Objective To investigate the sensory changes of camel meat stored at different temperatures (4, 15, and 25 ℃) and establish a shelf-life prediction model based on sensory differences. Methods By simulating actual storage conditions, the changes in color, electronic tongue taste indices (umami, saltiness, sourness, sweetness, etc.), and electronic nose olfactory indicators (nitrogen oxides, methane, sulfides, etc.) of camel meat were analyzed. Zero-order reaction kinetics models and the Arrhenius equation were used to fit the data, establishing a shelf-life prediction model based on color, electronic tongue and electronic nose metrics. The model was validated using pH, total bacterial count and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N). Results At 4 ℃, there was no significant change in the lightness (L^*) and redness (a^*) of camel meat (P>0.05), while the a^* value significantly decreased at 15 ℃ and 25 ℃ (P<0.05), and yellowness (b^*) showed an upward trend across all temperatures. Taste analysis revealed that umami (AEE), saltiness (CT0), sourness (CA0) and astringency (AE1) intensities increased with time and temperature, whereas sweetness (GL1) intensity decreased. Electronic nose detection found that concentrations of nitrogen oxides (W5S), methane (W1S), sulfides and terpenes (W1W) and alcohol compounds (W2S) significantly increased over storage time. The calculated shelf lives based on color, electronic tongue and electronic nose were 7.23, 6.24 and 6.12 d, respectively. Verification using camel meat stored at 6 ℃ showed high prediction accuracy of the electronic tongue model, but significant discrepancies were observed among shelf lives predicted by different physicochemical indicators (e.g., total bacterial count, pH, TVB-N). Conclusion This study successfully establish a shelf-life prediction model based on sensory characteristics. The prediction models established based on the electronic tongue and electronic nose show good agreement with validation results based on pH, with relative errors of -2.80% and -4.67%, respectively. Different physicochemical indicators have varying degrees of strictness towards meat quality requirements, with total bacterial count being the most stringent and TVB-N relatively more lenient. This study provides a reference for the quality monitoring of fresh camel meat.

Objective To study the effects of different packaging ways on the storage quality of chilled chicken, and to predict the shelf life of optimized chilled chicken. Methods The 817 chilled chicken were treated with different packaging ways such as oxygen permeable film packaging (group 1), air packaging of common polyethylene food bags (group 2), vacuum packaging of heavy-duty nylon food bags (group 3) and vacuum packaging of aluminum foil cooking bags (group 4). The effects of sensory evaluation, meat color, pH, inosine monophosphate (IMP) and free amino acids (FAA) on storage quality of chilled fresh chickens at 4 ℃ were studied. Results The vacuum group was superior to the non-vacuum group in maintaining brightness value (L^*), redness value (a^*), pH value, IMP and FAA, and had advantages in inhibiting the growth and reproduction of chilled chicken pustlessness bacteria, which increased the shelf life of ordinary packaging from 3-5 days to 7 days. Conclusion The vacuum packaging method of 4 ℃ refrigeration is a better storage method for 817 small white feathers chilled chicken, which can retain its quality and nutrients to the maximum extent, and extend the shelf life to 7 days.

Objective To explore the antioxidant effects and fatty acid content of walnut oil derived from different substrates. Methods Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the fatty acid content in walnut oil and unqualified walnut oil at different pressing temperatures. Single variable control method was used to study the antioxidant effects of walnut oil with different air content. After adding a complex of natural antioxidants, fat soluble rosemary at 0.04 g/100 g and vitamin E at 0.1 g/100 g, 2 sets of experiments were conducted. The first set contained 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mL oil samples in 500 mL glass bottles, while the second set contained 100 mL oil samples in 100, 250 and 500 mL glass bottles. The samples were rapidly oxidized in a constant temperature drying oven at 63 ℃±1 ℃ and kept at that temperature for 70 days. The aroma, taste, peroxide value and acid value of the oil samples were measured every 10 days. Results The fatty acids in walnut oil were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid. The content of fatty acids varies with storage time and pressing temperature, and the unqualified oil sample didn’t contain oleic acid. The walnut oil pressure pressing temperature of 130-140 ℃ had the best quality. The 2 sets of experiments had confirmed that walnut oil with lower air content could be stored for a longer period of time, up to a maximum of 100 days. Conclusion The less contact with air during storage or the decrease in the ratio of initial air volume to initial oil sample volume, the longer the shelf life. The conduct of this study provides a reference for the storage conditions of walnut oil.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) content in variety of health food by liquid chromatography. Methods Tablets and capsules were extracted with acetonitrile:water (60:40, V:V); oral liquid was extracted with acetonitrile and added sodium chloride to salt out the targets from water; gel candy was dissolved in warm water first, and extracted with acetonitrile, after that ammonium sulfate was used to precipitate gelatin and made acetonitrile water stratification simultaneously. Finally, DHEA in health product was effectively extracted, then determined by liquid chromatography with diode array detection or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and quantified by external standard method. Results The established methods were effective in extracting DHEA from health foods, with limit of detection for solid or powder sample was 0.15 g/kg and for liquid was 1.5 mg/L and limit of quantification was 0.5 g/kg for solid or powder samples and 5 mg/L for liquid, respectively. The recovery of this method was 95.7%-104.0%, and the relative standard deviation was 1.10%-3.76%. It was found that the content of DHEA in imported dietary supplements was mostly consistent with the label, with a few samples not matching the label in real sample. Conclusion This method is sensitive, simple and convenient, and can be used not only to monitor the illegal addition of DHEA in domestic health foods, but also to evaluate the content of DHEA in cross-border dietary supplements.

Objective To optimize the fermentation process of pine pollen rice wine by Box-Behnken response surface design and entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) method. Methods With pine pollen and glutinous rice as the main raw materials, sensory score, alcohol content and antioxidant capacity as evaluation indexes, a 3-factor and 3-level response surface test was designed based on the single factor test, and the addition of pine pollen, koji and fermentation time as investigation factors, according to the Box-Benhnken central combination test principle. The fermentation process of pine pollen rice wine was optimized by entropy weight TOPSIS method. Results The optimum fermentation process of pine pollen rice wine addition was 8%, koji addition 0.8% and fermentation time 72 h. Under these conditions, the texture of pine pollen rice wine was uniform, the taste was soft, and the color was light brown and yellow. After 3 batches of process verification experiments, the sensory score of rice wine was 89.5 points, the alcohol content was 17.2%vol, and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical clearance rate was 87.43%. Conclusion The method of entropy weight TOPSIS combined with response surface design to optimize the fermentation process of pine pollen rice wine is stable and predictable, which lays a theoretical foundation for the production of high quality pine pollen rice wine.

