N-nitrosamines (NAs) are a class of strongly carcinogenic compounds with high contamination levels in aquatic products, posing significant risks to human health. Recent random inspections in China have revealed that excessive N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) content has become a major factor disqualifying processed aquatic products, seriously hindering the healthy development of the aquatic product processing industry. Therefore, elucidating the formation mechanisms and influencing factors of NAs in aquatic products, along with controlling their levels through processing technologies and multidisciplinary approaches, has become a key research focus. This review systematically examined various formation pathways of NAs in aquatic products, pretreatment methods, and analytical techniques compliant with national food safety standards. It further summarized comprehensive strategies for NAs control, including reduction of NAs precursor intake, blocking of NAs formation pathways, and decomposition of existing NAs. The paper aimed to address the excessive NAs levels in aquatic products, thereby ensuring the quality and safety of aquatic products and promoting sustainable development of the industry.

Objective To develop a sensitive and stable dual signal output indicator label and realize real-time monitoring of the freshness of Litopenaeus vannamei. Methods Based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/agar composite matrix combining anthocyanins (ACNs), silver coated gold nanoparticles (Au@AgNPs) and the metal organic framework material UiO-66, the dual signal output indicator labels were prepared by casting method. Next, the stabilizing effect of UiO-66 on the labels was investigated by storage stability, ultraviolet stability and anti-migration experiments. Ammonia, dimethylamine and trimethylamine were used as characteristic volatile markers to evaluate the gas sensitive response performance of the labels. Ultimately, the label was applied to real-time monitoring of the freshness of Litopenaeus vannamei. Results Compared to labels without UiO-66, the addition of UiO-66 effectively immobilized the anthocyanins and improved the UV stability and storage stability of the label. In addition, the label showed excellent responsiveness to ammonia and amine gases. In the application of freshness monitoring of Litopenaeus vannamei, the color of the indicator label gradually changed from purplish-red to bluish-green with the change of freshness of Litopenaeus vannamei. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) model based on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals showed excellent prediction performance for the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values, with a correction set coefficient of calibrated coefficient of determination (R²_C) of 0.951, cross-validated coefficient of determination (R²_CV) of 0.899, predicted coefficient of determination (R²_P) of 0.966, and residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 4.765. Conclusion A colorimetric-SERS dual-signal output indicator label is developed in this study. The label enable simultaneous visual identification of the freshness of Litopenaeus vannamei and high-sensitivity prediction of TVB-N values, providing a reference for the design of novel intelligent food packaging systems.

Objective To establish a pre-amplified quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method for the detection of Oncorhynchus mykiss source components. Methods The study developed an enhanced pre-amplified qPCR method, which was based on the validation and improvement of the existing standard qPCR method and compared the performance of both methods. Results Specificity testing of the standard qPCR method revealed cross-reactivity with closely related species, such as Coho salmon and Atlantic salmon. The established improved pre-amplified qPCR method, which incorporated a pre-amplification step, exhibited high specificity and no cross amplification was observed for Coho salmon, Atlantic salmon and other closely related species. The amplification efficiencies of the standard qPCR and the pre-amplified qPCR methods were 90.25% and 104.91%, respectively. The lowest limits of detection of the 2 kinds of methods were 2.99×10^-3 ng/μL (0.83-8.87 pg/μL, 95% confidence interval) for the standard qPCR and 1.50×10^-4 ng/μL (0.09-0.27 pg/μL, 95% confidence interval) for the pre-amplified qPCR. Conclusion The method established in this study has the characteristics of strong specificity, high sensitivity, and is suitable for authenticity and adulteration detection of Oncorhynchus mykiss source components in food products.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 6 kinds of fluoroquinolones and 4 kinds of benzodiazepines residues in aquatic products by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods Aquatic product samples were extracted with 1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The extracts were concentrated with a rotary evaporator and then reconstituted in 90% acetonitrile aqueous solution (containing 1% formic acid), and purified through a pass-through solid phase extraction cartridge (ProElut PLS-A). The purified extracts were directly analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Quantification was performed using the isotope internal standard method. Results The 10 kinds of target compounds exhibited good linearity within the concentration range of 0.5 to 50.0 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients (r) all greater than 0.998. The limits of quantitation for these compounds in 5 kinds of different aquatic product matrices ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 μg/kg. The recovery rates at low, medium and high spiking levels ranged from 81.5% to 109.7%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.24% to 13.22%. Conclusion Methodological validation confirmed that the developed method is highly sensitive, accurate in quantification, stable, and straightforward in operation. It is suitable for high-throughput detection of 6 kinds of fluoroquinolones and 4 kinds of benzodiazepines residues in aquatic products.

Objective To optimize the protein extraction process of Pectinidae. Methods A combination of composite enzymes and segmented enzymatic hydrolysis was employed, utilizing different protease enzymes with mode of enzyme digestion and cleavage sites. Significant factors were screened by single factor combined with Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken model was used to optimize the one-stage protein extraction process, and the parameters of the two-stage enzymatic digestion process were optimized by orthogonal tests. Results The optimal extraction conditions for complex enzyme-assisted stepwise hydrolysis in protein extraction were as follows: The optimal extraction process parameters of the one-stage were as follows, solid-liquid ratio was 1:3.9 (m:V), enzyme digestion time was 80.0 min, compound enzyme addition was 1.1%, complex enzyme ratio (trypsin:alkaline protease) was 1:2 (m:m), enzyme digestion pH was 8.2, enzyme digestion temperature was 52.5 ℃; the optimal extraction parameters of the two-stage were as follows: Enzyme digestion pH was 7.0, enzyme digestion temperature was 50.0 ℃, neutral protease addition was 0.8%, and enzyme digestion time was 40 min. Under these conditions, the protein extraction rate was 76.3%. Conclusion Due to synergistic and complementary effects between the complex enzymes and segmented enzymatic hydrolysis, the protein extraction rate of Pectinidae is effectively improved, which provide some theoretical basis for the subsequent development and utilization of proteins from Pectinidae.

