Due to the unclear evolution characteristics of single high-temperature event days (OHT days), single stagnation event days (OAS days), and their compound event days (HT-AS days) and their impact mechanisms on O₃ pollution, based on hourly O₃ concentration and meteorological reanalysis data in the warm season (May to September) of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from 2015 to 2024, the interannual variation characteristics of the three types of meteorological event days were systematically analyzed, and the response degree of O₃ pollution to these three types of event days was evaluated. Results show that the daily maximum 8-hour average O₃ concentration (MDA8O₃) during HT-AS event days, OHT event days, OAS event days, and other event days reached (195.3±32.5), (185.1±37.1), (151.9±33.8) and (136.6±34.1)μg/m³, respectively. On an interannual scale, the frequency of HT-AS compound event days was significantly positively correlated with both the number of O₃ exceedance days (MDA8O₃≥160 μg/m³) and the regional average O₃ concentration, with correlation coefficients of 0.65 and 0.66, respectively. This indicates that such compound event days are the primary meteorological drivers of interannual O₃ pollution variability in this region. Compared with OHT and OAS event days, HT-AS event days are characterized by more unfavorable meteorological conditions, including intense solar radiation, high temperatures, low cloud cover, and weak winds, constituting the key meteorological background for O₃ pollution formation in BTH. During these days, O₃ concentration is significantly modulated by solar radiation, temperature and cloud cover contributing 37.5%, 21.0% and 20.2% to O₃ variability, respectively.

In this study, the direct and combined effects of meteorology and meteorology-driven biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions on surface ozone (O₃) during the 2017 heatwaves in the Yangtze River Delta were quantified using a coupled WRF-MEGAN-CMAQ system. Regional BVOC emissions were estimated at 2.07 million tonnes annually, dominated by isoprene (54.0%) and monoterpenes (19.0%), with higher emissions in the south and 64.0% occurring in summer. During heatwave periods, total BVOC emissions increased by 248%, dominated by isoprene surge. Heatwave-induced increases in BVOCs elevated the regional maximum daily 8-hour average O₃ concentrations by 3.6% (+6.1μg/m³), with strongest contributions in urban areas of northern Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, and the Anhui Yangtze River corridor, where photochemical conditions could favor O₃ formation. Meteorological conditions associated with heatwaves (the "direct effect") were identified as the dominant driver of O₃ enhancement, contributing up to 22.0% (+38.1μg/m³), with impacts decreasing from coastal to inland regions. Shanghai exhibited the highest O₃ sensitivity to heatwaves (+81.0μg/m³), while Jiangsu showed the strongest O₃ response to BVOCs emission increments (+6.8μg/m³). These results demonstrate that heatwaves exacerbate O₃ pollution through dual pathways: direct meteorological effects and indirect BVOCs-mediated enhancement. To address O₃ pollution risks under future climate warming, differentiated mitigation strategies targeting heatwave-sensitive regions and high-BVOC emission areas are required.

To investigate the particle size distribution and formation pathways of atmospheric secondary organic aerosols (SOA), size-resolved aerosol sampling was conducted in Chengdu. The results revealed a bimodal distribution dominated by fine particles, with mass concentration peaks observed at 0.56~1.0μm and 3.2~5.6μm. Organic matter was the most abundant component in both fine and coarse modes. SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺, and K⁺ were mainly present in the fine mode, while NO₃^-, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ were enriched in the coarse mode, indicating a strong influence of soil dust on coarse particles. Source apportionment showed that SOA accounted for 67% of the total organic matter. Correlation analysis revealed that fine-mode SOA was significantly associated with SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺, while coarse-mode SOA was positively correlated with Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and water-soluble Fe, suggesting that the formation of coarse mode SOA was related to the heterogeneous reaction of soil dust containing transition metal element Fe. The differing correlations of pH and aerosol liquid water content with SOA across particle sizes highlight their complex and combined roles in SOA formation.