Objective To systematically analyze the characteristics of volatile compounds in the crude fat of Trachinotus ovatus by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) combined with electronic-nose. Methods GC-IMS was used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the volatile compounds in the crude fat of different parts (head, abdomen and viscera) of Trachinotus ovatus, focusing on the identification of differences in key flavor components such as alcohols, ketones, acids and aldehydes. Combined with electronic-nose technology, the overall flavor profile of crude fat in each part was characterized to further evaluate the contribution of major volatile compounds to flavor formation. Results The crude fat in different parts of Trachinotus ovatus belonged to high-quality lipids, but there were significant differences in the composition of volatile components. The fish head group was mainly composed of alcohols and ketones. The abdominal group was dominated by alcohols, alkanes and acids; the visceral group contained higher volatile acids. Conclusion This study reveals the differences in volatile compounds in different parts of Trachinotus ovatus, provides theoretical support for its flavor regulation, and also provides guidance for the high-value utilization of by-products such as viscera.

Objective To reveal an intuitive understanding of the academic context and evolutionary trends of the pungent studies based on Chili peppers and Sichuan peppers, as well as their key pungent components. Methods Over 10000 articles in the core database of the Web of Science over the past decade had been taken as the research object, and the current status and hotspots of pungent research had been compared and analyzed using the bibliometric analysis methods. Results The pungent study presents a continuous trend of the interdisciplinary integration, where many fields were involved such as plant science, food science and technology, biochemistry and molecular biology, pharmacology and pharmacy, neuroscience and chemistry, and the focuses of the pungent studies were quite different. The number of the publications on the pungent (Là) research was much higher than that on pungent (Má) research. China was the country that had the highest number of publications in the field of both pungent researches, especially in the pungent (Má) research, where China occupied a leading position in the aspects like international cooperation and the influence of the author and research institution. The hot topics and burst keywords in pungent studies had been further revealed through the co-occurrence, clustering and burst occurrence analysis of keywords. Conclusion Currently, the commonality lies in the research on the pungency and biological activity of Sichuan peppers or Chili pepper and their main components. The difference is that the pungent (Là) research mainly focuses on the health and quality of Chili peppers and related foods, while the pungent (Má) research focuses more on the pungency, quality and health effects of Sichuan peppers and its key components. The theoretical basis can be provided for the experts and scholars in the fields of plant science, food science and technology, pharmacy and medicine to grasp the current situation, laws and directions of the pungent research.

Objective To develop Maillard reaction flavors combined with caramelized syrup using natural plants as raw materials. Methods Using tamarind as a raw material, it was treated with composite enzymes and mixed with caramelized syrup for Maillard reaction. The optimal preparation process was determined according to the comprehensive sensory score standard for Maillard flavors. The aroma differences between the Maillard reaction flavors with and without caramelized syrup were analyzed, and volatile aroma compounds were detected using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The reasons for the aroma differences were analyzed, and its antioxidant activity was studied using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results The optimal conditions for tamarind enzymatic hydrolysis were: Temperature 45 ℃, time 4.0 hours, and a composite enzyme ratio of 1:1:1 (m:m:m) for pectinase, cellulase, and papain, with an enzyme dosage of 0.5% of the tamarind amount. At a temperature of 120 ℃, reaction time of 80 minutes, initial pH 8.0, and a material-to-liquid ratio of 5:1 (m:V), the Maillard reaction flavor mixed with caramelized syrup showed the highest sensory score. Under these conditions, 68 volatile compounds were detected in the flavor, with ester, heterocyclic, and ketone volatile compounds accounting for a higher proportion compared to the Maillard flavor without caramelized syrup, imparting a sweet-caramel, roasted-sweet, and rich aroma. Adding caramelized syrup enhanced the antioxidant activity of the flavor, and at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, the DPPH scavenging rate reached 70.8%. Conclusion This study provides a new method for preparing edible flavors through the Maillard reaction with tamarind as the raw material combined with caramelized syrup.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), characterized by their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation potential, hydrophobic and oleophobic properties, and chemical stability, have been extensively applied in industrial production and daily life. However, the widespread presence of these compounds poses significant threats to both ecological systems and human health. Dietary intake, particularly through animal-derived foods (e.g., fish, shellfish, poultry, and their processed products), represents a primary pathway of human exposure to PFASs. To effectively assess their health risks and formulate relevant regulatory policies, it is crucial to establish rapid, efficient, and sensitive detection methods for monitoring PFAS contamination levels in animal-derived foods. This review systematically summarized sample preparation techniques for PFAS analysis in animal-derived foods and highlights advancements in chromatographic and chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods for detection. Furthermore, it provided an overview of current research on PFAS contamination levels across various food matrices, offering critical insights for environmental pollution assessment, food safety regulation, and optimization of analytical technologies.

Objective To investigate the contamination situations and exposure risks of deoxynivalenol (DON) and their derivatives in grains and their products in Hebei Province. Methods Totally 1594 grains and their products in Hebei Province from 2016 to 2023 were investigated. DON and its derivatives were determined by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Their concentrations were analyzed, and the exposure risk of DON to grains and their products among residents in Hebei Province was evaluated based on adult dietary consumption. Results The detection rates of DON were the highest in wheat and their products, ranging from 61.40% to 97.78%. The detection rates of DON in corn and its products were ranging from 36.13% to 86.75%. The detection rate of DON in rice was relatively low, with a detection rate of 0% in rice and 20.31% in Job’s tears. Risk assessment showed that the chronic exposure range for adults was 0.02-0.62 μg/(kg·bw·d), which was lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake guidance value of 1.0 μg/(kg·bw·d). Conclusion DON contamination is relatively common in grains and their products. Among these, wheat and their products exhibit the highest detection rate and contamination levels of DON, followed by corn-based products, while rice-based products show relatively lower contamination levels. For adults, the dietary exposure to DON through the consumption of wheat-based foods, corn, and rice does not pose a significant chronic intake risk. Wheat-based foods are the primary source of DON exposure in the population. Continuous monitoring of DON contamination in grains and their products is necessary to reduce dietary exposure risks.

