkerboard method, and then the DAS-ELISA method was established. The sensitivity and repeatability of the method were evaluated, and the method was applied to the detection of naturally infected Triticum aestivum samples. Results The mAb 1C4F3 and pAb FG2801 against Fusarium graminearum were successfully prepared. The mAb showed no cross-reaction with other fungi, indicating strong specificity. The affinity constant was 1.26×10⁷ L/mol, suggesting high affinity. A DAS-ELISA method for Fusarium graminearum was established, with a limit of detection of 1.223 μg/mg and a standard curve range of 1.56-100.00 μg/mg. The reliability of the method was verified by detecting 96 naturally infected samples collected from major Triticum aestivum-producing areas in China. A significant positive correlation was found between the content of Fusarium graminearum and the content of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the samples (r²=0.8897). Therefore, the DAS-ELISA could not only be used for the rapid detection of Fusarium graminearum but also for evaluating the DON contamination in the samples. Conclusion The DAS-ELISA developes in this study enables rapid and quantitative determination of Fusarium graminearum in Triticum aestivum. Simultaneously, it allows for a swift assessment of the DON contamination level in samples. Characterized by high accuracy and reliability, this method holds considerable application potential in monitoring Fusarium graminearum contamination in Triticum aestivum crops both in the field and post-harvest.

Objective To analyze the contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives in various cereals and their products and assess the dietary exposure risks. Methods A total of 435 commercially available grain samples of various types were collected from 2021 to 2023. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile-water (84:16, V:V), purified by the 226 purification column, and analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Quantification was performed using the isotope internal standard method. The dietary exposure risk of DON for residents was assessed based on adult dietary consumption levels.Results Among the 435 samples, the detection rate of DON was the highest, reaching 90.6%. The average detection value of DON in dried noodle samples was the highest, reaching 244.8 μg/kg. The dietary exposure amounts of DON were different for residents of different genders. The acute and chronic dietary exposure risks of DON in pasta products such as dried noodles and wheat flour for adult males were higher than those for adult females. The chronic exposure risk of DON caused by dried noodles was higher than that of other food categories; however, the acute exposure risk of DON to adult males and females caused by wheat flour were 8.84 μg/(kg·bw) and 8.34 μg/(kg·bw). Conclusion The detection rate of DON is the highest among different grain foods. Meanwhile, the concentration of DON in wheat flour poses a relatively high acute exposure risk to adult men and women. The contamination situation of DON shouldall be highly emphasized, in particular, attention shall be paid to the acute exposure risk of wheat flour to residents, which provides a reference for the risk assessment of DON in grains and subsequent research.

Objective To investigate multiple mycotoxin contamination and patterns in Triticum aestivum L. samples from China in 2023 and 2024. Methods A total of 248 Triticum aestivum L. samples were randomly collected from the main Triticum aestivum L.-producing areas of the country (2023: 145; 2024: 103). Simultaneously, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the content of various mycotoxins in Triticum aestivum L.. Results The total exceeding rate of mycotoxin contamination in 248 Triticum aestivum L. was 98.0%. The positivity rate for these mycotoxins ranged from 0.4% to 87.1%, with average contamination levels ranging from 0.4 to 604.3 μg/kg. Positive mean values for regulated toxins such as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, and emerging toxins such as alternariol and enniatins in Triticum aestivum L. were lower in 2024 than in 2023. In addition, the results of zearalenone ELISA (2023: 91.5%, 88.5 μg/kg; 2024: 92.2%,79.4 μg/kg) had relatively large differencey from those of LC-MS/MS (2023: 28.7%, 17.7 μg/kg; 2024: 29.1%, 5.0 μg/kg). Conclusion Triticum aestivum L. mycotoxin contamination is less severe in 2024 than in 2023. Higher levels of contamination with deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, alternariol and beauvericin are also found in Triticum aestivum L..

Objective To study the volatile compounds produced by atmospheric cold plasma (AP) treatment on the crude fat of Trachinotus ovatus during storage at 4 ℃, and characterize and analyze them. Methods The volatile organic compounds in the crude fat of Trachinotus ovatus after AP treatment during storage at 4 ℃ were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by electronic-nose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the taste substances of crude fat of Trachinotus ovatus were detected by electronic tongue. Results The types and content of alcohols and acids detected in the AP treatment group were low. The odor activity values showed that isobutyraldehyde, butyl hydroxytoluene, (Z)-3-phenylacrolein, cinnamyl acetate and dibutyl phthalate were the main volatile compounds in the fresh group, AP treatment group and storage control group. The electronic-nose radar map showed that the sensor response of the AP treatment group was weaker than the other two. Conclusion AP treatment can effectively protect the flavor stability of food during storage at 4 ℃. AP treatment group can bring special volatile compounds to the crude fat of Trachinotus ovatus, and slow down the rate of lipid oxidation during storage at 4 ℃. This research is helpful to explore the application of AP treatment in aquatic products.

Objective To explore the compositional differences in the volatile flavor substances of 6 kinds of Miao rice wines and compare their volatile flavor qualities. Methods Volatile compounds of 6 kinds of Miao rice wines (MJ1-MJ6) were analyzed by headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the aroma qualities were compared using principal component analysis. Results A total of 99 kinds of volatile flavor substances were detected in the study, with significant differences in content and composition among the samples, among which 11 kinds of common substances such as ethyl decanoate, isobutanol, ethyl hexanoate and isoamyl acetate constituted the basic flavor of Miao rice wine. MJ1 to MJ6 contained 12, 7, 4, 7, 4 and 11 kinds of unique substances, respectively. The top 3 most abundant substances varied from sample to sample, but were mainly esters. In terms of substance categories, esters and alcohols dominated the volatile flavor substances of 6 kinds of Miao rice wines. Principal component analysis showed that alcohols, aromatics, esters, olefins, acids and other substances were the key factors affecting the aroma quality of rice wine, with the best aroma quality being obtained for rice wine MJ6. Conclusion This study clarifies the characteristics and differences of the aroma substances of 6 kinds of Miao rice wines, and provides an important reference for the development of the Miao rice wine industry.