This study established a five-component aerosol model (including Black Carbon (BC), Brown Carbon (BrC), Ammonium Sulfate (AS), Dust (DU), and Water (AW)) utilizing AERONET data, to perform inversion calculations on the aerosol components variability in the Himalayas and surrounding regions. The results indicated that, on a multi-year average, the proportion of the mass concentration of each component at various monitoring sites was similar, with AS, DU, AW, BrC, and AW accounting for 53.49%, 29.33%, 10.63%, 5.27%, and 1.28%, respectively. The aerosol mass concentration in the southern slope of the Himalayas (annual average of 390mg/m²) was significantly higher than that in the northern slope (annual average of 49mg/m²), primarily due to the substantial obstruction of South Asian pollutant aerosols by the high-altitude mountains during transboundary transport crossed the Himalayas (with only about 13% transported over the Himalayas). Generally, the aerosol mass concentration in the Himalayan region was highest in spring (multi-year average), while it saw significant reductions in summer, autumn, and winter. This variation was mainly attributed to the cumulative effect of atmospheric pollutant emissions prior to the South Asian Monsoon (SAM) and the substantial transport of dust aerosols from South Asian deserts, which were greatly diminished during the summer monsoon period due to heavy precipitation. Interannually, the average aerosol mass concentration from 2015 to 2024 (with southern slope average of 370.83mg/m²) was slightly lower than that during the earlier period from 2006 to 2015 (with southern slope average of 453.26mg/m²), reflecting an improvement in recent pollution levels in South Asia. However, the overall atmospheric pollution remained extremely serious. Given that the absorbing aerosols like black carbon and brown carbon can significantly accelerate the melting of glacial snow, the persistent high emissions of polluted aerosols in the South Asian region may continue affecting the accelerated glacial changes in the Himalayas in the future.

As a key determinant of atmospheric oxidation capacity, the hydroxyl radicals (·OH) govern the removal of primary pollutants and the formation of secondary pollutants. This study estimated ·OH levels from 2015 to 2023 using a parameterization approach based on surface air pollutant observations and reanalysis meteorological data. The results showed that daytime ·OH concentration (08:00~18:00) exhibited a single-peak seasonal pattern, with the highest levels occurring in summer and the lowest in winter. The annual mean daytime ·OH concentration displayed a significant upward trend (0.05×10⁶cm^-3a^-1). Spatially, the most rapid increases were found in Handan and Tangshan, while Tianjin exhibited relatively smaller increases. Among seasons, the summertime trend was the most pronounced (0.07×10⁶cm^-3a^-1). At present, ·OH concentrations in the BTH region lie on the declining branch of the nonlinear response curve to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). Under the present NO₂ levels, continued reductions in NO₂ weaken the dominant ·OH sink reactions, constituting the key chemical mechanism driving the net increase in ·OH concentrations.

Most existing studies of VOCs based on single monitoring sites cannot fully characterize VOC transport and aging. Here, we conducted 45-day synchronous online VOC measurements in summer using GC-MS at an urban site in Suzhou (eastern Yangtze River Delta) and a downwind site on Xishan Island, Taihu Lake. Combined with positive matrix factorization (PMF), we investigated the sources and transport-aging processes of VOCs. The average φ(TVOCs) in urban Suzhou was 28.6×10^-9, higher than 17.5×10^-9 downwind. Urban VOCs were dominated by alkanes, whereas OVOCs and halocarbons showed larger fractions at the transport site. PMF revealed four factors (vehicle exhaust, gasoline evaporation, solvent use, and industrial emissions) with source profiles and temporal patterns consistent between sites, but all exhibited pronounced aging downwind, reflected by systematic increases in OVOC contributions. Biogenic emissions were also important downwind, where isoprene levels were 143.8% higher than urban values. Subtropical high-pressure systems with elevated temperatures and weak winds promoted O₃ formation, whereas typhoon circulation mitigated O₃ pollution via enhanced dispersion and wet deposition. Regional pollution episodes were driven by urban traffic emissions, especially during rush hours when primary pollutants peaked. During transport, primary VOCs underwent continuous aging with alkanes converting to OVOCs, further enhancing downwind O₃ pollution. O₃ and PM_2.5 exhibited synchronized peaks, and SOA contributions in PM_2.5 increased markedly. These findings demonstrate that traffic-related NO_x and VOC emissions contribute to local O₃ formation and, through aging during transport, drive regional O₃ pollution, providing critical insights into compound air pollution mechanisms in the Yangtze River Delta.