Objective To understand the pollution situation of new risk factors such as 3-chloropropanol ester (3-MCPDE), glycidyl ester (GE), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in Camellia oleifera seed oil of Jiangxi Province, and make risk assessment. Methods The content of 3-MCPDE, GE, DBP and DEHP in 29 batches of Camellia oleifera seed oil were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the exposure risk was analyzed by dietary exposure assessment method. Results The content of 3-MCPDE in Camellia oleifera seed oil ranged from 0.11 mg/kg to 4.52 mg/kg, the detection rate was 75.86%, and the problem rate was 10.34%. GE content ranged from 0.13 mg/kg to 11.76 mg/kg, the detection rate was 72.41%, and the problem rate was 44.83%. The content of DBP ranged from 0.43 mg/kg to 12.90 mg/kg, and the problem rate was 34.48%. The range of DEHP content was 0.57-9.69 mg/kg, the detection rate was 55.17%, and the problem rate was 20.69%. The average exposure of residents to DBP, DEHP, 3-MCPDE and GE through edible oil tea seed oil ranged from 0.56 μg/(kg·BW) to 0.75 μg/(kg·BW), and the exposure risk of DBP, DEHP and 3-MCPDE ranged from 1.12% to 37.37%. The exposure risk of margin of exposure (MOE) of GE was 3948.94 for men and 3347.52 for women, with both MOE values being below 10000. Conclusion Camellia oleifera seed oil poses a certain risk of contamination with 3-MCPDE, GE, DBP and DEHP. The likelihood of human health hazards from DBP, DEHP, and 3-MCPDE intake through Camellia seed oil is very low for residents. However, greater attention shall be paid to the health risks associated with GE exposure.

Objective To investigate the distribution, sources, and gene cassette contents of integrative and conjugative elements in microorganisms contaminating cooked poultry meat products. Methods Cooked duck meat was purchased, and DNA extraction, sequencing, assembly, binning, and metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) acquisition were performed. These MAGs were then compared with an integron database. Results A total of 110 integrative and conjugative elements belonging to 65 distinct types were detected in the contaminating microbiota of cooked duck meat, primarily originating from 31 host microorganisms, including Mesorhizobium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Among these integrative and conjugative elements, there were 9 kinds of transposases, 1 kinds of virulence factor gene, and 19 resistance-related genes, including 10 tetracycline resistance genes. Additionally, 11 defense genes, all of which were phage-defense genes, were identified. Conclusion The discovery of various integrative and conjugative elements, virulence factors, resistance-related genes, and defense genes reveals the complex genetic diversity of microorganisms in food. This provides important clues for studying horizontal gene transfer and has significant implications for assessing food safety and preventing and controlling foodborne pathogens. The effective application of metagenomic technology in integron research also demonstrates its potential in the fields of food safety and public health.

Objective To investigate the levels of 8 kinds of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, and assess their potential health risks. Methods The 88 insect tea samples from Chishui City were soaked in ultrapure water at 80 ℃ for 40 min, and the supernatant was shaken and filtered, and then determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The pollution degree of heavy metals was evaluated by using the single-factor pollution index and Nemero’s comprehensive pollution index, and the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TCR) were used for dietary health risk assessment. Results The average content of 8 kinds of heavy metals in the insect tea samples were 1.558, 3.344, 3.366, 27.020, 1.774, 0.858, 0.011 and 1.385 mg/kg, respectively. The evaluation of the contamination degree of the heavy metals showed that the P_i and the P_n value of those samples were less than 1.0, and the contamination level was clean and safe. The EDI values were ranked in the order of Zn>Cu=Ni>As>Cr> Pb>Cd>Hg, and all of them were lower than their corresponding R_FD values. THQ values ranked in the order of 1>As>Cd>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>Hg, and the risks were all low. The TCR values for Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg and Pb were evaluated, and their values were all below the acceptable range. Conclusion The samples of insect tea produced in Chishui City, Guizhou Province, shows a low level of heavy metal contamination, and the dietary health risk and carcinogenic risk to consumers are low.

Objective To understand the drug resistance phenotypes,, carriage of drug resistance genes and virulence genes, serotypes and sequence type (ST) classification of Campylobacter jejuni in Xuzhou from 2023 to 2024. Methods Whole genome sequencing was conducted on Campylobacter jejuni isolated from Xuzhou City in 2023—2024 to understand the molecular characteristics such as virulence genes, drug resistance genes, and multilocus sequence typing. The serotypes related to Guillain-Barré syndrome were identified by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the drug resistance phenotypes were determined by agar dilution method. Results Forty-eight strains of Campylobacter jejuni were classified into 24 ST types. ST137 was the most numerous, accounted for 18.75% (9/48). Fifteen strains were found to have serotypes related to Guillain-Barré syndrome. A total of 24 drug resistance genes and 121 virulence genes were detected. The top 3 antibiotics with the highest resistance rates were nalidixic acid (100.00%), ciprofloxacin (100.00%), and tetracycline (97.92%). They were 100.0% sensitive to erythromycin, and the multi-drug resistance rate reached 62.50% (30/48). Conclusion Campylobacter jejuni in Xuzhou area is characterized by a high rate of multi-drug resistance, a relatively high carrying rate of some drug resistance genes, a high carrying rate of virulence genes, a large number of sequence types (ST types), and shows relatively high genetic diversity.

Objective To analyze the content characteristics of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea, and carry out the food health threat and risk assessment. Methods The content of 6 kinds of heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry in the dorsal and abdominal parts of wild [(35.16±4.62) cm in length and (510.68±33.74) g in weight] and farmed [(32.90±1.11) cm in length and (454.19±20.03) g in weight] Larimichthys crocea. The pollution index method and health risk assessment were used for analysis. Results The average content of Hg, As, Cu and Zn in the dorsal and abdominal of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea were 0.128, 0.032, 4.179 and 5.526 mg/kg, and 0.023, 0.195, 4.106 and 5.389 mg/kg, respectively. Pb and Cd were not detected. Based on the single heavy metal pollution index, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd in the dorsal and abdominal of wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea and Hg in the dorsal and abdominal of farmed Larimichthys crocea were pollution-free levels. There was slight pollution of Hg and As in the abdomen part of wild Larimichthys crocea, and mild pollution of Hg in the dorsal of wild Larimichthys crocea. Serious pollution level of As was found in the dorsal and abdominal of the farmed Larimichthys crocea. The comprehensive pollution index value of 6 kinds of heavy metals in the muscle of wild Larimichthys crocea was less than 1, which were pollution-free. And comprehensive pollution index value in the muscle tissue of farmed Larimichthys crocea was between 1.0<PI≤2.0, which were mildly polluted. Conclusion The content of heavy metals in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of wild Larimichthy crocea don’t exceed the detection standard, and the As element in the dorsal and abdominal muscles of farmed Larimichthys crocea exceeds the standard. There is no obvious health risk for the wild and farmed Larimichthys crocea muscles. This study systematically reveals the problem of As enrichment in farmed Larimichthys crocea, and early warning of feed or environmental risks; through the two-dimensional assessment of pollution index and health risk, the safety evaluation model of aquatic products is constructed. The research results have practical guiding significance for improving China’s aquaculture standards and improving the quality and safety supervision level of aquatic products.