Objective To analyze the differences in volatile organic compounds in black wheat flour, whole wheat flour and seeds in different regions of Xinjiang. Methods The volatile components of flour, whole wheat flour and seeds of 6 kinds of black wheats from 4 different regions in Xinjiang were detected using headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, and the volatile components were classified and feature selected using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) method. Results A total of 134 kinds of volatiles were detected in black wheat, and 97 kinds of volatile organic compounds were characterized, mainly including 23 kinds of aldehydes, 21 kinds of esters, 19 kinds of alcohols, 12 kinds of ketones and 6 kinds of acids. Relative odor activity value (ROAV) showed that 1-octen-3-one, (E)-2-octenal, 1-propanethiol, 2-formyl-5-methylthiophene, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, 4-methylbenzaldehyde, isovaleric acid, 1-oct-1-ene-3-ol and proto-guaiacol were the major volatile odorants and played a dominant role in black wheat. OPLS-DA analysis showed that there were differences between the volatiles of black wheat flour, whole wheat flour and seeds, with (E)-2-octenal mainly present in seeds, 2-methylbutyraldehyde higher in flour and 4-methylbenzaldehyde higher in whole wheat flour. Conclusion Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry can be used as a technical tool to distinguish the differences in volatile compounds between different treatments of black wheat, and the results of this study provide data support for optimizing the milling process of black wheat, as well as a new direction for the identification of adulteration of black wheat whole wheat flour.

Objective To identify flavor compounds in Douzhir and Ma Tofu and analyze their characteristic components based on purge and trap-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PT-GC/MS) combined with the national institute of standards and technology (NIST) database. Methods Weigh 2.0 g of sample into a 40 mL brown spiral sample bottle, add 10 mL of experimental water and a tetrafluoroethylene magnetic stirrer, heat the sample at 40 ℃, and analyze it by PT-GC/MS. Results A total of 260 kinds of flavor compounds were identified across 34 batches, including sulfur-containing compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, etc. Raw and cooked Douzhir exhibited significantly higher relative abundances of sulfur-containing compounds compared to Ma Tofu, which showed greater diversity but lower similarity in flavor profiles. These identification data could to some extent reflect sensory evaluation results, but there was a possibility that some flavor compounds might be more prominent or interfered with by other odors. In addition, this study used principal component analysis (PCA) method to identify the overall distribution of samples and deviations from samples, and attempted to analyze the reasons for deviations. Further, using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), based on the screening conditions [P<0.05, variable importance in the projection (VIP)>1], 31 kinds of characteristic flavor compounds of raw and cooked Douzhir were selected, which could be used for the differentiation and identification of raw and cooked Douzhir. Conclusion The study confirms that PT-GC/MS combined with multivariate statistical method can effectively analyze the flavor compounds of Douzhir and Ma Tofu, screen the characteristic compounds, and provide a basis for the subsequent optimization and improvement of product flavor.

Sulforaphane and sulforaphene, as 2 kinds of naturally occurring bioactive compounds belonging to the same class of isothiocyanates, are widely distributed in cruciferous plants. They not only exhibit highly similar structural characteristics but also share multiple biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-obesity effects. In recent years, groundbreaking research has been conducted on their metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Initially, the conversion mechanisms of their glucosinolate precursors within plants are elucidated, followed by a systematic investigation of their in vivo metabolic pathways, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties. Moreover, organ and tissue distribution studies have facilitated the construction of their metabolic maps. Notably, while sulforaphane has garnered increasing scientific attention, its structurally similar counterpart, sulforaphene, has yet to attract comparable research interest. Currently, there remains a significant gap in the systematic metabolic studies of isothiocyanate compounds within the domestic academic community, particularly concerning comprehensive reviews on metabolic pathways and key biomarkers. This study integrated cutting-edge international research and systematically delineated the metabolic regulatory networks of sulforaphane and sulforaphene. By providing theoretical support for dietary development and clinical translation, it also proposes innovative research strategies to address the research bottlenecks of sulforaphene, aiming to drive breakthrough advancements in this field.

Objective To enhance the bioavailability of longan kernels, investigate the bioactive properties of their polyphenols from different cultivars. Methods In this study, polyphenolic compounds were extracted and purified from longan kernels of 8 cultivars (Chuliang, Daguangyan, Shuangzimu, Shuizhang, Fenglisui, Thai, Shixia and Fuyan). The antioxidant and antibacterial functions were analyzed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging capacity test, 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and inhibition zone experiment, and the differences among different varieties were compared Results Polyphenols from all longan kernels exhibited substantial antioxidant activity, with DPPH and ABTS highest scavenging rates reaching 98.70% and 91.88%, respectively. Moreover, these polyphenols effectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus subtilis, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 17.0 to 22.6 mm. The results of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of polyphenols extracted from longan kernels of different cultivars indicated that Shuangzimu longan exhibited the highest inhibition rate against Staphylococcus aureus, at 82.50%. Similarly, Shixia longan showed the highest inhibition rate against Listeria monocytogenes, at 84.60%. Thai longan had the highest inhibition rate of Bacillus subtilis, which was 83.8%. Correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficients between total phenol content and DPPH free radical and ABTS cation free radical were higher than 0.9, indicating that 8 varieties of longan kernel polyphenols had good antioxidant capacity. The total phenol content of Fuyan longan showed medium correlation to its resistance to Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes (correlation coefficient 0.8-0.9). Specifically, Shuangzimu and Shixia longans demonstrated inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus, while Thai longan showed strong inhibitory ability against Bacillus subtilis, and Shuliang longan effectively inhibited Listeria monocytogenes. Conclusion This study investigates the variation in total phenolic content as well as the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of longan kernel polyphenols across different cultivars. These observed differences may provide targeted selection of longan kernel polyphenols for specific applications and serve as a reference for understanding their biological activities across cultivars.