Studying the impact of heating changes on the occurrence characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM_2.5 is of great significance for urban air pollution control. In this study, 42 PM_2.5 samples were collected at three sites in the urban area of Shijiazhuang during the heating and non-heating seasons. The concentrations of 16 PAHs were determined using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Based on these data, the concentration changes, sources, and health risks of PAHs were analyzed. The results showed that the average concentrations of PAHs during the heating and non-heating seasons were 13.97ng/m³ and 10.63ng/m³, respectively, with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) being the primary pollutant. PAHs exhibited significant negative correlations with temperature, humidity, and O₃, and significant positive correlations with PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, and CO. It was concluded that temperature, PM_2.5, and O₃ were the primary factors influencing PAH concentrations before and after the heating season. Both the characteristic ratio method and positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment indicated that transportation emissions and coal-biomass combustion sources were the primary sources of PAHs during the heating season, while transportation emissions and petroleum-related pollution (including oil evaporation and liquid fuel combustion) were the primary sources during the non-heating season. Transportation emissions were the main contributor to PAHs. The TrajStat model analysis revealed that the primary pollution sources of PAHs originate from the northwest, with the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and Henan Province being the main pollution areas, and PAH dispersion conditions were poor during the heating season. The health risk assessment results indicate that the PAHs in PM_2.5 in Shijiazhuang city do not pose a risk to adults or children, but the lifetime cancer risk value for children is twice that for adults, warranting attention.

A comparative analysis of air quality in Zhengzhou before and after the Spring Festival from 2020 to 2023 was conducted, and high time-resolution observational data on PM_2.5 chemical components and reactive nitrogen gases were utilized to systematically evaluate the impact of fireworks during the 2023 Spring Festival on PM_2.5 concentrations, its chemical composition, NH₃, and HONO. The results indicate that PM_2.5 concentrations in Zhengzhou around the Spring Festival decreased by 67% from 2020 to 2022. However, following the relaxation of fireworks restrictions in 2023, PM_2.5 concentrations increased by 123% year-on-year, with concentrations during the peak fireworks-burning period surging to 8.7 times those of previous periods. Fireworks contributed to 49.6% of PM_2.5 concentrations during the 7-day Spring Festival holiday, with the most significant increases observed in the concentrations of K⁺, SO₄^2-, and Cl^-. Simultaneously, concentrations of toxic and hazardous heavy metal elements, including Al, V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ba, and Pb, increased significantly during the fireworks-burning period. Furthermore, NH₃ concentrations reached (18.4 ± 8.9)μg/m³ during this period, 1.7 times higher than during non-festival periods, a change that promoted an increase in aerosol pH values. Additionally, HONO concentrations rose to (1.26 ± 0.83)×10^-9 during fireworks burning, representing an increase of 72.6%. This is likely because fireworks led to elevated atmospheric concentrations of NO, NO₂, particulate matter, and nitrates, which in turn promoted the heterogeneous conversion of NO₂, nitrate photolysis, and homogeneous reactions, thereby facilitating HONO formation.

From August 28 to September 3, 2024, the concentrations of atmospheric pollutants and chemical compositions of PM_2.5 along the Hubei stretch of the Yangtze River were obtained using on aboard instruments. During the mobile survey, the average concentrations of CO, NO₂, O₃, and SO₂ were (0.75 ± 0.22) mg/m³, (19.87 ± 12.77) μg/m³, (74.23 ± 39.22) μg/m³, and (21.98 ± 8.81)μg/m³ respectively, all below China's Grade I Ambient Air Quality Standards. The mean PM_2.5 mass concentration was (35.84 ±12.08) μg/m³, with organic matters being the dominant component ((21.94 ± 7.36)%), followed by SO₄^2-((20.53 ± 10.31)%), NO₃^- ((19.88 ± 12.29)%), and ((12.80 ± 4.70)%). Using the receptor model, four PM_2.5 sources including secondary inorganic aerosols, ship emissions, biomass burning, and industrial emissions were apportioned with contributions of (47.86 ± 6.17)%, (26.61 ± 3.32)%, (18.29 ± 6.57)%, and (8.38 ± 4.68)%, respectively. Comparison between mobile ship-based observations and land-based stationary supersite observations revealed stronger secondary formation over the river surface. By coupling the FLEXPART backward simulation with the PM_2.5 emission inventory, the relative contribution of each grid point in the study area to the PM_2.5 concentration along the mobile monitoring route was calculated and the contribution rate along the Yangtze River was 76.90%, while other regions accounted for 23.10%. FLEXPART forward simulation indicated that the ship emissions exerting greater impacts on the riverine regions than other areas.