Objective To determine the residual levels of fish sedatives and quinolones residues in commercially freshwater fish and evaluate their dietary exposure risk. Methods A total of 77 batches of freshwater fish were collected in 8 administrative regions of Wuhan City. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to determine the content of fishing anesthetics (MS-222, benzocaine, eugenol) and quinolone antibiotics (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin), and the dietary exposure risk of each compound was analyzed using a quantitative analysis method. Results MS-222 and benzocaine were not detected in all samples, and 48 batches of eugenol were detected with a content range of 2.59-1927.30 μg/kg, with a failure rate of 29.8%. The dietary exposure risk values for all age groups were less than 0.4%, indicating low dietary risk. All samples did not detect peofloxacin and norfloxacin. Enrofloxacin was detected in 34 batches with a content range of 1.74-5585.00 μg/kg, and ofloxacin was detected in 2 batches with a content range of 36.30-65.60 μg/kg, the overall failure rate was 18.2%, and the dietary exposure risk of all age groups was less than 8.00%. According to species analysis, the content range of enrofloxacin in loaches and yellow catfish was as follows: 2.74-5585.00 μg/kg and 6.82-1014.00 μg/kg, with dietary risks of 55.4% and 9.0%, respectively. Conclusion The fishery anesthetic used in this region is eugenol, which is characterized by high detection rate and large residual amount, and requires the development of normative documents to guide its use. Enrofloxacin, as the main quinolone antibiotic used in the region, has two high-risk species: Loach and yellow catfish. Market regulatory authorities should focus on the supervision of these two species.

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 16 kinds of anesthetics and metabolites residual amount in aquatic products by multi-plug filtration cleanup (m-PFC)-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methods Samples were extracted with acetonitrile containing 1% formic acid, separated by salting-out, and the upper acetonitrile was purified by m-PFC column packed with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, primary secondary amine (PSA), and enhanced matrix removal-lipid (EMR-Lipid). The targets were separated by C₁₈ column using methanol-2 mmol/L ammonium formate containing 0.1% formic acid as mobile phase for gradient elution, detected by positive or negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry under multiple reaction monitoring mode, and quantified with matrix external standard method. Results The 16 kinds of anesthetcs and metabolites showed good linear relationships in their respective concentration ranges (r²>0.996). The limits of detection (S/N=3) and limits of quantitation (S/N=10) were 0.03-0.30 μg/kg and 0.10-1.00 μg/kg. The average recoveries at low, medium and high concentration levels in the blank sample matrix were 79.3%-113.8%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.3%-7.2% (n=6). Conclusion This method is simple to operate, sensitive and good in stability, which can be applied to the rapid detection of 16 kinds of anesthetics and metabolites in aquatic products.

Objective To evaluate the nutritional composition and quality of Apostichopus japonicus body walls under different breeding models. Methods The nutritional components of Apostichopus japonicus body walls under natural growth, industrial cultivation, pond cultivation, bottom-sowing proliferation, enclosure cultivation, and cage cultivation in the Yantai Region were analyzed and compared. These components included moisture, protein, fat, polysaccharides, saponins, taurine, amino acids, fatty acids and mineral elements. Results Under 6 kinds of breeding methods, the natural growth protein and saturated fatty acid content were the highest, the taurine content was higher, and there were also high levels of essential amino acids and amino acid ratios; bottom propagation had higher levels of calcium, zinc and selenium in terms of mineral elements, with the lowest levels of potassium and magnesium. It had a better flavor and the highest levels of medicinal and flavor amino acids; the fat content, taurine content, total amino acid content, essential amino acid proportion, and unsaturated fatty acid content were the highest in cofferdam aquaculture; the content of Apostichopus japonicus in net cage aquaculture was the highest; pond aquaculture had the highest content of water, calcium and sea cucumber polysaccharides, but the lowest content of various components such as Apostichopus japonicus; the overall composition of factory farming was relatively low, with the lowest content of various components such as polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conclusion In the Yantai Region, under different breeding methods, there are obvious differences in the nutritional and functional components of the body wall of Apostichopus japonicus. The quality of natural growth, bottom-sowing proliferation, enclosure cultivation and cage cultivation is superior to that of industrial cultivation. The results of this study partially improve the evaluation of the nutritional quality of Apostichopus japonicus in the Yantai Region, provide data support for the processing and purchase of Apostichopus japonicus, and serve as a reference for the development of the Apostichopus japonicus industry.

Food thermal processing is a crucial method for transforming raw materials into edible products suitable for long-term storage. However, while this process enhances the taste and extends the shelf life of food, it can also generate a range of chemical contaminants, including acrylamide, heterocyclic amines, furan, advanced glycation end-products, chloropropanols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines. These contaminants are believed to have carcinogenic, mutagenic and other toxic effects on human health. Metabolomics, as an emerging field of omics science, analyzes alterations in small molecules within cells and organisms to identify key metabolites and their associated pathways, thus providing valuable insights into the toxic mechanisms of food processing contaminants. This review first summarized the major contaminants produced during food thermal processing and their toxicological characteristics. It then discussed in detail the progress made in metabolomics in investigating the effects of these contaminants on the metabolic profiles of organisms and their associated toxic mechanisms. Additionally, the review addressed current challenges in metabolomics research, such as the complexity of metabolic products from food processing contaminants, difficulties in data analysis, and the lack of standardized experimental and analytical methods. Finally, the review highlights the future prospects of metabolomics in enhancing food safety assessments and identifying potential health risks, particularly through technological innovations and artificial intelligence to advance this field.