Objective To explore a preparation method for low-cariogenic soft candy by adopting a dual-intervention strategy combining sugar replacement and dental plaque biofilm regulation. Methods Various gelatinous candies were prepared by substituting xylitol for partial maltose and incorporating food additives including arginine and dextranase. Texture profile analysis was employed to characterize the effects of functional components on candy texture. Dextran decomposition experiments assessed samples’ capacity to degrade dental plaque matrix, while Streptococcus mutans antibacterial tests evaluated the anti-cariogenic efficacy. Results Partial substitution of maltose with xylitol effectively reduced candy viscosity. Food-grade β-dextranase retained its dextran-degrading capability at 75 ℃. Food-grade L-arginine was identified as the primary growth-inhibiting factor against Streptococcus mutans. Compared to sucrose-induced bacterial growth (set as 100%), the optimal compound candy promoted Streptococcus mutans growth at 50.10% of sucrose’s level and 29.19% of control candy’s level. Conclusion The developed soft candy in this study aids in preventing dental caries, thereby contributing to the creation of children’s food products designed to address oral health issues.

Objective To explore the impacts of diverse food processing environments on the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides and peptides derived from Auricularia auricula, and analyze the food functional characteristics of these polysaccharides and peptides. Methods Taking Auricularia auricula as the raw material, Auricularia auricula polysaccharides and peptides were prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis. Various conditions of different food additives, metal ions, high temperatures, pH and light intensity were simulated to assess the antioxidant stability, functional characteristics, and morphological features of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides and peptides. Results Exposure to light, strong acids and bases, as well as the presence of Na⁺, K⁺, and the sterilization method, had a minimal impact on the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. However, the addition of Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, glucose and sucrose caused a decline in the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. In contrast, the addition of erythritol, citric acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate enhanced the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides. Lighting, a pH range of 5-7, and the sterilization method had little effect on the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides. The addition of Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, glucose and sucrose led to a decrease in the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides, while the addition of Na⁺, K⁺, erythritol, citric acid, potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate increased the antioxidant activity of Auricularia auricula peptides, with the highest antioxidant activity observed at 60 ℃. Auricularia auricula polysaccharide and polypeptide possessed general water-holding capacity and certain oil-holding capacity. Their foaming property, foam stability, emulsifying property and emulsifying stability increased in a dose-dependent manner. The freeze-dried powder became denatured and inactivated if it could not tolerate high temperatures. Conclusion The polysaccharides and peptides prepared from Auricularia auricula are suitable for use as emulsifiers, foaming agents, or functional ingredients in industries such as food, health products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. This study can offer a theoretical basis for the deep processing of Auricularia auricula.

Objective To explore the effects and mechanisms of sea cucumber intestinal ovigerm peptides (SCIOP) on enhancing the immune function of mice through network pharmacology and animal experiments. Methods The database was used to screen the active chemical components of SCIOP and the targets of immune cells. Gene ontology (GO) functional analysis, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were conducted on the relevant core targets to preliminarily explore the potential targets and mechanisms of SCIOP in enhancing immune function. Male kunming mice (KM) aged 4-5 weeks old were randomly assigned to 4 groups. The experimental groups were treated with SCIOP at doses of 0.52 g/kg (SCIOP-L) and 1.04 g/kg (SCIOP-H) via gavage, the positive control group received 0.52 g/kg of sea cucumber peptides, while the blank control group was given an equal volume of distilled water by gavage. After 30 days of gavage, various immune indicators were measured, including organ/body weight ratio, delayed-type hypersensitivity, splenic lymphocyte transformation capacity, humoral immunity, and peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity were measured. Results The results of network pharmacology showed that the active ingredients of SCIOP in enhancing immune function mought be cucumarioside, holothurin and other 15 kinds of ingredients. The key targets mought be cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A), fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) and other 46 immune targets, which mainly enriched in cell adhesion molecules, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)and other 14 signaling pathways. Animal experiment results showed that SCIOP significantly increased delayed-type hypersensitivity, serum hemolysin level, the phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages, and splenic lymphocyte transformation capacity. Conclusion SCIOP activates immune cells with characteristics of multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways, which may exert their immune-enhancing effects through various active components acting on multiple core targets and regulating a number of signaling pathways.

As widely used veterinary antimicrobials, sulfonamides are essential to detect in dairy products to protect public health and food safety. Chromatography-mass spectrometry is the main technique for detecting sulfonamides in dairy products because of its high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. This paper reviewed the development of this technique in sulfonamide detection, focused on improvements in sample pretreatment methods, chromatographic condition optimization and advancements in mass spectrometry techniques. It also examined the roles of emerging technologies like microfluidics, molecularly imprinted polymers and 3D printing in improving detection efficiency, cutting costs and streamlining operations. Future research in drug residue detection will be centered on quick and economical methods, and this review offered useful information for that research field.

Objective To establish a method for the rapid extraction of Datura stramonium Linn. seeds, Datura stramonium Linn. flowers, Datura stramonium Linn. shells, Datura stramonium Linn. leaves and Datura stramonium Linn. stems and simultaneous determination of scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methods The Datura stramonium Linn. seeds were extracted with methanol, flowers were extracted with ethanol and others were extracted with 1% formic acid solution. An ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine by external standard method in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-methanol as the mobile phase in a gradient elution and electrospray ionization with a positive ion source. Results Scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine showed good linearity (r≥0.999) in the range of mass concentrations from 0.1 to 10.0 ng/mL. Limits of detection were 30-76 μg/kg, limits of quantitation were 80-253 μg/kg. The average recoveries of the 3 alkaloids at the low, medium and high spiked concentration levels ranged from were 81.9%-117.0%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.7%-7.2%. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid, accurate, can provide reliable technical support for the determination of scopolamine, racanisodamine and atropine in Datura stramonium Linn..