Climate change and atmospheric pollution represent two critical environmental challenges facing the world today, and the development of high-accuracy emission inventories serves as the scientific foundation for addressing these challenges. Based on the Web of Science database, this study employs a comprehensive approach integrating scientometric mapping and text mining techniques to systematically analyze the thematic distribution, institutional landscape, and collaborative network characteristics within the global emission inventory research domain. The findings reveal a significant growth trend in publication output over the past decades, with a notable leap cycle of approximately ten years. The research themes encompass 26key topics, including transportation emissions, particulate matter pollution, and climate change mitigation, and span across industrial sectors, emission species, and modeling methodologies, as well as specific processes and impact analyses. Research institutions from China, the United States, France, Germany, and other countries have played leading roles in advancing the field, forming a differentiated and diversified research landscape while establishing international collaboration networks with distinct geographical clustering effects. The analysis demonstrates strong interconnections among research themes, with topics such as particulate matter pollution, air quality modeling, and volatile organic compounds showing significant potential in facilitating knowledge integration across different emission inventories. Future research efforts should prioritize (1) establishing a unified classification system for emission inventories, (2) optimizing emission inventory validation methods, (3) promoting transparency and open access to emission data, and (4) strengthening multinational collaboration and information-sharing mechanisms. These measures are essential for synergistically advancing the scientific foundation and practical application of both air pollutant and greenhouse gas emission inventories.

The size of Pt nanoparticles exerts a significant influence on the catalytic degradation performance of Pt-based supported catalysts for the treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs, volatile organic chemicals). Herein, uniform Pt nanoparticles were successfully fabricated via liquid phase reduction method and followed deposited on Al₂O₃ through in-situ growth method. It had to noted that the loaded Pt nanoparticles with different sizes had no effect on the textural properties, morphologies and the dispersion of Pt species, etc. The conversion activity of toluene and ethyl acetate were increased with the decline of Pt nanoparticles size. It could be explained by the enhanced interaction between Pt and Al₂O₃ with the decreased Pt size (18nm vs 6nm). Partial electrons could be transformed from Pt to Al₂O₃ to improve the contents of Pt²⁺(13% vs 36%), in the meantime, the amounts of active oxygen species (O_ads) also increased (32% vs 80%). Fortunately, the synergistic effect between Pt²⁺ and O_ads boosted the redox of Pt/Al₂O₃ as well as the catalytic performance of toluene (216℃ vs 178℃) and ethyl acetate degradation (312℃ vs 258℃). The results will provide theoretical direction for the design of highly active supported Pt-based catalysts.

To improve the stability and methane production efficiency of an anaerobic co-digestion system treating high-load food waste (FW) and waste activated sludge (WAS), a 300-mesh metal mesh dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) and an anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were operated in parallel under a high organic loading rate (OLR of 22.8g COD/(L·d)). The long-term performance and microbial community characteristics were compared between continuous and intermittent feeding modes. Results showed that at the same OLR, the continuously fed DMBR achieved a higher methane production rate of (8.86±0.29) L/(L·d) and a methane yield of (407±13) mL/g COD, representing an improvement of approximately 12% over intermittent feeding modes and 22% over the intermittently fed CSTR. It also maintained more stable pH levels and exhibited superior degradation capacity, demonstrating enhanced resistance to organic loading shocks. The dynamic membrane effectively retained and enriched key functional microorganisms, including syntrophic bacteria (Treponema, Lutispora, Syntrophomonas) and hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanoculleus). Their relative abundances were significantly higher than those in the conventional CSTR, which considerably accelerated the conversion of organic substrates. However, continuous feeding resulted in a lower membrane flux of 0.0079L/(m²·h) and a more rapid increase in transmembrane pressure (TMP) at 0.98kPa/h. In contrast, intermittent feeding maintained a higher membrane flux of 0.025L/(m²·h), though with slightly lower gas production efficiency. Taking into account overall system performance, including methane yield and operational stability, the DMBR system operated with continuous feeding and intermittent discharge significantly enhances methane conversion efficiency and process stability in high-load FW and WAS co-digestion. This offers an effective intensification strategy for the efficient and stable operation of practical high-load anaerobic co-digestion systems.