Fungal toxins are a class of toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi under specific environmental conditions, with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenesis, and mutagenicity. These toxins can enter the food chain by contaminating agricultural products such as grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and their processed products, posing a serious threat to human health. Therefore, developing efficient and sensitive detection techniques for fungal toxins in food is particularly important. This article provided a systematic review of common fungal toxin detection technologies in food, focusing on the technical characteristics of different detection technologies in sensitivity, specificity, multi-component synchronous detection, and on-site rapid screening, analyzed the key technical bottlenecks such as complex food matrix interference elimination, precise quantification of trace toxins, and development of detection standard substances, providing reference for in-depth research in this field and the updating and optimization of national and other levels of detection standards, in order to further improve the accuracy and efficiency of fungal toxin detection in food and provide strong support for food safety assurance.

Objective To establish a method for the identification of morpholine in morpholine fatty acid salt fruit wax by gas chromatography. Methods Morpholine fatty acid salt was hydrolyzed to morpholine using hydrochloric acid solution, and the pH of the solution was adjusted with sodium hydroxide acid solution. Detection was performed using gas chromatography-hydrogen flame ionization detector. Results The matrix effect of the method was 96.67%; there was no interference from sample blanks, reagent blanks, and standard solution blanks on the qualitative analysis of the target substance; the deviation of peak area for samples of different concentrations within 48 hours was within ±5%. The method was used to analyze the actual commercial samples, and 12 batches of samples were detected morpholine. Conclusion This method has the advantages of minimal interference, strong specificity, and good repeatability. The pretreatment process is simple and environmentally friendly, providing technical support for the identification of morpholine in morpholine fatty acid salt fruit wax.

Objective To study the residual behavior and dietary risk assessment of oxine-copper in Prunus persica. Methods The samples were extracted by homogenate with acetonitrile-10% acetic solution, centrifuged after salting out, detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and quantified by external standard method. Results There was a good linear relationship in the range of 0.0025 to 0.2500 mg/L, and the correlation coefficients was 0.999; in the range of 0.01 to 1.00 mg/kg; the average recoveries of oxine-copper in Prunus persica ranged from 86% to 102%, with the relative standard deviation was 1.4% to 6.0%, and the limit of quantification was 0.01 mg/kg. The dissipation process of oxine-copper in Prunus persica followed a first-order kinetic model. The dissipation half-lives of oxine-copper in Prunus persica from Ningxia, Beijing, Shandong and Sichuan were 13.9, 9.9, 7.7 and 23.1 days, respectively, and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.635 to 0.948, after 14 days of application, the maximum residual amount of oxine-copper in Prunus persica samples was 0.920 mg/kg. The dietary risk assessment showed that after 14 d of application, the probability of dietary intake risk in the general population was far less than 100%. Conclusion This method is simple, accurate, and highly sensitive, and is suitable for the residual detection oxine-copper in Prunus persica. The final residue tests show that the amount of copper quinoline residue does not exceed the established maximum residue limits, and does not pose an unacceptable risk to the health of the general population.

Objective To establish an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for detecting soybean agglutinin in legume foods. Methods After washed the sample, added phosphate buffer solution and homogenize it thoroughly. After centrifugation and purification, collected the supernatant and determine it by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Quantify it used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader. Result In the linear range of 0-400 μg/mL, the linear equation of soybean agglutinin obtained was Y=0.0021X+0.0528, r=0.9998. The detection limit of this method was 125 mg/kg, the recovery rate was between 99.17% and 101.20%, and the relative standard deviation was between 1.27%-2.24%. Conclusion This method is easy to operate, has good specificity, and the antigen concentration is directly proportional to the OD₄₅₀ value. Applicable to the detection of soybean agglutinin poisoning incidents by grassroots disease control centers.

Objective To establish a novel electrochemical sensing platform based on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) modified electrode for rapid detection of melamine (MEL) in dairy products. Methods An electrochemical sensor for MEL detection was constructed by employing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques, using a MWNT-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as the sensing probe. The constructed sensor was successfully applied to detect and analyze melamine in real-world milk powder samples.Results After modification with MWNT, the effective surface area of the bare GCE increased by 1.3 fold. The MWNT-modified electrode significantly enhanced the electrochemical reaction kinetics of the system. The MEL electrochemical sensor, using the MWNT-modified GCE as the probe, exhibited a linear detection range of 10-40 μmol/L and a sensitivity of 23.85 (μA/mmol)/cm². The detected MEL content in real milk powder samples complied with the Chinese national standard requirements. Conclusion The construction of the MEL electrochemical sensor using MWNT-modified electrodes has been demonstrated to be feasible. The construction method of the MEL sensor is simple, the good repeatability and stability of the MEL sensor are exhibited, the anti-interference capability and accuracy of the MEL sensor are excellent. Based on above advantages, the MEL sensor is applied widely.

Objective To study the effects of different concentrations of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and phytic acid (PA) on the physiology and storage quality of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.. Methods Based on the optimal concentration of 1-MCP and PA alone, the study was carried out under the conditions of room temperature (20±1) ℃ and relative humidity (80%-90%), and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. without preservative treatment were used as the control, the full factorial composite experiments of 0.8 μL/L and 1 μL/L 1-MCP and 0.05% and 0.1% PA were carried out, and measured the mass loss rate, hardness, soluble solids content (SSC), ethylene release, peroxidase (POD) activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging rate, and sensory evaluation of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. during the storage period. Results The 1 μL/L 1-MCP+0.1% PA treatment group had a sensory evaluation score of 85.6 after 12 d of storage, with a weight loss of 0.93%, hardness of 5.04 kg/cm², SSC content of 8.4%, ethylene release of 0.4398 μL/(kg·h), and POD vigour and DPPH radical scavenging rates of 96.9 U/g FW and 82.60%. Conclusion This study show that 1 μL/L 1-MCP+0.1% PA compound treatment is more helpful for the improvement of POD activity and DPPH radical scavenging rate, which in turn delayed the loss of quality, hardness and SSC, low ethylene release, and the overall maintenance of higher sensory scores, which effectively maintained a better storage quality and prolonged the freshness period of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., and provided technical references for the freshness preservation of more categories of fruits and vegetables. It provides a technical reference for more categories of fruits and vegetables.