Objective To explore a method for rapid detection of thiabendazole residue in dairy products using molecular fluorescence differential addition method. Methods The optimal experimental conditions for the molecular fluorescence differential addition method were determined through single factor experiments, and this method was applied to determine the content of thiabendazole in dairy products. Results The residue of thiabendazole in dairy products ranged from 0.1580 to 0.1611 mg/kg, with a limit of detection was 0.0018 μg/mL and a limit of quantification was 0.0060 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation of the results was 0.75% (n=6), and the recovery rates ranged from 99.4% to 106.7%. A comparison with GB 23200.87—2016 National standards for food safety-Determination of thiabendazole residues in milk and dairy products-Fluorescence spectrophotometry showed no significant differences between the two methods based on F-test and t-test analysis. Conclusion This method eliminates the need to construct a calibration curve and measure blank solutions, offering advantages such as simplicity, sensitivity, rapidity, high recovery rates and accurate results. The proposed method is suitable for the rapid detection of thiabendazole residue in dairy products and provides a new detection technique for the determination of thiabendazole residues in dairy products.

Objective To establish a non-derivatized extraction method for the simultaneous determination of chlorthal-diacid, dalapon and trysben in tea by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) clean-up. Methods Tea samples were extracted by 20 mL of 1% acetic acid in water and 10 mL of methylene chloride; clean-up by HLB (300 mg/3 mL) filtration. Separation of the target analytes was achieved on an octadecylsilane (C₁₈) chromatographic column, and quantitation was performed by LC-MS/MS in negative ion mode. Results The 3 kinds of herbicides were effectively separated on the C₁₈ column with good linearity in the range of 0.01-2.00 μg/mL (r²>0.997). At 4 spiked levels of 0.05, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/kg, the average recoveries of the 3 kinds of pesticides in the blank matrix of tea ranged from 71.1% to 119.2%, with the relative standard deviations between 3.3% and 18.3%. The limits of detection were ranged from 0.002-0.009 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were ranged from 0.008-0.029 mg/kg of the 3 kinds of herbicides. Conclusion The developed method offers a simple and rapid pretreatment procedure, eliminating the need for derivatization. It is friendly to the inspectors and the environment, and can be used as a method for large-scale detection of chlorthal-diacid, dalapon and trysben residues in tea.

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 5 kinds of heavy metals [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu)] and harmful elements in longan lour by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and to evaluate the safety of longan lour. Methods Microwave digestion-ICP-MS was used to determine 5 kinds of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour, single factor pollution index method and Nemero comprehensive pollution index method were used for pollution assessment, the health risk assessment was carried out according to 4 steps: Hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Results The 5 kinds of elements had a good linear relationship (r>0.999) within a certain content range, the recovery rates were 97.5%-106.8%, and relative standard deviations were 0.11%-2.52%, indicating that the method was accurate and reliable. According to the heavy metal and harmful element limit standards for medicinal materials and decoction pieces in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (2020 edition), longan lour from one producing region exceeded the Pb limit, with a non-compliance rate of 5%. Safety evaluation studies revealed that samples from 3 producing regions were contaminated with heavy metals and harmful elements to varying degrees, while those from the remaining 17 regions were safe. Health risk assessment studies indicated that Pb and As exposure from longan lour in a small number of producing regions might pose certain non-carcinogenic health risks to humans, warranting attention. Conclusion The model established in this study effectively assesses the health risks of heavy metals and harmful elements in longan lour, providing reference data for formulating limit standards for heavy metals in longan lour and offering a scientific basis for establishing a safety evaluation system for this medicinal material.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 6 kinds of carbamate pesticide residues in vegetables by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and study the degradation rule of carbamate pesticides in vegetables. Methods The samples were extracted with acetonitrile to extract carbamate pesticides. The supernatant was purified by solid phase adsorbent, concentrated and dried, and then diluted with methanol. The quantitative analysis was carried out by HPLC-post column derivatization.Results Through optimization of the method, it was found that there was a good linear relationship between peak area and concentration of 6 kinds of carbamate pesticides in the mass concentration range of 0.10-2.00 μg/mL, with correlation coefficients not less than 0.9996. The limit of detection was 0.002-0.005 mg/kg, the average recovery rate was 86%-95%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 3.5%. At the same time, the residual status and degradation rule of amino esters in vegetables were obtained, and it was found that the order of pesticide residue content of methomyl was: Unwashed potato peel>washed potato peel>potato interior. Conclusion This method has high sensitivity, low limit of detection, good recovery rate and feasible operation, meeting the experimental requirements. The degradation rules of pesticide residues show significant differences, providing a theoretical basis for evaluating the safety of vegetables after the use of carbamate pesticides.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of pentachlorophenol residues in various animal derived foods by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods Triethylamine acetonitrile water extraction and mixed anion exchange column purification were used, and detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer. This article had discussed in detail the key control points such as extraction, purification, nitrogen blowing, filtration, chromatographic-mass spectrometric separation, analysis, and qualitative and quantitative determination. The improved method optimized the proportion of extraction solvents and removed the nitrogen blowing and concentration process. Eventually, a determination method applicable to the residual amounts of pentachlorophenolic acid in muscles (pork, beef, mutton, chicken), livers (pig liver, beef liver, sheep liver, chicken liver), kidneys (pig kidney, beef kidney, sheep kidney, chicken kidney), fish, shrimp, crabs, shellfish, poultry eggs (chicken eggs, duck eggs, goose eggs, quail eggs), milk and milk powder was established. Results The pentachlorophenol were linear in the range of 0.2-8.0 ng/mL with correlation coefficients (r²) higher than 0.99. The limits of detection (S/N≥3) were 0.3 µg/kg, and the limits of quantitation (S/N≥10) were 1.0 µg/kg. The recovery rates of different matrices at LOQ, 2LOQ and 10LOQ spiked levels were all between 64.5% and 119.0%, with intra and inter assay relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 15%. Conclusion The method is simple to operate, highly accurate, and has good applicability, which can meet the detection of pentachlorophenol residues in different animal derived foods.