The dominant benthic macroinvertebrate species in eutrophic lakes, Branchiurasowerbyi, and polypropylene (PP)-based membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) were selectedin this study, where based oncontrolled microcosm experiments, we explored the effects of benthic bioturbationon dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in overlying water, DO infiltration depth in the sediments, and the removal of total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, NO₂^--N and TN), and phosphorus (PO₄^3--P and TP) by MABR. While the perturbation of B. sowerbyi enhanced Nand Prelease and reduced DO concentrations, the MABR effectively maintained a high level of reoxygenation performance, significantly increasing the DO infiltration depth in the sediments. The removal rates of NH₄⁺-N, TN, and TP remained high at 93.4%, 83.27%, and 90.80%, respectively, demonstrating significant improvements compared to the control group and the B. sowerbyi-only group. Hence, MABR system in removing N and P could effectively cope with the perturbation of B. sowerbyi in eutrophic water bodies.

Traditional up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors face challenges such as system acidification, sludge washout, and inferior methanogenic performance during the treatment of actual waste incineration plant leachate. To address these issues, this study constructed a microbial electrolysis cell coupled with a UASB system (MEC-UASB) for treating leachate from waste incineration plants. After 145days of operation, the system demonstrated significantly enhanced performance under an applied voltage of 1V. The COD removal rate of the MEC-UASB effluent reached 80.6%, which was 21.0% higher than that of the UASB control. Moreover, following a sharp increase in COD loading, the attenuation of removal efficiency in the MEC-UASB system was 13.6% lower than that of the control, indicating markedly improved resistance to shock loads. Furthermore, the methane production efficiency of the MEC-UASB system was 1.53 times that of the control, reaching (0.23 ± 0.01) m³CH₄/kg COD. Carbon emission accounting further revealed that the net carbon reduction of the MEC-UASB system reached 10.54kg CO₂/m³, which was 21.9% higher than that of the UASB system. Based on analyses of microbial enzyme activity and community structure, the enhanced performance of the MEC-UASB system was primarily attributed to electrostimulation. This process promoted the enrichment of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, increased the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and enhanced electron transfer efficiency, thereby improving sludge retention and microbial activity. This study demonstrates that the MEC-UASB system resists shock loads robustly under high organic loading conditions, while achieving efficient pollutant removal, significant carbon emission reduction, and economic benefits for long-term stable operation.

In order to investigate the stability of the biological anode-dependent ammonium oxidation process, this study was conducted to explore the operational performances and the associated microbiological characteristics of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) based on biological anode-dependent ammonium oxidation (bioanoammox) under influent carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) constraints. The results showed that, the influent C/N could affect microbial community structure in the electroactive biofilm, leading to fluctuation of nitrogen removal and electricity generation in the bioanoammox system. As the influent C/N increased from 0.0 to 3.0, the enrichment of denitrifying bacteria could be achieved in the MFC, resulting that TN removal rates of the system increased due to the coupling of denitrification with bioanoammox. Meanwhile, the synergy of Geobacter with the two functional genera (namely Nitrosomonas and Candidatus Brocadia) also enhanced nitrogen removal and electricity generation performance of the system. However, as the influent C/N was more than 3.0, Geobacter preferentially utilized organic carbon as the anodic substrate and proliferated excessively in the MFC, nitrogen conversion processes (including denitrification and bioanoammox, etc.) in the device were then inhibited resulting from the alteration in the metabolic pathway of Geobacter, ultimately leading to deterioration in nitrogen removal of the MFC. Regarding to the MFC with influent C/N of 3.0, the operational performance of the system was optimized, resulting that its COD, TN and NH₄⁺-N removal rates could respectively reached up to (93.09±0.86)%, (94.89±0.38)%, and (95.24±0.27)% during the stable operation phase, as well as the maximum power density of 85.16mW/m³. Correspondingly, Nitrosomonas, Candidatus Brocadia, Empedobacter, Geobacter, Thauera, Pseudomonas, Zoogloea, and Dechloromonas were the dominant bacterial genera in the electroactive biofilm.