Objective To establish a rapid detection model for the nutritional components of Oncorhynchus mykiss based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Methods Firstly, near-infrared spectral data of 200 Oncorhynchus mykiss were collected. Then, the content of 3 kinds of nutritional components (moisture, fat and protein) of each Oncorhynchus mykiss were determined by national standard methods. The near-infrared spectral data and nutritional component data were matched one by one. The near-infrared rapid detection model was established by combining NIR with partial least squares (PLS), and the best detection model was screened out. Results The pretreatment method of the moisture content detection model was multiple scattering correction (MSC), and the optimal model was obtained when the wavelength range was 4000-10000 cm^-1. The pretreatment method of the fat content detection model was standard normal variable (SNV), and the optimal model was obtained when the wavelength range was 5000-7144 cm^-1 and 7404-10000 cm^-1. The pretreatment method of the protein detection model was second derivative (ds2)+SNV+Savitzky-Golay smoothing (sg9), and the optimal model was obtained when the wavelength range was 4100-5100 cm^-1 and 5400-9000 cm^-1. The Q value, the correlation coefficient of the correlation coefficients, and the correlation coefficient of prediction of the optimal model were all relatively large, and the standard deviation of square error corrected and standard error of cross validation were close to each other, which met the best modeling principle. Conclusion The best model is verified by the prediction set that do not participate in the modeling. The absolute deviation between the predicted value and the true value (determined by the national standard method) is no more than 5.7%. This indicates that the model can be used for the detection of three nutritional components of Oncorhynchus mykiss, and can achieve non-destructive and rapid detection of the nutritional components of Oncorhynchus mykiss, saving detection costs and shortening the detection cycle.

Objective To evaluate the pollution levels of five harmful heavy metals in different tissue parts and whole crabs of imported Cancer pagurus (common yellow crabs), clarify their distribution characteristics and food safety risks. Methods According to the national standard GB 5009.268—2016 National food safety standard-Determination of multielements in food, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to detect the content of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead in 9 parts of Cancer pagurus liver, pancreas, crab roe, crab gills, crab body meat, crab leg meat and whole crab. The differences in heavy metal enrichment and exceedance in different parts were analyzed. Results Cadmium pollution was the most prominent, with the highest content in the liver and pancreas (up to 98.60 mg/kg) and a exceedance rate of 95.0%; arsenic was commonly detected but there was no clear limit standard, while mercury and lead only exceed the limit in inedible parts such as crab gills; the overall heavy metal content was cadmium>arsenic>mercury>lead>chromium, and the content of edible parts (crab body meat, crab leg meat) was significantly lower than that of non edible parts; the heavy metal content in whole crabs was significantly affected by highly polluted areas such as the liver and pancreas. Conclusion Imported Cancer pagurus pose a high risk of cadmium enrichment in suspected edible parts such as the liver, pancreas and gonads. It is necessary to improve the definition criteria for edible parts and establish a targeted risk assessment mechanism. It is recommended that consumers reduce their intake of highly contaminated parts. This study provides data support for optimizing the safety supervision strategy and dietary guidance of imported crustacean aquatic products.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 8 kinds of benzodiazepines residues, including diazepam, oxazepam, midazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam, triazolam, alprazolam and nitrazepam in aquatic products by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The sample was extracted by 80% acetonitrile aqueous solution containing 0.2% formic acid, purified by Waters PRIME HLB solid phase extraction column, concentrated by nitrogen blowing in water bath. The residue contents were separated by C₁₈ chromatographic column, eluted by 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-methanol mobile phase systems, and analyzed by electrospray ion source in positive ion multi-reaction monitoring mode. The quantitative information was obtained by matrix-added calibration with external standard. Results The correlation coefficient of calibration curves of 8 kinds of benzodiazepines residues were above 0.999. The limits of detection were 0.064-0.226 μg/kg, the recovery rates of the method were 70.4%-107.0%, and the relative standard deviations were 2.1%-10.2%. Conclusion The method is rapid, simple and accurate, and it is suitable for the determination of benzodiazepine sedative drug residues in aquatic products.

Tea is deeply loved by consumers for its unique aroma and health benefits, which is why tea quality and safety have garnered widespread attention. The quality and safety of tea involves the quality and safety of tea, as well as issues such as pesticide residues, heavy metals, harmful microorganisms, and fluorine. It is closely related to all aspects of tea cultivation, processing and storage. This paper started with tea-related standards and focuses on tea quality and safety issues such as pesticide residues, heavy metals, harmful microorganisms and fluoride, etc. It summarized the pretreatment of tea samples, normal detection technologies, rapid detecting methods, and relevant research progress. The aim is to provide a comprehensive knowledge framework for the tea industry, enhance quality and safety standards, and promote the sustainable development of the tea industry.

Objective To establish a magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) approach based on covalent organic framework materials in combination with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the efficient determination of 9 kinds of carbamate pesticides (CPs) in Vigna unguiculata. Methods After the extraction of Vigna unguiculata samples, the novel Fe₃O₄@TAPOB-BDTB material was employed for magnetic solid-phase extraction and purification. After filtration, the samples were separated by a C₁₈ chromatographic column and quantitatively analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring in the electrospray positive ion mode. Results The established analytical methods for the 9 kinds of CPs exhibited excellent linearity within the concentration range of 0.02-100.00 μg/kg, with the determination coefficients (r²) all exceeding 0.9989. The spiked recovery rates were within the range of 80.33%-108.63%, and both the intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 8.89%. The detection limits of the methods were 0.005-0.010 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 0.02 μg/kg, which were significantly below the maximum residue limits specified in GB 2763—2021 National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits of pesticides in food and EU Regulation No 396/2005, ensuring compliance within an academic context. Conclusion The covalent organic framework materials synthesize in this study demonstrate exceptional adsorption capacity for CPs via π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, the develope MSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method enables rapid, highly sensitive, and precise detection of CPs in Vigna unguiculata, thereby offering an efficient and innovative approach for monitoring pesticide residues in agricultural products.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of enrofloxacin residues in complex mixed matrix of the “soil-vegetable” system by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The sample was subjected to vortex ultrasonic extraction with acidified acetonitrile extract [containing 5% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-Mcllvaine buffer solution], settling with centrifugation, getting solvent conversion and being filtered by 0.22 μm nylon filter membrane. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (containing 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate), and the mixture was subjected to Waters ACQUITY UPLC ® BEH C₁₈ chromatographic column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) gradient elution separation, using mass spectrometry as a detector for qualitative and quantitative analysis of enrofloxacin. Results In the mass concentration range of 1-200 ng/mL, the standard curve showed a good linear relationship (correlation coefficient=0.9996), the limit of detection of the method was 0.11 μg/kg, the recovery rates ranged from 87.4% to 103.3%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.4% to 4.0% (n=6). Conclusion This method has fast analysis speed, high accuracy and good repeatability, and is suitable for the detection of enrofloxacin residues in complex mixed matrix of the “soil-vegetable” system. It also has the potential to indirectly reveal the risk of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) contamination in the system.