Objective To evaluate the acute toxicity and genetic toxicity of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA). Methods Acute toxicity was evaluated by oral gavage of γ-PGA at 10000 mg/(kg·bw) to rats and mice using the limit test method, with observations of toxic signs and mortality; the 30 hour double gavage method followed by microscopic examination to quantify the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in mouse bone marrow was employed to detect the micronucleus induction of γ-PGA; the plate incorporation method was utilized to enumerate revertant colonies of Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535) to assess the mutagenic potential of γ-PGA; a continuous 5 day gavage followed by microscopic analysis was conducted to analyze the number and frequency of chromosomal structural aberrations in mouse spermatocytes to evaluate the chromosomal aberration induction of γ-PGA. Results The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of γ-PGA via acute oral administration to both male and female mice and rats was greater than 10000 mg/(kg·bw). At a dose of 5000 mg/(kg·bw), γ-PGA did not significantly increase micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of either male or female mice (P>0.05), nor did it induce chromosomal aberrations in primary spermatocytes of mice (P>0.05). Additionally, at a dose of 5000 μg per plate, no significant mutagenic activity was detected in the standard tested strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535), regardless of S₉ activation. Conclusion Under the experimental conditions of this study, γ-PGA is classified as practically non-toxic and non-genotoxic, providing a toxicological basis for its development and application in the food industry.

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 26 kinds of veterinary drug residues in 3 categories including sulfonamide, quinolones and tetracyclines based on duck meat by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Methods The 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile extraction was used, QuEChERS purification agent was used to remove impurities. After nitrogen blowing in a 45 ℃ water bath to near dryness, the mixture was diluted with 0.1% formic acid water acetonitrile (1:1, V:V) and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Results The 26 kinds of veterinary drugs showed good linearity in the range of 2.0-300.0 ng/mL (r²≥0.9996), the limits of detection were 0.28-6.02 μg/kg, the limits of quantification were 11.28-15.03 μg/kg. The average recovery rates of 26 kinds of veterinary drugs at different concentration levels (5.0, 50.0, 300.0 μg/kg) were 75.08%-112.35% (n=15), and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.25%-7.88% (n=15). Conclusion This method features simple pretreatment operations, high efficiency, and low consumption of reagents and materials. It is suitable for the preliminary screening and detection of 26 kinds of veterinary drug residues in 3 categories for large quantities of duck meat samples.

Objective To establish a method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of a new illegal additive in foods, vardenafil impurity 31 by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The UPLC-MS/MS was used to screen 92 kinds of substances of nafils illegally added in foods. The ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was used to analyze the structure of the test sample. After the structure was inferred, the standard substance was purchased and verified. The target substance in the test sample was confirmed to be vardenafil impurity 31. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was established by UPLC-MS/MS, which was suitable for the qualitative and quantitative determination of vardenafil impurity 31 in foods. Results The limit of detection of vardenafil impurity 31 was 5 μg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 10 μg/kg. The linear relationship was good in the linear range of 0.1-50.0 ng/mL, the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.9976, the average recovery rate was 85.33%-89.41%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 10%. Conclusion The established method is simple and accurate, and can be used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the new illegal additive vardenafil impurity 31 in foods.

The traceability of grain origins and authenticity identification have garnered increasing attention from consumers. In recent years, significant progress has been made in research on Oryza sativa origin traceability and authenticity identification, encompassing technologies such as stable isotope analysis, mineral element profiling, spectroscopy, volatile compound analysis, DNA-based methods and metabolomics. This paper reviewed the research progress on the integration of various technologies with multivariate analytical methods in the traceability of origin tracing and authenticity identification of Oryza sativa, while discussed the principles, application scope, effectiveness and advantages/disadvantages of different techniques. By incorporating the geographical, varietal and organic characteristics of Oryza sativa, it summarized the latest developments in Oryza sativa origin traceability systems. The study aimed to provide reference foundations for Oryza sativa quality control and food safety, promote the establishment of traceability databases, and highlights its critical implications for safety regulation, rights protection and brand safeguarding in the Oryza sativa industry.

Objective To optimize a non-destructive detection model for predicting Vaccinium spp. sugar content using hyperspectral imaging technology. Methods The L25 variety of blueberries from Dandong was selected as the subject, and hyperspectral imaging technology was acquired in the wavelength range of 900-1700 nm. The average spectrum of the region of interest was calculated as the raw data. The 3 kinds of preprocessing methods, including multiple scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV) and Savitzky-Golay (SG), were applied to improve the spectral data quality. Non-destructive sugar content prediction models were established using partial least squares regression (PLSR), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and support vector regression (SVR) based on the full-wavelength data after preprocessing. Results The experimental results demonstrated that the PLSR model, with MSC and SNV preprocessing, exhibited the best performance, achieving root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 0.3586 and 0.3599, respectively. Conclusion This study provides an optimized non-destructive detection model for Vaccinium spp. sugar content, offering effective technical support for rapid and accurate sugar content prediction with significant practical potential.