Objective To compare the bactericidal effects of high pressure (HP), slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) their combination (HP-SAEW) and thermd treatment (T), slightly acidic electrolyzed water combination treatment (T-SAEW) on Escherichia coli at the surface of Panax notoginseng fresh slices. Methods The E. coli was being used as the model bacteria and the standard plate counting method was adopted to determine the colony count of E. coli. The bactericidal effects of the two parallel treatment methods (HP-SAEW and T-SAEW) on Panax notoginseng fresh slices under different factors (solid-liquid ratio, processing times, available chlorine concentration (ACC), pressure and temperature) were studied and the synergistic effect analysis were further measured. Results The HP-SAEW parallel processing exhibited synergistic effect on the Panax notoginseng fresh sliced within a certain range of ACC (27.6-52.2 mg/L), pressure (98.5-297.5 MPa), solid-liquid ratio (1.76-5.88 g/mL), and processing time (5.56-9.48 min). The bactericidal effect of the HP-SAEW parallel treatment was better than that treated alone (SAEW or HP). The T-SAEW parallel processing exhibited synergistic effect on the Panax notoginseng fresh sliced within a certain range of ACC (25.44-46.88 mg/L), temperature (39.78-53.85 ℃), solid-liquid ratio (2.27-4.42 g/mL), and processing time (5.02-9.84 min). The bactericidal effect of the T-SAEW parallel treatment was better than that treated alone (SAEW or T). Conclusion The parallel combined effect has synergistic enhancement effect in the specific processing parameter range, T-SAEW parallel technology can more effectively inhibit the growth of surface microorganisms in fresh slices. On this basis, the quality change in the storage process of fresh Panax notoginseng can be carried out and applied in the actual production process in the future work.

Objective To construct a quality evaluation system for locally-produced grapes in Shanghai based on the key characteristic quality indicators. Methods By measuring 14 sensory and internal nutritional indicators of 57 batches of samples from 4 grape varieties, factor analysis was employed to screen out 8 core indicators, including soluble solids, total acids, solid-acid ratio, tartaric acid, glucose, zinc, vitamin C, and anthocyanins. Based on cluster analysis and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a three-level grading standard and weight distribution were determined, and a comprehensive scoring system was constructed. Results Results showed that the quality indicators of soluble solids, glucose, vitamin C and anthocyanins were relatively high in “Ju Meigui” variety, which had the highest average comprehensive score (81.6 points), and was significantly superior to “Zuijinxiang” (68.4 points), “Yangguang Meigui” (64.4 points), and “Shenyuan” (62.8 points). Conclusion The evaluation system established in this study exhibits high discriminant accuracy and can provide a reliable scientific basis for the quality grading, variety optimization, and market promotion of Shanghai-produced grapes.

Objective To study the effects of two kinds of processing techniques, ultrafine grinding and spray drying, on the metabolites of apple powder. Methods Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to compare the effects of ultrafine grinding and spray drying technologies on the types of metabolites, expression abundance, correlation analysis, and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways of apple powder. Results The results indicated that compared with ultrafine grinding, spray-dried apple powder had reduced particle size D[50] 3.91 μm, D[3,2] 2.62 μm, D[4,3] 5.52 μm, increased specific surface area (850.10 m²/kg), and decreased span value (2.51). Principal component analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of apple powder under these two processing technologies was 82.7%, suggesting that the processing methods had a significant influence on the metabolite composition. A total of 244 metabolites were identified, including lipids, phenylpropanoids, and benzenoids. Abundance expression showed that ultrafine grinding outperformed spray drying in retaining natural nutritional components. The sample correlation analysis and heatmaps indicated that metabolite expression in spray-dried apple powder had higher uniformity and stability. Univariate statistical analysis revealed that, compared with ultrafine grinding, spray-dried apple powder had 1172 kinds of substances upregulated and 2550 kinds of substances downregulated. Differential metabolite correlation analysis showed that different processing techniques were positively correlated with specific metabolites in apple powder, such as ginsenoside F1 and N-fructosyl pyroglutamate, and negatively correlated with salicylic acid and aspartic acid, among others. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlighted the most active pathway as the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Conclusion It has been demonstrated that ultrafine grinding is suitable for the production of healthy and special nutritional food products, while spray drying is more appropriate for quick-service foods and the baking industry, laying a theoretical foundation for ensuring food safety and quality control.

Objective To screen risk markers in the storage process of pork using ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) combined with chemometrics. Methods After sample pretreatment, UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS was employed to detect metabolites in pork, obtaining high precision chromatographic and mass spectrometric data. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for dimensionality reduction to explore the distribution characteristics among samples. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was then used to screen differential metabolites with a variable importance factor (VIP)>1.0. The statistical significance of the differences was further evaluated using T-tests (P<0.05), and the final key metabolites were confirmed by combining fold change analysis (fold change, FC>2 or FC<0.5). Results PCA revealed that storage temperature significantly influenced metabolite distribution in different pork cuts (loin, belly, and ham), with samples under different temperatures showing clear separation in the principal component space (total variance R²=0.861, predictive ability Q²=0.478). The OPLS-DA model further optimized the separation of intergroup differences (R²=0.811, Q²=0.653), making the impact of storage temperature on metabolite abundance and type more evident. The R² and Q² values of the real model were significantly higher than those of the permutation model, confirming the reliability of the analysis. Through screening conditions (VIP>1, P<0.05, FC>2 or FC<0.5) and structural verification, N-acetylputrescine and 6-methylquinoline were identified as risk markers. Conclusion UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS combined with chemometrics effectively screens risk markers in pork during storage.

Objective To investigate the vitamin content in common 48 kinds of desserts in Gansu Province based on the requirements of national nutritional monitoring. Methods A total of 48 kinds of common desserts from Gansu Province were analyzed. The content of vitamin A, carotene, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin E fractions, i.e. (α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography method as specifiedin the national standard for food safety. Results The results showed that among the 48 kinds of desserts, except for vitamin B₁, the detection rates of other vitamins ranged from high to low: Vitamin E>vitamin B₂>vitamin A>carotene>vitamin C; the content of vitamin A in the sample is ND-549.000 μg/100 g, median of 20.000 μg/100 g; the content of carotene was ND-142.650 μg/100 g, median of 0.250 μg/100 g. The content of vitamin B₂ was ND-0.226 mg/100 g, median of 0.090 mg/100 g; The content of vitamin C was ND-4.740 mg/100 g, median of 0.250 mg/100 g. The detected content of vitamin E (sum of various subtypes) ranges was ND-549.000 mg/100 g, median of 21.650 mg/100 g; the content of α-tocopherol was ND-2.690 mg/100 g, median of 1.015 mg/100 g; the content of β-tocopherol was ND-1.240 mg/100 g, median of 0.020 mg/100 g; the content of γ-tocopherol was ND-11.810 mg/100 g, median of 1.135 mg/100 g; the content of δ-tocopherol was ND-2.040 mg/100 g, median of 0.020 mg/100 g. Conclusion The fat-soluble vitamins are generally detected at higher levels in the samples from Gansu Province, while the water-soluble vitamins are detected at lower levels.