Objective To evaluate the levels of metal elements contamination in Morella ruba Lour. from different production areas in Wenzhou and establish a comprehensive evaluation system. Methods The 121 Morella ruba Lour. samples and 68 soil samples from Morella ruba Lour. planting sites in Wenzhou were studied. The pH of the soil and 6 kinds of metal elements indicators, including chromium, nickel, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead, in both the soil and fruits were measured and analyzed. A fruit-soil correlation model (incorporating correlation analysis and principal component analysis of 13 parameters across 54 samples) was established. Results The qualification rate of Morella ruba Lour. samples was 94.21%, while the qualification rate of soil samples was only 39.71%; there was a varying degree of correlation between the metal elements content in Morella ruba Lour. fruits and soil, with a strong positive correlation between mercury in Morella ruba Lour. fruits and chromium and nickel in soil; principal component analysis identified chromium and cadmium in soil, as well as nickel, lead and arsenic in Morella ruba Lour., as the core indicators for evaluating the metal elements quality and safety of Morella ruba Lour.. Conclusion This study established a comprehensive evaluation system for metal elements quality safety in Morella ruba Lour., providing methodological references for regional agricultural product safety regulation.

Objective To evaluate the toxicological safety of xylooligosaccharides. Methods According to the national food safety standards, the safety of xylooligosaccharides was evaluated through acute oral toxicity test in mice, micronucleus tests in mammalian bone marrow red blood cells, chromosomal aberration tests in spermatocytes, Bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test, and 28 day oral toxicity test. Results The acute maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of xylooligosaccharides in male and female mice was greater than 10000 mg/(kg·bw), which was classified as practically non-toxic; the micronucleus test of mammalian bone marrow red blood cells, chromosome aberration test of spermatocytes, and Ames test were all negative; set up 3 dose groups: 0 (basic feed control), 4167, 8333 and 16667 mg/(kg·bw) (equivalent to 25 times, 50 times and 100 times the maximum recommended intake), orally administered once a day for 28 consecutive days. The high-dose group of animals showed a decrease in total weight gain related to the test sample, changes in biochemical indicators such as alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose and urea nitrogen, and a decrease in organ weight and visceral to body ratio in male rats. However, there were no corresponding changes observed in the medium and low-dose groups (equivalent to 50 times and 25 times the maximum recommended intake) and the Weixing group. Conclusion Xylooligosaccharides do not show acute toxicity or genetic toxicity; the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the sample for 28 days of oral toxicity in female and male rats is 8333 mg/(kg·bw).

Objective To establish a method for rapid detection of toltrazuril and other veterinary drug residues in milk using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based on solid-phase extraction purification technology. Methods The samples were ultrasonically extracted with a 0.1% acetic acid-acetonitrile solution and purified using an solid phase extraction column (HMR-Lipid). Separation was achieved on a BEH C₁₈ chromatographic column with 0.1‱ acetic acid in water-acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The target compounds were ionized in the negative ion mode of electrospray ionization and detected in multiple reaction monitoring mode, with quantification performed using the internal standard method. Factors such as extraction, purification and chromatographic conditions of the target compounds in the samples were optimized. Results The target compounds had good linearity in the mass concentration range of 0.5-50.0 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients all greater than 0.999. The limits of detection were 0.23-0.52 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 0.23-1.45 μg/kg. The spiked recoveries ranged from 92.4% to 105.2%, and the precisions were between 0.32% and 7.00%. Conclusion The sample pretreatment could be completed within 15 minutes. This method is simple, rapid, highly sensitive and accurate for both qualitative and quantitative analysis, and is suitable for the detection of toltrazuril and other veterinary drug residues in milk.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of the migration of 14 kinds of ultraviolet absorbers in aqueous food simulants and chemical alternative solvents (95% ethanol aqueous solution and isooctane) by high performance liquid chromatography. Methods The ultraviolet absorbers migrated into the aqueous food simulants were extracted twice with n-hexane by vortexing and shaking, and the combined extract was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and re-dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. The ultraviolet absorbers migrated into the chemical alternative solvents were evaporated to dryness and re-dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. A C₈ column was used for separation, with acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase and gradient elution. Detection was performed using a ultraviolet detector at a wavelength of 300 nm. Results The limits of detection of 14 kinds of ultraviolet absorbers were as low as 0.008 mg/L, and the limits of quantitation were 0.020 mg/L. The correlation coefficients of the 14 kinds of target compounds were above 0.999 within the linear range of 0.20-5.0 mg/L. The 3 levels of ultraviolet absorbers (0.02, 0.05 and 0.50 mg/L) were added to the food simulants or chemical alternative solvents, and 6 replicate experiments were conducted. The results showed that the recovery rates of each compound at each level were within the range of 82.4%-108.0%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 10%. Conclusion This method is accurate, efficient and simple, and can be used to simultaneously determine the migration amounts of 14 kinds of ultraviolet absorbers in aqueous simulants and chemical alternative solvents.