Objective To prepare a kind of β-cyclodextrin nanosponge and explore the paeonol loading effects. Methods The cyclodextrin nanosponge was prepared by cross-linking, the cross-linking effect were determined through infrared spectrum detection, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis, and the morphology and pore state of nanosponge was analyzed with the scanning electron microscope; the paeonol was loaded onto the nanosponge by immersion, and the loading effect was analyzed through liquid chromatography detection. Results Through the infrared spectroscopic analysis, 6 kinds of nanosponge were produced successfully after the cross-linking reaction; the original crystalline structure of β-cyclodextrin disappeared due to the formation of new products; nanosponge had a lower thermal stability than of β-cyclodextrin; 3 kinds of nanosponge with relatively complete and uniform pore structure were produced, and their paeonol loading rates were 19.31%, 12.27% and 5.78% respectively. Conclusion The produced porous nanosponge has good paeonol loading effect, and can be used in the active packages of food or fresh products.

Objective To investigate the lipid-lowering and liver protective effects of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on hyperlipidemic model rats. Methods The 50 male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group and low, medium and high dose groups of NMN (10, 50, 250 mg/kg), with 10 rats in each group. The normal group was given maintenance feed, while the other groups were given high-fat feed to establish a high-fat model. After successful modeling, gastric lavage intervention was performed in each group. After 5 weeks of intervention, serum biochemical indicators and blood lipids were measured, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high densitylipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels, glucose (GLU), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CREA) levels, combined with pathological observation of liver histological changes and nonalcoholic fattyliver disease activity score (NAS) of liver tissues was evaluated. Results Compared with the normal group, the body weight of the model group rats increased significantly, and the levels of TG, TC, LDL-c and ALT (P<0.01) in their serum increased significantly, AST and ALP levels significantly increased (P<0.05) The level of HDL-c (P<0.05) decreased significantly, while GLU and CREA showed no significant changes. Compared with the model group, the TG, TC and ALT levels in the low and medium dose groups were significantly reduced (P<0.05), the LDL-c in the medium dose group was significantly reduced (P<0.01). The TG, AST and ALT content in the high-dose group was significantly reduced (P<0.05). However, TC and LDL-c were significantly reduced (P<0.01); there was no significant difference in HDL-c, ALP, GLU and CREA. Compared with the model group, the low, medium, and high dose groups improved hepatic steatosis and inflammatory infiltration in rats, and the total score of NAS in the medium and high dose groups was reduced and showed statistical significance. Conclusion NMN can reduce the blood lipid levels in hyperlipidemic SD rats and has a certain protective effect on the liver.

Objective To establish a method for rapid determination of bongkrekic acid content in Hanzhong Mianpi by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) combined with QuEChERS purification. Methods Hanzhong Mianpi samples were extracted by acetonitrile-water (8:2, V:V) ultrasonic extraction, purified by QuEChERS, concentrated, constant volume, separated by Thermo (100 mm× 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) chromatographic column, gradient eluted by acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution, quantified by standard curve method with electric spray ion source (ESI), multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Results The linear relationship of bongkrekic acid was good within the range of 1-100 ng/mL, with a correlation coefficient (r²) greater than 0.999. At 3 spiked levels of 2, 10 and 50 μg/kg, the spiked recovery rate was 86.7%-90.0%, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.3%-2.9%, the limit of detection was 0.5 μg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 1.5 μg/kg. All actual samples did not detect any citric acid. Conclusion This method has simple pre-treatment, fast analysis, high recovery rate, and high sensitivity, which can provide reference for the quality control of bongkrekic acid in Hanzhong Mianpi.

Objective To analyze and evaluate the nutritional quality of different varieties of almonds in Xinjiang. Methods The 19 kinds of varieties of almonds grown in Xinjiang were selected as the research objects. The content of macronutrients and micronutrients, fatty acids, amino acids and active substances were determined. Based on principal component analysis, a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of the 19 kinds of varieties of almonds was conducted. Results The protein content of almonds was 22.34 g/100 g, the fat was 35.93%, and the carbohydrate content was 35.76%. The 3 kinds of organic acids, namely tartaric acid, fumaric acid and citric acid, were detected, with average content of 217, 3.98 and 197 g/kg, respectively. The content ranges of total polyphenols and total flavonoids were 0.54-1.94 mg/g and 1.42-15.79 mg/g, respectively. Oleic acid and linoleic acid were the main fatty acids in almonds, with average proportions of 73% and 18%, respectively. The 18 kinds of amino acids were detected in almonds, among which glutamic acid had the highest content (4.97 g/100 g), and methionine had the lowest content (0.08 g/100 g). The main minerals in almonds were potassium (705 mg/100 g), phosphorus (484 mg/100 g), magnesium (268 mg/100 g) and calcium (264 mg/100 g). The results of principal component analysis indicated that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first 4 principal components of the nutritional components in almonds was 86.60%. Alanine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, arginine, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, methionine and proline were important indicators for identifying the nutritional quality of almonds. Conclusion There are differences in the nutritional components among different varieties of Xinjiang almonds, and the composition and content of fatty acids and amino acids are the main parameters for evaluating almond quality.

Objective To establish a method for determination of total arsenic in food by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Methods The 0.3 g of the biological component standard substances, namely rice and spinach, were weighed and digested using a microwave digestion instrument. Then, the collision mode was adopted to reduce the interference of mass spectrometry. The non-mass spectrometry interference was corrected by the internal standard. Acetic acid, isopropanol, methanol and ethanol were selected as sensitizers, and the concentration of the added sensitizers was adjusted and optimized. The response value of arsenic was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results The highest arsenic response value was observed at 6% isopropanol content. The established method was applied to analyze certified reference materials and real food samples. The measured values of certified reference materials all fell within their certified values and uncertainty ranges, with relative errors below 2.0%. The limit of detection for total arsenic was 0.0016 mg/kg. Conclusion This method demonstrates straightforward operation, good precision, high accuracy, and a low limit of detection, making it suitable as a reliable analytical approach for determining total arsenic content in various food samples.