Objective To establish a high-throughput sequencing method for detecting cereal allergen species based on next-generation sequencing technology. Methods Taking Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum as research objects, next-generation sequencing technology was used for the high-throughput identification of cereal allergen samples with different proportions and mixing methods and commercially available samples were collected to verify the method’s applicability. Results In different proportions of simulated samples, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum were detected, the limit of detection was as low as 0.1%, but the measured relative abundance of species and the actual amount of different additives; in different mixing methods but the same proportion of simulated samples, cereal allergens had been detected; the relative abundance of DNA mixing and mixing of raw materials and raw material mixing methods were different from the actual amount of species, and raw material mixing methods of species relative abundance closer to the exact amount of additives; commercial samples contained varying degrees of grain allergens, while a small number of samples with the ingredient list or label. Conclusion The detection method established in this study enables specific and simultaneous identification of 4 cereal allergens (Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum). By conducting relative quantitative analysis of species abundance, the method can effectively determine the content of cereal allergens in samples.

Objective To optimize the acid hydrolysis-Fehling reagent titration method and the acid hydrolysis-3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) colorimetric method to compare the consistency of different methods for measuring starch content in grain crop samples. Methods Experimental conditions, including ethanol washing volume, acid addition volume, acid hydrolysis time, sample solution pH, detection wavelength, chromogenic agent volume, color development time and color development temperature, were optimized to determine the optimal processing conditions for determining the starch content in such products. Results The optimal conditions for the acid hydrolysis-Fehling reagent titration method were as follows: After weighing the sample, fats and soluble sugars were removed using an appropriate amount of petroleum ether and ethanol; 25 mL of hydrochloric acid was added, followed by condensation reflux for 120 minutes; the hydrolyzed sample solution was neutralized with sodium hydroxide, filtered, and the filtrate was titrated with alkaline copper tartrate methyl and ethyl solution at a rate of one drop every 2 seconds. The optimal conditions for the acid hydrolysis-DNS colorimetric method were as follows: After removing fat, sugar and acid hydrolysis, the sample solution pH was adjusted to 8-9; for samples with color and high protein content, 10 mL of lead acetate was added to reduce or eliminate pigment interference; after filtration, 2 mL of DNS was added to the filtrate, followed by color development in a water bath at 90-100 °C for 12 minutes; the absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a spectrophotometer, and the determination was completed within 4 hours. Both methods had a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 2% and a relative error (RE) of less than 4%. The measurement results had passed mean consistency test and paired samples t-test. Conclusion The 2 kinds of optimized methods are more efficient and accurate compared to the national standard method, with good accuracy and precision making them suitable for starch content determination in grain crops.

Objective To compare the similarities and differences in the identification results of Staphylococcus aureus in dried fruits analyzed by 3 experimental methods: Biochemical identification, mass spectrometer identification and molecular biological identification. Methods Staphylococcus aureus in dried fruits was isolated. The isolated typical strains were identified and compared through 3 approaches: Biochemistry (VITEK 2-Compact) mass spectrometer (VITEK MS), and molecular biology (real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction), the identification results of the 3 types of experiments were compared. Results All 3 identification methods could identify Staphylococcus aureus to the species level, but there were certain differences in efficiency and time required. Mass spectrometry yielded more accurate results with higher timeliness. Conclusion This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different identification methods, combines traditional methods with modern technologies. The enrichment and isolation in traditional detection methods provide a basis for subsequent identification. On this basis, advanced identification technologies with different principles are integrated to form a complete detection process. This combined mode can mutually verify the results, improve the detection accuracy, and provide new ideas for establishing a more reliable microbiological detection system for characteristic dried fruits.

Objective To analyze the food safety situation of edible oils, fats, and their products in China from 2019 to 2023. Methods Sampling results of edible oils, fats, and their products from the national safety supervision from 2019 to 2023 were summarized, and their overall, unqualified items and other information were analyzed. Results The results showed that the overall unqualified rate of edible oils, fats and their products showed a downward trend from 2019 to 2023; unqualified products were mainly produced in Xinjiang, Jilin, Anhui, Hubei, Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi and other regions; rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, and soybean oil were the main unqualified edible oil varieties in the sampling inspection from 2019 to 2023; the detected unqualified items mainly include benzo [a] pyrene, acid value (calculated as KOH), peroxide value, and solvent residue. Conclusion The governments and relevant departments in Xinjiang, Jilin, Anhui and other provinces with high disqualification rates shall strengthen source control, promote large-scale planting and standardized storage, upgrade production technology and supervision, strengthen sampling inspection and traceability mechanism, strengthen market supervision on production, processing and transportation, and improve the traceability system of edible oil, fat and its products, strictly follow the production process standards, store reasonably, and improve the quality of edible oil; strengthen the sampling inspection of products with high unqualified rates, such as rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, etc.

Objective To understand the quality of Triticum aestivum L. in Henan Province from 2020 to 2024. Methods A comparative analysis was conducted on the quality data of Triticum aestivum L. in Henan Province from 2020 to 2024. Results The quality of Triticum aestivum L. in Henan Province showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2020 to 2024. Due to weather conditions, the Triticum aestivum L. quality in 2023 was the worst, with an average test weight of 755 g/L. The proportion of third grade or above (including third grade) was 64.4%, and the average of defected kernel was as high as 34.6%. The overall quality of Triticum aestivum L. in 2022 was the best, with an average test weight of 801 g/L. The proportion of third grade or above (including third grade) was 99.6%, and the average of defected kernel was 2.9%. Through the analysis of Triticum aestivum L. quality over the past 5 years, it was found that Triticum aestivum L. in Henan Province was mainly composed of medium gluten varieties, strong gluten varieties had been effectively promoted throughout the province, and weak gluten Triticum aestivum L. had been well promoted in some areas of Southern Henan. Henan Province had a wide variety of Triticum aestivum L. planting varieties, and the number of Triticum aestivum L. varieties had been increasing year by year in the past 5 years. Conclusion The quality of Triticum aestivum L. in Henan Province is relatively good, mainly consisting of medium gluten varieties, which are suitable for the processing of various flour products. But there are problems such as a wide variety of varieties and a low proportion of large-scale planting.