Objective To explore the optimal fermentation process of Vatica wine and analyze its flavor substances. Methods The fermentation conditions of Vatica wine were optimized by single factor experiments and Box-Behnken response surface analysis. The effects of yeast addition amount, fermentation temperature and fermentation time on the fermentation of green plum wine were analyzed. The flavor components of green plum wine were analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the optimal process conditions. Single-factor experiments. Results The optimal technological conditions were as follows: Fermentation temperature 25 ℃, yeast addition 0.5 g/L, fermentation time for 8 days. Among them, 25 kinds of volatile flavor substances were detected. The main flavor active ingredients were alcohols, esters, aldehydes and ketones, terpenes, etc. They accounted for 59.28%, 9.07%, 17.00% and 0.96% of flavor substances, respectively. Conclusion The Vatica wine fermented by this condition is sweet and sour and has the unique fragrance of Vatica, which provides theoretical support for the industrialization upgrading and quality improvement of Vatica wine.

Objective To establish a method for the detection of furosine in milk by microwave hydrolysis-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The optimal conditions for microwave hydrolysis were optimized by single factor experiments and response surface methodology. The hydrolysis solution obtained under the optimal hydrolysis conditions was filtered to a constant volume. The hydrolysate was diluted 10-fold with 6.0 g/L ammonium acetate solution and then analyzed. Gradient elution was performed with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol solution as mobile phases, and the separation was carried out on a T3 liquid chromatography column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). Under the positive ion mode of electrospray ion source (ESI⁺), multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was selected for detection and external standard method was used for quantification. Results The optimal microwave hydrolysis conditions for furosine in milk were hydrolysis temperature of 160 ℃, hydrochloric acid concentration of 8.1 mol/L, and hydrolysis time of 52 min. The primary-to-secondary order of influencing factors was hydrochloric acid concentration>hydrolysis time>hydrolysis temperature. Furosine in milk showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.005-0.500 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9958. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were 0.20 µg/mL and 0.07 µg/mL, respectively. The average recoveries were 89.09%-97.33%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.37%-7.02% (n=6). Conclusion This method is efficient and accurate. Compared with the traditional hydrolysis methods(12-24 hours), microwave hydrolysis shortens the hydrolysis time to 52 minutes, and there is no significant difference (P>0.05) in the detection results compared with the conventional hydrolysis methods in the industry standard NY/T 939—2016 Identification of reconstituted milk in pasteurized and UHT milk. It can provide technical reference for quality control and heat treatment process evaluation of dairy products.

Objective To establish a method to simultaneously determine the content of 5 kinds of components of Lonicera japonica Thunb. herbs from Sandao real estate area (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B and isochlorogenic acid C) by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker. Methods Phenomenex Synergi Hydro-RP80A (250 mm×4.6 mm, 4 μm) column was used with acetonitrile (A)-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution (B) as mobile phase, the detection wavelength was 327 nm, the column temperature was 20 ℃, and the flow rate was 0.7 mL/min. The injection volume was 2 µL. Results The linear ranges of neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C were 0.41-16.40, 7.22-289.00, 0.21-8.50, 1.65-66.00 and 0.37-14.80 μg/mL (r≥0.9993), respectively. The average recovery rate was 95.25%-100.42%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of precision, repeatability and stability were less than 2.0%. The content of neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B and isochlorogenic acid C in 25 batches of samples was determined by external standard method, and there was no significant difference between the measured values and the calculated values of quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker method. Conclusion This method is accurate, reliable and simple for the simultaneous determination of the content of 5 kinds of compounds in Lonicera japonica Thunb., which solves the bottleneck problem of lack of reference substances in the quality control of Lonicera japonica Thunb.. The content of caffeoylquinic acid in Lonicera japonica Thunb. from different origins varies greatly, and it is necessary to further strengthen the processing of Lonicera japonica Thunb.. This study provides an important basis for the identification, quality evaluation and formulation of quality standards of Lonicera japonica Thunb..

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 11 kinds of synthetic colorants in beverages by automated solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography. Methods The 2 g of the beverage sample was taken, it was extracted with an ammonia ethanol solution, and operations such as activation, sample loading, washing, eluting and collection were performed in turn with the help of a fully automatic solid-phase extraction instrument. After nitrogen blowing and redissolution, the liquid chromatography instrument was used for on-line determination [diode multi-wavelength multi-channel simultaneous detection, detection wavelengths 415 nm (citrus yellow and quinoline yellow), 520 nm (new red, amaranth red, carmine, sunset yellow, temptation red, acidic red, and red algae), 610 nm (indigo and bright blue); mobile phase: A 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution, B methanol, flow rate 1 mL/min, gradient elution]. Results In the range of 0.2-10.0 μg/mL, the mass concentration of 11 kinds of synthetic colorants showed good linear relationship with peak area, and the linear correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99, the limit of detection met the requirements of GB 500935—2023 National food safety standard-Determination of synthetic colorants in food. In the standard addition method recovery test, the recovery rates were between 91.3% and 106.0%, and the relative standard deviation of the determination value (n=6) was less than 5.0%. This method was applied to the ability verification of sunset yellow and carmine in beverages in food testing institutions in the Yangtze River Delta. The content of carmine was 5.86 mg/kg, and the content of sunset yellow was 4.31 mg/kg. The other synthetic colorants were not detected. Conclusion This method achieve good enrichment effect, high automation degree, simple operation, good stability, short time, high efficiency, good sensitivity, high accuracy and good reproducibility, and is suitable the determination and analysis of synthetic colorants in a large number of beverages.