Objective To compare the physicochemical properties of Tibetan pea starch, mung bean starch, and poplar-wheat starch. Methods The amylose content, granule morphology, particle size distribution, crystalline structure, pasting properties, digestibility and thermodynamic properties of the 3 types of starch were studied. Results The amylose content in pea starch was significantly lower than that in mung bean starch and poplar-wheat starch; pea starch and poplar-wheat starch granules were mainly oval and kidney-shaped, while mung bean starch granules were mainly disc-shaped and ellipsoidal. The average particle size of pea starch was significantly different compared to the other 2 types of starch, and the relative crystallinity of the 3 types of starch types showed no significant differences; pea and mung bean starches had typical C-type crystalline structures, while poplar-wheat starch had an A-type crystalline structure. Mung bean starch had a stronger water-binding capacity, and the starch paste became more viscous after absorbing water and swelling, while pea starch and poplar-wheat starch had better thermal paste stability, with stronger heat resistance and shear resistance in high-temperature environments. Pea starch was more prone to gelation and aging, while poplar-wheat starch was less prone to aging. Poplar-wheat starch had a later pasting time, while pea starch had the earliest pasting time. Pea starch had the highest content of rapidly digestible starch and slowly digestible starch, while poplar-wheat starch had the highest content of resistant starch. Pea starch and poplar-wheat starch were easier to gelatinize than mung bean starch, which was less prone to gelatinization. Conclusion Tibetan pea starch and poplar-wheat starch are similar as granule shape and thermal paste stability, and most of their physicochemical properties are similar as those of mung bean starch.

Objective To investigate the effects of exogenous additives on the content of higher alcohols in Fructus Mori. wine. Methods This study systematically added 9 kinds of single factor experimental components from 3 major categories to the Fructus Mori. fermentation substrate, including enzyme preparations such as pectinase, cellulase and saccharifying enzyme; assimilating nitrogen sources: Diammonium dihydrogen phosphate, glutamic acid and arginine; metal ions: Calcium chloride, potassium chloride and magnesium chloride. Based on the Box-Benhnken central combination design principle, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the process of adding exogenous additives to reduce the total higher alcohol content in Fructus Mori. wine. Results The optimal exogenous additives and their amounts were: Cellulase 0.22 g/L, magnesium chloride 21.30 mg/L, potassium chloride 26.00 mg/L. Under these conditions, the total content of higher alcohols was 302 mg/L. Compared with the fermentation without adding exogenous additives, the total content of higher alcohols under these conditions was significantly reduced by 8.76%. Conclusion This study optimizes the process of adding exogenous additives to fermented Fructus Mori. wine, which can provide a theoretical basis for solving the problem of high content of advanced alcohols in Fructus Mori. wine that are prone to overgrowth.

Objective To understand the pollution level of pesticide residues in vegetables sold in Tibet. Methods In August 2024, 50 vegetable samples (eggplant, celery, lettuce, cucumber, broccoli) were randomly collected from 5 cities in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The 43 kinds of pesticide residues were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and a risk assessment dietary exposure was conducted. Results The detection rate of pesticides in 50 vegetable samples was 6.05%, with a total of 14 kinds of pesticides detected, with the highest detection rate being enoxymorpholine. The pesticide exceedance rate in 50 vegetable samples was 0.326%, and a total of 3 kinds of exceedance pesticides were detected, with the highest exceedance rate being avermectin. Pesticide residues had been detected in 5 cities, with the exception of Naqu City, the other 4 cities had exceeded the standard. The chronic ingestion risk values of pesticides detected in 5 kinds of vegetables were: Eggplant (0.001-0.023 mg/kg), celery (0.006-3.665 mg/kg), lettuce (0.001-0.697 mg/kg), cucumber (0.001-0.188 mg/kg) and broccoli (0.002-0.463 mg/kg). Conclusion Different levels of pesticide residues can still be detected in 50 vegetables sold in Tibet, but the residue level is low; the chronic intake risk values of 5 kinds of vegetables are all far below 100%, and the health risks of residents ingesting pesticide residues in vegetables through dietary pathways are within an acceptable range.

Objective To optimize the processing technology for preserved fruit made from red pitaya peel. Methods The 3 primary factors sodium citrate concentration, sugar solution concentration, and baking time were selected based on single factor experiments. Sensory scores of the preserved red pitaya peel fruit were used as response variables, and the optimal processing conditions were determined using response surface methodology. Results The optimal processing conditions for the peel and preserved fruit of red-fleshed pitaya was determined: 0.75% sodium citrate (for color retention), 40% sugar solution concentration and a baking time of 3.0 hours. The resulting product exhibited a vibrant color and distinctive taste. Conclusion This study proposes a novel method for producing preserved fruit using red pitaya peel, thereby effectively utilizing by-products from pitaya processing.