Objective To investigate the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis combined with ultrasonication extraction conditions on the yield, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of Mori fructus polysaccharides. Methods Using Mori fructus pomace as the raw material and the yield of Mori fructus polysaccharide as the index, the extraction conditions was optimized through single-factor experiments. Then the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS⁺) radical scavenging capacity, and the inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity of hot water extracting polysaccharide (HWP), enzyme-assisted extracting polysaccharide (EWP), ultrasound-assisted extracting polysaccharide (UWP), enzymatic hydrolysis combined with ultrasonication extracting polysaccharide (EUP) were investigated. Results The optimal conditions for polysaccharide extraction by enzymatic hydrolysis combined with ultrasonication was obtained. Mori fructus pomace powder was mixed with water at ratio of 1:80 (g:mL), and 2.0% composite enzyme (cellulase and pectinase at a ratio of 1:1, V:V) was added in the mixture which was maintained at 50 ℃ for 2 h with stirring. Then the mixture was treated by ultrasonication at 400 W and 60 ℃ for 50 min, and the final yield of EUP was 4.81%, increased by 7.6%, 17.5% and 21.6% compared with HWP, EWP and UWP. EUP also exhibited an improvement in the scavenging activity of both ABTS⁺ radical and DPPH radical. Compared with HWP, EWP and UWP, the semi-inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of α-amylase activity of EUP was 1.18 mg/mL, reduced by 40.1%, 18.6% and 30.6%, respectively, and the IC₅₀ of α-glucosidase activity of EUP was 0.31 mg/mL, reduced by 16.8%, 8.0% and 39.4%, respectively. Conclusion The enzymatic hydrolysis combined with ultrasonication extraction can not only improve the Mori fructus polysaccharide yield, but also enhance the antioxidant power and hypoglycemic activity of Mori fructus polysaccharide, which has a potential application prospect in the industry.

Objective To explore the antioxidant activity and stability of peptides from the visceral of Todarodes pacificus. Methods Free radical scavenging capacities of peptides from the visceral of Todarodes pacificus were determined, while the effects of temperature, pH and gastrointestinal digestion on the antioxidant activity of peptides from the visceral of Todarodes pacificus were also evaluated. Results The peptides from the visceral of Todarodes pacificus exhibited excellent free radical scavenging abilities, with half maximal inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) values of 1.38, 15.26, 0.90 and 2.21 mg/mL for scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cationic radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion radicals, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the peptides remained relatively stable within a temperature range of 25-100 °C. Under pH conditions of 7.0-8.0, their antioxidant activity showed no significant change (P>0.05), but it significantly decreased under strongly acidic or alkaline conditions (P<0.05). After in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the peptides still maintained strong antioxidant activity. Conclusion The peptides from the visceral of Todarodes pacificus has good antioxidant activity and stability, but it shall be noted that the processing and storage of its related products avoid the influence of high temperature and extreme acid-base conditions. The present research will open up new ways for the high-value utilization of the visceral of Todarodes pacificus resources and provide scientific guidance for the innovative development of natural antioxidant peptides.

Objective To evaluate the nutritional value of amino acid content in Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. from different sources in Yunnan Province. Methods The amino acid analyzer method was used to determine the amino acid content of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt., and the amino acid nutritional value was evaluated by multivariate statistical analysis methods. Results The total amino acid (TAA) content in 29 samples ranged from 42.00 to 125.40 mg/g; the essential amino acid (EAA) content ranged from 16.80 to 44.60 mg/g; the content of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and arginine were the most abundant, which were 11.18, 9.97, 6.91 and 5.52 mg/g respectively and could be used as the characteristic amino acids of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.. The content of cystine (0.92 mg/g) and methionine (1.10 mg/g) were the first and second limiting amino acids respectively. According to the amino acid pattern spectrum standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), the nutritional value of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. cultivated in greenhouse substrates in Lianghe Area [EAA/non-essential amino acid (NEAA) was 62.69%-77.21%; EAA/TAA was 38.63%-43.55%] and wild varieties (EAA/NEAA was 61.59%-65.43%; EAA/TAA was 38.12%-39.56%) were the highest and more in line with human needs. According to the comprehensive score ranking in the quality evaluation model, the values of the samples from Mangshi M10, M1, M7 and Longling L4, L5 were higher. Two principal components were extracted by principal component analysis, and the cumulative contribution degree was 83.852%, and a quality evaluation model of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. was established. Cluster analysis was carried out with amino acids and comprehensive scores as variables respectively, and all samples could be divided into 3 major categories. Conclusion The amino acids of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. is rich in nutrients, and the amino acid content of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. from different sources varies. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the development and utilization of the nutritional value of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.. At the same time, it is recommended to pay attention to the origin and cultivation methods of Dendrobium to enhance its market value.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of throat lozenge concentrate in promoting the resolution of bacterial inflammation. Methods Danio rerio model of lipopolysaccharide-induced bacterial inflammation was employed. In order to analyze the efficacy in bacterial inflammation resolution, the transgenic Danio rerio at 3-day post-fertilization was randomly selected for setting a normal control group, a model experimental group, a positive control group and throat lozenge concentrate (at the mass concentrations of 62.5, 125.0 and 250.0 μg/mL) dosage groups. Results Throat lozenge concentrate was found to reduce the amount of neutrophils, decrease the fluorescence intensity of macrophages, lower the nitric oxide fluorescence intensity at the inflammatory site, and downregulate the relative expression levels of cox2, myd88, erk2, nf-κb and tnf-α genes, while upregulating the relative expression level of the iκb-α gene. At a low mass concentration (62.5 µg/mL), the relative expression levels of inos and il-1β genes could be downregulated Conclusion The throat lozenge concentrate demonstrates efficacy in promoting the resolution of bacterial inflammation, thereby providing a scientific basis for its application in product development.