Objective To rapidly identify the chemical components in the peel of Wogam by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole electrostatic field orbital trap mass spectrometry (UPLC-QE-MS) in combination with various data analysis methods. Methods The samples were separated by Thermo Scientific Hypersil GOLD AQ (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.9 μm) chromatographic column using solution A (0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile) and solution B (0.1% formic acid-water) as the mobile phase in a gradient elution mode. In the positive and negative ion mode, the electrical spray ion source was used to collect the signals of various chemical components in the peel of Wogam by means of one-step full scanning and two-stage ion scanning. Based on the high-resolution mass spectrometry data of traditional Chinese medicine components in the Trace Finder software and the screening network database of Compound Discoverer 3.2 software, the identification of chemical components were carried out by comparing the recognition of primary ions, major secondary ions, and other factors of the sample, as well as combining the possible cleavage pathways of the compound and consulting relevant literature reports. Through comprehensive analysis and judgment, the components were determined. Results Through literature review and comparison with high-resolution mass spectrometry data and databases, as well as compound analysis, a total of 52 compounds belonging to 11 categories were identified from the peel of Wogam, including 1 aldehyde, 5 organic acids, 2 alkaloids, 5 terpenes, 1 ketone, 7 phenylpropanoids, 2 coumarins, 1 nucleoside, 26 flavonoids, 1 anthraquinone, and 1 lignan. Conclusion The application of UPLC-QE-MS technology, combined with relevant databases and literature, enables the analysis of the chemical components of the peel of Wogam, providing a basis for the industrial development of Wogam peel.

Agricultural product safety form the foundation of constructing food supply systems. Smart hydrogels exhibit promising application prospects in agricultural safety analysis due to their stimuli responsiveness, mechanical stability, biocompatibility, and adjustable pore size. This review focused on the classification, preparation methods, responsive mechanisms and applications of smart hydrogels in agricultural product safety. Based on synthesis methods, they could be divided into physically cross-linked and chemically cross-linked hydrogels, while stimulus-responsive types included temperature-responsive, pH-responsive, biomolecule-responsive, electric field-responsive and magnetic field-responsive hydrogels. This study summarized their applications in contaminants adsorption/separation, foodborne pathogen detection, mycotoxin detection, pesticide/veterinary drug residue analysis, illegal additive identification, and heavy metal detection for agricultural product assurance. Development prospects of smart hydrogels are further discussed to provide references for their expanded utilization in agricultural product safety.

Food safety is crucial for national economic development and public health. With the development of science and technology, traditional detection methods is difficult to meet the supervision requirements of food safety in complex scenarios. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI), with its high efficiency, high accuracy, powerful data processing capabilities, and precise identification and predictive analysis functions, has gradually been applied to research fields such as food flavor analysis, food safety risk assessment and early warning, and authenticity identification. The application of AI technology has improved the timeliness and reliability of food quality and safety testing, and has built a prevention and control system covering the entire industry for regulatory departments through intelligent decision-making assistance systems, becoming the core technical support for ensuring “safety on the tip of the tongue”. This paper mainly introduced the main algorithms of machine learning and deep learning algorithms, and reviewed the research progress of AI algorithms in food quality and safety. Additionally, it looks ahead to the existing problems and future research trends of the application of AI algorithms in food quality and safety. The aim is to offer references for further promoting the research and practice of AI technology in the field of food quality and safety, and to provide research ideas for the field of food quality and safety detection.

Objective To analyze the key factors affecting constant weight in the direct drying method and to optimize the experimental conditions for vacuum drying, distillation, and Karl Fischer methods as specified in the GB 5009.3—2016 National food safety standard-Determination of moisture in foods. Methods The determination of moisture content in samples was conducted according to GB 5009.3—2016. The study altered experimental conditions to explore key factors affecting constant weight in the direct drying method, optimized conditions for vacuum drying by adjusting vacuum pressure, and compared the effects of different reagents (xylene, Karl Fischer reagent) on detection results. Results In the direct drying method, sample temperature, cooling time in the desiccator and the degree of sample pulverization were identified as key factors affecting constant weight. For vacuum drying method, increasing the vacuum to -0.1 MPa and adding an effective desiccant to the drying box could rapidly evaporate moisture from the sample, improving detection efficiency. In the distillation method, the preparation and purification of analytical-grade toluene or xylene could be omitted. The Karl Fischer method could use a low-toxicity, pyridine-free Karl Fischer reagent. Conclusion The 4 detection methods in this standard are optimized separately to solve problems such as difficulty in achieving constant weight after repeated drying and the use of toxic and harmful reagents. The rationalization suggestions provide in this study have increased the operability of the standard and improved the testing efficiency of the laboratory.

Objective To prepare edible gelatin-corn starch bio-based composite film loaded with lactive Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CXG9, and endow the film with antibacterial activity and excellent film properties. Methods Using gelatin and corn starch mixed film as substrate, the bacterial mud obtained by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CXG9 centrifugation was mixed into gelatin-corn starch mixture, and the living bacteria edible composite film was prepared by solution casting method. By measuring the characterization of the film and its antibacterial activity in vitro, the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CXG9 on the properties of gelatin-corn starch film were studied. Results The elongation at break of the gelatin-corn starch composite film loaded with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CXG9 increased by 35.51%, the moisture content decreased by 2.55%, and the water vapor permeability also decreased by 11.2%. This indicated that the ultraviolet barrier ability, water vapor permeability, elongation at break, and thermal stability of the film loaded with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CXG9 had all been improved. On the other hand, the addition of live bacteria gave the film antibacterial properties, and it had different degrees of inhibition on Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion In this study, gelatin-CXG9-corn starch antibacterial film loaded with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CXG9 is successfully prepared by using gelatin-corn starch as substrate, which reduces the burden of traditional packaging materials on the environment and opens up a new way for the development of food packaging field.