Based on 110d of full-scale operational data from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in a northern Chinese city, combined with metagenomic analyses of activated sludge (N) and anoxic (A) and aerobic (O) biofilms, this study investigated pollutant removal characteristics of the AO + MBBR process under winter low-temperature conditions (13~15℃) and elucidated the associations between key functional taxa and nitrogen metabolism. The results showed that the biofilm exhibited higher microbial community richness than the suspended sludge. At the genus level, the filamentous bacterium Candidatus_Microthrix was the dominant taxon in the aerobic zone during winter, accounting for 17.63% in N and 10.12% in O, whereas Nitrospira was present at relatively low abundance (2.09% in N and 3.58% in O). According to the abundance of nitrogen-metabolism-related enzyme KOs (RPKM), Candidatus_Microthrix carried no detectable genes involved in nitrification, suggesting competitive interactions with nitrifiers. In addition, key genes for both nitrification and denitrification were most abundant in the biofilm, including AmoCAB (N=1.42, O=70.94) and NarGHI (N=410.57, A=1119.12). Redundancy analysis (RDA) further indicated that the MBBR biofilm system had higher functional gene redundancy, exhibited a more stable response to environmental fluctuations, and showed better shock resistance than the AO activated-sludge system. These findings provide a scientific basis for process optimization and operational regulation of municipal wastewater treatment plants under winter low-temperature conditions.

In order to improve the degradation efficiency of microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) treating butyric acid fermentation broth from excess sludge, this study investigated the influence of butyrate acclimation on degradation and microbial communities, with a focus on the changes of electrochemical characteristics, gas production, organics removal, and microbial community structure. Results showed that sodium butyrate acclimation enhanced current density and gas production rate during stable operation period. Moreover, when treating butyric acid fermentation broth, the acclimated system achieved higher peak current density (19A/m³), higher oxidation peak (78.1mA), and higher organics degradation rate (SCOD removal of 58.67%; VFAs removal of 41.76%), with energy recovery attaining 118.8%. Mechanism analysis revealed that sodium butyrate acclimation effectively enriched butyrate-oxidizing bacteria (Syntrophomonas), establishing more efficient metabolic pathway in comparison with sodium acetate acclimation, thereby ameliorating the degradation of butyric acid fermentation broth.

To reveal the microbial community structure and functional characteristics in different types of industrial wastewater treatment plants, this study selected three representative facilities in Xiamen—a food-processing plant, a semiconductor plant, and a comprehensive industrial park. Based on high-throughput sequencing and multiple analytical approaches, the diversity, community composition, and metabolic potential of activated sludge microorganisms were systematically compared. The results demonstrated that different types of industrial wastewater significantly influenced microbial community composition, with water quality parameters such as COD, TN, and TP playing critical roles in shaping community structure. While Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum shared across all three plants, Firmicutes, Patescibacteria, and Deinococcota were identified as characteristic phyla in the food, industrial park, and semiconductor plants, respectively. Functional gene prediction revealed distinct differences in the abundance of metabolic pathways among the plants, with the microbial community in the semiconductor plant showing notably lower abundance in pathways related to organic matter degradation. Overall, the structure and function of microbial communities were strongly driven by wastewater characteristics, and the identified key taxa provide a theoretical basis for optimizing industrial wastewater treatment systems.

The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of calcination-modified Drinking Water Treatment Residual (DWTR) in removing typical pollutants in stormwater. The results showed that the aluminium contents of DWTR were as high as 14g/kg, which were significantly higher than that of general soil, and the XRD pattern showed higher alumina peaks, and the calcination modification could further improve the specific surface area and surface characteristics of the sludge; the isothermal adsorption characteristics of DWTR for the typical stormwater pollutants of phosphate, ammonia, nitrogen, and lead ions were better fitted to both Langmuir and Freundlich model, and the results of kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption process was more in line with the quasi-secondary kinetic model, indicating that the adsorption process was dominated by chemical adsorption and accompanied by physical adsorption, and the adsorption performance of calcined modified sludge was generally better than that of air-dried and screened sludge only, and the morphology analysis showed that more adsorbed lead could exist in the relatively stable carbonate-bound state of lead; The adsorption performance of soil columns based on the substrate of sludge from a water purification plant for typical The soil columns based on the water purification plant sludge matrix could remove 100%, 98%, 86.94% and 85% of the typical rainwater pollutants (orthophosphate, lead ion, ammonia nitrogen, COD), and 59% to 78% of the natural rainfall and rooftop rainfall in Beijing with a COD of 65~85mg/L, and the effluent could meet the environmental quality standard of 30mg/L for surface water IV, which indicated that both air-dried sieved and calcined modified sludge have the potential to be used for the treatment of water purification plant sludge. This indicates that both air-dried and calcined water purification plant sludge have the potential to be used as urban artificial wetland substrate for soil replacement and rainwater purification.