Objective To develop a solid beverage with Polygonatum sibiricum-Lycium barbarum as the main raw materials. Methods Using polysaccharides as the indicator, the total polysaccharides were extracted using the ultrasonic method. The extraction process of Polygonatum sibiricum and Lycium barbarum was determined through single-factor and orthogonal tests. The extract was concentrated, and the extract powder was obtained using wet granulation and drying. The appearance and quality of the granules were assessed as the evaluation indicator, and the effects of different amounts of main raw materials and excipients on the granule characteristics were studied through single-factor and orthogonal tests. Excipients such as sucrose powder, DL-malic acid and β-cyclodextrin were added. Using sensory evaluation as the indicator, the optimal formulation for Polygonatum sibiricum-Lycium barbarum solid beverage was determined through single-factor and orthogonal tests, ultimately obtaining the optimal preparation process. Results The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: Took Polygonatum sibiricum and Lycium barbarum medicinal materials 70 g with the ratio of 4:1 (m:m), then added 80 ℃ purified water. With an extraction time of 30 minutes, a liquid-to-material ratio of 30:1 (V:m), and an ultrasonic power of 250 W. The extract was concentrated to a thick paste, each 1 mL of which was equivalent to 1 g of the crude drug. The 70 mL extract paste was taken, and 15 mL of 95% ethanol and 250 g of maltodextrin were added. The mixture was granulated using the wet granulation method, and the granules were dried at 60 ℃ for 4 hours, 20 g extract particles were taken. The final extract granules were mixed with 0.2% DL-malic acid, 5 g (25%) sucrose powder, and 0.06% β-cyclodextrin, then divided and packed into 12 bags, each containing 25 g. Under this preparation process, the validation test was conducted. The average extraction rate of polysaccharides was 10.633%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.235%. The average score for granule evaluation was 87.200, with an RSD of 0.344%. The average score for sensory evaluation was 86.133, with an RSD of 0.408%. Conclusion The entire preparation process demonstrates high repeatability and excellent stability. The solid beverage prepared by this process, when brewed, exhibits a uniform color, a sweet and sour taste, and a refreshing aroma of Polygonatum sibiricum and Lycium barbarum. It is a highly nutritious functional product.

Objective To optimize the formulation of Dendrobium officinale compound beverage and investigate its immunomodulatory effects. Methods Single-factor experiments were first conducted to explore the effects of concentrated juices from Dendrobium officinale, Polygonatum sibiricum, Astragalus membranaceus, mulberry and wolfberry on the sensory quality of the compound beverage. Subsequently, orthogonal tests were employed to optimize the formulation and determine the optimal recipe. The immunomodulatory effects were further studied using a zebrafish model. Results The optimal ingredient ratio for the Dendrobium officinale compound beverage was determined as follows: 70% Dendrobium officinale concentrated juice, 1% Polygonatum sibiricum concentrated juice, 1% Astragalus membranaceus concentrated juice, 10% mulberry concentrated juice and 5% wolfberry concentrated juice. The beverage prepared with this formulation achieved the highest sensory score. Different concentrations of the compound beverage (7.81, 15.60 and 31.20 μL/mL) significantly increased neutrophil levels in the zebrafish tail and upregulated the relative gene expression of interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Conclusion The Dendrobium officinale compound beverage exhibits a deep brown color, uniform appearance, pleasant flavor and excellent taste, demonstrating significant immune-enhancing effects.

Objective To develop a Gastrodia elata Blume enzyme tablet sugar and optimize its formula using response surface methodology. Methods By utilizing the extensive pharmacological activities of the main active ingredients in Gastrodia elata Blume, using Gastrodia elata Blume enzyme concentrate as the main raw material and xylitol, citric acid, maltodextrin and magnesium stearate as auxiliary materials, an experiment was designed using response surface methodology, and sensory evaluation was used as the evaluation index to optimize the tablet sugar formula. Results The optimal ratio was determined by examining the effects of the ratio of concentrated raw materials, sweeteners, and acidifiers on the quality of compressed sugar. The best ratio was: Gastrodia elata Blume enzyme concentrate 215 g, xylitol 596 g, citric acid 11 g and maltodextrin 225 g and magnesium stearate 10 g. Conclusion This study optimizes the formula of Gastrodia elata Blume enzyme tablet sugar, effectively utilizing Gastrodia elata Blume resources to lay a scientific foundation for the research and development of tablet sugar, and opening up new possibilities for the utilization of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective To optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of proanthocyanidins from Polygonum aviculare by response surface method, to obtain the best extraction conditions. Methods The main factors affecting the extraction amount were investigated through single-factor experiments. Based on the results of the single-factor experiments, the Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the single factors, including the volume fraction of ethanol, ultrasonic time, and solid-liquid ratio, which had an impact on the extraction amount of proanthocyanidins from Polygonum aviculare. The optimal extraction process conditions were obtained. Results The optimized results of the optimal process conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of proanthocyanidins from Polygonum aviculare were as follows: The ultrasonic time was 34 min, the volume fraction of ethanol was 65%, and the solid-liquid ratio was 1:46 (g:mL). Under these process conditions, the final extraction amount of proanthocyanidins reached 2.18%, which was consistent with the model validation value of 2.12%. Conclusion This study shows that the process condition parameters optimized by the response surface methodology are effective and feasible. The response surface methodology is successfully applied to optimize the extraction parameters of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of proanthocyanidins from Polygonum aviculare, providing a research basis for the later promotion and application of proanthocyanidins from Polygonum aviculare.

Objective To optimize the fermentation process of pear residue soluble dietary fiber (PSDF) modified by Aspergillus niger and study its characteristics. Methods Using single factor experiments to optimize the inoculation amount, fermentation temperature, and fermentation time of Aspergillus niger, and determine the optimal fermentation process; determine the characteristics of the modified PSDF: The water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OBC), fructose, glucose, arabinose, xylose and xylose content, 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability, 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) cationic radical scavenging ability, glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) and cholesterol adsorption capacity (CAC).Results By optimizing the fermentation process, the optimal inoculation amount, fermentation temperature, and fermentation time of Aspergillus niger were determined to be 8%, 36 ℃ and 7 d. Based on the optimal fermentation process, the characteristic analysis of PSDF was conducted: WHC was 15.89 g/g, and OBC was 4.02 g/g; the content of glucose and arabinose increases, while the content of fructose, xylose and xylose decreases; the DPPH radical scavenging ability and ABTS cationic radical scavenging ability were significantly improved; GAC increased to 0.77 mg/g, and CAC increased to 0.56 mg/g. Conclusion Modifying PSDF with suitable fermentation processes can help improve yield. The use of Aspergillus niger modified pear pomace dietary fiber effectively improve its physiological activity and health function.