Objective To detect and analyze the content of mineral elements in wines of different varieties and years from the Helan Mountain East Slope region, and construct a model for identifying wine varieties and years based on mineral elements using multivariate statistical analysis methods. Methods Grapes of 5 varieties, namely, Zinfandel, Merlot, Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon and Marselan, were collected from a winery in Qingtongxia, Ningxia, and were processed into wines using the same method. Wines of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety from 6 years (2018—2023) were collected from a winery in Yongning, Ningxia. The content of 54 kinds of mineral elements including B, Bi, Be, etc. in the wines was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A model for identifying wine varieties and years was constructed based on the differences in mineral element content among different varieties and years of wines. Results A total of 53 mineral elements were detected in wines of different varieties, and 47 kinds of mineral elements including As and B showed extremely significant differences among varieties (P<0.01). All 54 kinds of mineral elements were detected in wines of different years, and all showed extremely significant differences among years (P<0.01). The correct discrimination rate of the model for identifying wine varieties and years based on Fisher discriminant analysis was 100%. The 9 kinds of mineral elements, namely, As, Cs, Dy, Mo, Na, Sb, U, Yb and Fe, were identified as the differential elements for different varieties of wines, and 11 kinds of mineral elements, namely, Cu, Li, Na, Sb, Tl, U, V, Y, Yb, Ag and Pt, were identified as the differential elements for wines of the same variety from different years. The correct discrimination of wines from the same origin but of different varieties and years was achieved based on mineral elements. Conclusion Mineral elements show significant differences among wines of different varieties and years, and can be used for the identification of wine varieties and years from the same region.

Objective To establish a rapid detection method of viable Pediococcus pentosaceus in rose jam based on the combination of propidium monoazide (PMA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Methods Primers specific for Pediococcus pentosaceus were designed according to the species-specific murI gene. The optimal PMA treatment conditions were determined by optimizing the PMA concentration, dark incubation time, and exposure time. Different ratios of Pediococcus pentosaceus dead/live bacterial mixtures were validated by the PMA-qPCR method to assess the sensitivity and limit of detection of the technique. Results The designed primers exhibited high specificity, and the optimal PMA treatment conditions were determined as 80 µg/mL PMA, 15 min of dark incubation, and 25 min of exposure. Under this condition, a standard curve with correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.9983 was constructed, and the lowest limit of detection was determined to be 3.98×10³ CFU/g. Conclusion The PMA-qPCR method established in this study enables the rapid and accurate quantification of viable Pediococcus pentosaceus in rose jam with high sensitivity, providing technical support for the quantitative detection of microorganisms in complex food matrices.

Objective To investigate the effects of different degree of low substitution degree on the physicochemical properties of potato starch, and apply it to the hard capsule shell to observe the effect of potato acetate starch on its properties. Methods Potato starch was used as raw material and acetic anhydride as esterifying agent to prepare esterification modified starch with different low degree of substitution (0.0143-0.0570). The physical and chemical properties and structural changes of different starch with low substitution degree were investigated, and it was used in the preparation of hard capsule shells. Results Both potato starches with different low substitution degrees and the original starch were shear-thinning type pseudoplastic fluids. The energy storage modulus and loss modulus of modified starch showed an increasing trend, and the storage modulus was larger than that of original starch. Compared with the original starch, the transparency, gel strength and water holding capacity of modified starch were improved. The swelling degree and solubility increased. The esterification reaction of acetic anhydride with potato starch occurred mainly on the surface of starch particles, and did not change the crystallization type of potato starch. The modified starch paste of potato was used to prepare the hard capsule shell and all the indexes met the requirements of Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (2020 edition). Conclusion The low substitution degree of acetate starch can improve the performance and application range of natural starch, which is in line with the national food safety standards. The preparation of plant hard capsules instead of gelatin capsules can make up for the shortcomings of natural starch in the preparation process, and it is in line with the standards stipulated in Chinese pharmacopoeia.

Objective To evaluate the effects of forchlorfenuron dipping and spraying on the quality of Actinidia chinensis in Sichuan Province after flowering and determine the optimal application method. Methods At 20 days after flowering, Hongyang and Jinyan Actinidia chinensis were treated with forchlorfenuron by dipping and spraying. At maturity, fruits were harvested, and their morphological structure, texture, external quality, amino acid content, and internal nutritional quality indicators were analyzed. Results Compared to spraying, forchlorfenuron dipping could significantly increase soluble sugar and dry matter content in Jinyan Actinidia chinensis but had no significant effect on fruit longitudinal and transverse diameters, fruit shape index, amino acid content as well as other parameters. Different from Jinyan Actinidia chinensis, forchlorfenuron dipping could increase Hongyang fruit longitudinal and transverse diameters, single fruit weight, and the content of alanine and histidine. It also reduced fruit firmness and titratable acid content while improving the ascorbic acid, solid-acid ratio, dry matter, soluble sugar, soluble solids and total polyphenol content, enhancing taste and quality. Conclusion According to the results of principal component analysis, forchlorfenuron dipping is more effective than spraying in optimizing fruit morphology, softening fruit, improving taste, and enhancing the quality of both Hongyang Actinidia chinensis. Therefore, dipping is recommended as the optimal forchlorfenuron application method for the cultivation of Hongyang Actinidia chinensis, yet dipping and spraying with forchlorfenuron are both suitable for Jinyan Actinidia chinensis. This study provides technical support for the scientific and standardized use of forchlorfenuron in Sichuan Actinidia chinensis production.

Objective To screen salt-tolerant esterase-producing strains from yellow water and analyze their metabolic products. Methods Esterase-producing strains were isolated from yellow water and identified using morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular biological methods. Results The 9 esterase-producing strains were screened from yellow water, among which CZ-1, CZ-5 and CZ-8 were Paenibacillus dendritiformis, CZ-9 was Paenibacillus cookii, CZ-10, CZ-13 and CZ-15 were Bacillus velezensis, and CZ-3 was Saccharomyces cerevisiae, P5-5 was Pichia manshurica. All 9 strains had good salt tolerance and could grow at pH 2.0-11.0, and 7 strains had salt tolerance up to 120 g/L. Experiments showed that when using caproic acid as the substrate, the esterifying enzyme activities of strains CZ-1, CZ-3, CZ-5, CZ-8, CZ-9, CZ-13, CZ-15 and P5-5 were 69.93, 70.62, 6.01, 67.65, 35.31, 48.51, 69.24 and 71.45 U/mL respectively, and strain CZ-10 had no esterifying enzyme activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis showed that 12 kinds of volatile components of alcohols, 7 kinds of volatile components of aldehydes, 1 kind of volatile component of ethers, 3 kinds of volatile components of amines, 11 kinds of volatile components of ketones, 9 kinds of volatile components of esters, 3 kinds of volatile components of acids and 22 kinds of other volatile components were detected in the fermentation broth. Conclusion The 9 esterifying enzyme-producing strains are screened from yellow water, all of which have good salt and alkali tolerance and esterifying enzyme activity. P5-5 has the highest esterifying enzyme activity and the most types of volatile components, which provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent treatment and application of yellow water.

Objective To investigate false positive interference from spices in hot pot base materials during the detection of thebaine using mass spectrometry, identify interfering matrix components, and optimize analytical methods. Methods The 62 kinds of commonly used spices in hot pot bases were collected. The false positive issues screened by BJS 201802 Determination method of morphine, codeine, papaverine, noscapine and thebaine in food were further analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry combined with positive pressure electrospray ionization full mass spectrometry scanning. The potential interfering substances were locked through ion fragment analysis and verified. Results The results showed that the detection found interference peaks with retention times similar to those of thebaine in the extracts of bay leaves and pepper, which could lead to false positive results. The molecular weight of the interfering substance was 311.3812 ([M+H]+), with a deviation of less than 2 ppm from the theoretical value of thebaine (311.375), suggesting that it was an isomer. Through the detection of the suspected interfering substance, it was verified that Launobine and Pisatin had no interfering activity. Conclusion The alkaloid substances in spices have significant interference with the detection of thebaine. It is suggested to improve the specificity and accuracy of the detection by optimizing the mass spectrometry conditions, introducing nuclear magnetic resonance technology and perfecting the pretreatment process to avoid false positive misjudgment.

Dandelion is a medicinal and food plant in China, with a wide range of sources and rich nutritional and pharmacological values. Dandelion polysaccharide is one of the important functional active ingredients, and domestic and international studies have found that it has a variety of biological activities. This paper systematically reviewed the extraction and purification methods of Dandelion polysaccharides, analyzed the primary structural features of Dandelion polysaccharides, such as molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and chemical structure, and summarized and analyzed the biological activities and related mechanisms of Dandelion polysaccharides, such as antioxidant, anti-bacterial, immune regulation, hypoglycemia, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor, etc., and explored the conformational relationship between the structure of Dandelion polysaccharides and its biological activities, which is aimed to provide the basis for the deep development of Dandelion polysaccharides in food and medicine. This study aims to provide important theoretical references for the development and application of Dandelion polysaccharides in food and medicine.

Objective To establish a method for the rapid determination of total flavonoids in tartary buckwheat by cerium dioxide/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/acetylene black (CeO₂/MWCNTs/AB) nano-electrochemical sensor. Methods The modified material and these nanoelectrochemical sensors were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of rutin on the electrode surface was systematically investigated via CV. Critical parameters were optimized, including electrolyte type, pH, modifier ratio, coating volume, accumulation time and scan rate. Results One pair of well- defined redox peaks were observed at the potential of 0.54 V and 0.57 V, which indicated that the electrochemical oxidation and reduction reaction of flavonoid was reversible. The experimental conditions were optimized, the results as follows: B-R solution with pH 2.0 as the electrolyte solution, V_CeO2/MWCNTs:V_{acetylene black} as 1:3, amounts of modified material, 12 μL, enrichment time as 9 min. At these conditions, the oxidation peak current of flavonoid linearly increased with its concentration, I_p=0.793C+3.508 (r²=0.998), and the limit of detection was 6.5×10^-8 mol/L. The developed method was used to determinate total flavonoids content of tartary buckwheat, the recoveries were in the range of 99.46%-102.15%, the results were superior to ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Conclusion The method is feasible for the rapid and accurate determination of total flavonoids in food with the advantages such as simple pretreatment time saving and convenience, low detection cost, high sensitivity and good accuracy.

Objective To establish a method for determination the fat content in flavored fermented milk containing thickeners by papain-gravimetric method. Methods Papain was used to reduce the adsorption of fat by casein in dairy products. The amount of papain added was 0.5 g, the enzymatic hydrolysis temperature was 65 ℃, and the hydrolysis time was 20 min. A mixture of ether and petroleum ether with equal volumes [25:25 (V:V)] was used to extract fat twice from the flavored fermented milk hydrolysate containing thickening agents. The extraction solvent was evaporated in a water bath, and the fat content was quantified by gravimetric method after drying in an oven. Results The determination of fat content in flavored fermented milk with thickener flavor was consistent with the label value, with a relative standard deviation of 0.40% and a maximum deviation of 0.05 g/100 g, which met the precision requirements of GB 5009.6—2016 third method for determination of fat in foods. Conclusion This method is simple to operate and conform to the concept of green analytical chemistry, compared with GB 5009.6— 2016 third method, it reduces the total volume of mixed ethers used, thereby minimizing harm to human health and environmental pollution. With good reproducibility, it can effectively determine the fat content in flavored fermented milk containing thickeners, providing robust technical support for quality control of such products.

Objective To optimize the subcritical water extraction process of Pollen pini polysaccharides based on genetic algorithm-neural network (GA-NN) algorithm and further explore its anti-fatigue activity. Methods Using broken shell Pollen pini as raw material, a response surface was designed through Box-Behnken test on a single factor basis, and a network neural model was constructed and optimized using GA-NN algorithm. Under the optimal process conditions, the anti-fatigue effect of polysaccharides was evaluated through mouse weight-bearing swimming test. Results The relative error and coefficient of determination (R²) of the constructed neural network model were 0.03267 and 0.98476, respectively. The genetic algorithm was iterated 60 times for subcritical water extraction of polysaccharides, and the optimal parameters were obtained as follows: Temperature 148 ℃, time 28 min, liquid to material ratio 40:1 (mL/g), pressure 5 MPa, and polysaccharide yield of 23.7893 mg/g. After verification, there was no significant difference between the actual value and the predicted value, indicating good accuracy of the model. The study on anti fatigue activity showed that compared with the blank group, the high-dose group of mice had a certain degree of increase in body weight, while there was no significant difference in other groups (P>0.05). Compared with the blank group, the swimming time of mice in the polysaccharide group was prolonged, the levels of blood lactate and urea nitrogen were reduced, and the reserves of muscle glycogen and liver glycogen were significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion GA-NN can effectively optimize the subcritical water extraction process of Pollen pini polysaccharide, and the polysaccharide has a certain anti fatigue effect.

Objective To investigate the contamination of fungal toxins in locally produced rice in Harbin Area, and conduct a risk assessment. Methods The content of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in commercially available locally produced Daohuaxiang No.2 rice were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Through Monte Carlo simulation, non-parametric probabilistic assessment methods and point assessment methods were employed to evaluate the dietary exposure risk of different populations in Harbin to AFB₁ and OTA through the consumption of rice. Results A dietary exposure model for AFB₁ and OTA has been established. This study found that both AFB₁ and OTA pose a high risk to children, especially those with high consumption levels, who had a greater potential risk of developing liver cancer through rice consumption. Conclusion The overall health risk of AFB₁ and OTA exposure through rice consumption among residents in Harbin is relatively low. However, there is a significant potential health risk for high-consuming children, which requires much more attention. Apparent health risks were not found for other populations.

Objective To understand the levels of veterinary drug residues in chickens and eggs in the diet of Xinjiang residents, and analyze and assess the health risks associated with exposure to veterinary drug residues in this region. Methods Veterinary drug residues were detected in chicken and egg samples from supermarkets and farmers’ markets in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2021 to 2023 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and then combined with the data on the food intake of the residents of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and then assessed the risk of dietary exposure by point assessment method. Results The detection rate of 19 kinds of veterinary drug residues in chicken and egg samples in Xinjiang from 2021 to 2023 was 23.3% (63/270), and the exceedance rate was 6.3% (17/270), and the difference in the detection rate of florfenicol was statistically significant by chi-square test (P=0.002), and the differences in detection and exceedance rates in the Northern, Southern and Eastern regions of Xinjiang were not statistically significant. The food safety index for chicken meat in Xinjiang were much smaller than 1, and the food safety index for veterinary drug residues in eggs were all less than 1, but the food safety index for ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, diclazuril and florfenicolide were much greater than 1. Conclusion The risk of dietary exposure to veterinary drug residues for chicken meats and eggs in Xinjiang is small and in the controllable range.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of flonicamid residues in tea and assess the dietary intake risk of flonicamid in tea. Methods Flonicamid residues in tea were extracted using acetonitrile, followed by dehydration and salting out with anhydrous MgSO₄ and sodium acetate. The supernatant was purified using anhydrous MgSO₄, C₁₈, primary-secondary amine (PSA), and graphitized carbon black (GCB) as adsorbents. Analysis was performed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive ionization. Quantification was achieved using matrix-matched external standards. Dietary intake risk assessment was conducted based on residue trial results and the dietary structure of the Chinese population. Results Flonicamid had a good linear relationship (r≥0.9999) within a certain concentration range. At levels of 0.01, 0.50, 20.00 and 30.00 mg/kg, the average recovery rates of tea (dry and fresh) ranged from 83.9%-93.6%, with relative standard deviations of 1.1%-5.3%. The limit of quantitation was 0.01 mg/kg. The final residue test and degradation test showed that the residual amount of flonicamid on tea was mainly affected by the combined effects of application dose and harvesting interval. The half-lives of flonicamid in fresh and dry tea in various regions were between 0.8-4.0 d and 0.8-5.1 d, respectively, indicating that it was an easily degradable pesticide. The results of the dietary assessment showed that the estimated daily intake of flonicamid through tea consumption for adults over 18 years old was between 0.74-0.81 μg/(kg·bw·d), which accounted for 1.05% to 1.16% of acceptable daily intake; combining the registration status of pesticides in China and the existing residue limits, the national estimated daily intake of flonicamid for the general population was 58.5193 μg/(kg·bw·d), which accounted for 83.6% of the acceptable daily intake. Flonicamid had low acute toxicity, and the probability of causing acute dietary risk was minimal. Therefore, there was no need to conduct an acute dietary risk assessment. Conclusion This method has simple pretreatment steps, high accuracy and high sensitivity, and can be used for the detection of flonicamid residues in tea. Upon evaluation, it has been determined that flonicamid does not pose an unacceptable risk to the general population.

Objective To investigate the current status of veterinary drug residues in eggs on sold in Banan District, Chongqing and assess the health risk of residues’ dietary intake residues. Methods In 2024, a total of 208 egg samples were randomly collected from markets and supermarkets in 10 towns and streets of Banan district. The residues of 15 kinds of veterinary drugs were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The point assessment method was employed to calculate the daily estimated exposure and hazard quotient for dietary exposure risk assessment. Results The detection rate of veterinary drug residues in 208 samples of market eggs was 8.65% (18/208), with doxycycline showed the highest detection rate at 3.37% (7/208). The unqualified rate was 0.96% (2/208), with the unqualified samples mainly coming from unbranded bulk eggs sold in markets. The dietary exposure assessment revealed that the daily estimated exposure of veterinary drug residues ranged from 0.00013 to 0.03450 μg/(kg·bw·d), and the hazard quotient ranged from 0.00000 to 0.00872, significantly below the safety threshold. This indicates a low health risk associated with the intake of veterinary drug residues in eggs sold in the market. Conclusion Veterinary drug residues are detected in eggs sold in Banan District, Chongqing, but the residue is generally controllable and the health risk low. Special attention should be given to bulk and unbranded eggs, and standards for veterinary drug use and residue limits should be further refined.