A composite of cubic spinel MnFe₂O₄ and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was synthesized, denoted MnFe₂O₄/CNTs. This study evaluates the efficacy of MnFe₂O₄/CNT for electrocatalytic degradation of phenol, investigating the mechanism of electrocatalytic oxygen reduction to generate H₂O₂ and its subsequent activation into ·OH. The aim is to identify a highly efficient and stable cathode material suitable for electrocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Results demonstrate that under optimized conditions (MnFe₂O₄:CNT mass ratio = 19:2, applied voltage = -0.9V, pH = 3, catalyst loading = 0.44mg/cm², O₂ flow rate = 0.5L/min), MnFe₂O₄/CNTs achieved a remarkable phenol degradation efficiency of 99.9% within 30minutes and a total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate of 72.4% after 90minutes. Notably, the composite maintained 84.5% degradation efficiency of phenol after five consecutive cycles. The incorporation of CNTs not only improve electron transfer efficiency within the system, but leads to electron transfer between MnFe₂O₄ and CNTs induces an increase in the relative concentration of non-lattice oxygen species within MnFe₂O₄. Under the above dual effects, MnFe₂O₄/CNTs boost the capability to electrocatalytically reduce O₂ to H₂O₂ and subsequently activate it in situ to generate ·OH, surpassing the performance of pristine MnFe₂O₄. The activation of H₂O₂ is mainly accomplished through a combined process of homogeneous activation involving Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ and heterogeneous activation excited by active sites such as non-lattice oxygen in MnFe₂O₄/CNT. The ·OH generated by the activation achieves a relatively thorough oxidation and decomposition of phenol.

A novel exogenous oxidant-free Fenton-like reaction system based on vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)/Fe²⁺/oxalic acid (Ox) was constructed and applied to the degradation of azo dye Acid Red G (ARG). Results indicated that this system enabled the dynamic release of H₂O₂, which further reacts with Fe²⁺ to trigger Fenton-like reactions, and maintained high reactivity over a wide pH range. Experimental data showed that under the conditions of initial ARG concentration of 60mg/L, Fe²⁺ concentration of 0.06mmol/L and Ox concentration of 0.7mmol/L, the ARG removal efficiency by the VUV/Fe²⁺/Ox system reached 96.2% within 5min, and the degradation process fitted well with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. With the increase of initial solution pH, the ARG removal efficiency exhibited a decreasing trend. Even at pH=7, the first-order rate constant k still reached 0.454min^-1, which was 69.6% of that at pH=3, demonstrating that the system could retain high reactivity under neutral conditions. During the initial 5min of the reaction, the concentration of H₂O₂ in the system gradually increased to a maximum of 62.5μmol/L, then decreased slowly and remained at 51.8μmol/L at 9min. Free radical trapping experiments and the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements collectively confirmed that hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide radicals (O₂^·-) were the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, common inorganic anions in aqueous environments (HCO₃^-, NO₃^-, Cl^-, SO₄^2-) all inhibited ARG degradation to varying degrees. Analysis via UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed that ROS generated during the degradation process attacked the azo bonds and benzene ring structures in the ARG molecule, thereby achieving decolorization and removal of the dye.

A technique combining ultrasonic-assisted Fenton oxidation for the degradation of tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was developed. The Box-Behnken response surface method was used to optimize the reaction parameters. The degradation pathways and ecological toxicity changes of TCEP were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, and toxicity software (T.E.S.T.). The results indicated that under optimal conditions (initial pH = 3, ultrasonic power of 360W, and oxidant dosage of 400mg/L), the ultrasonic-Fenton system was capable of effectively degrading TCEP, achieving a degradation rate of 85.8%. Reactive species in the system, such as hydroxyl radicals, preferentially attacked the reaction sites in the TCEP molecules with lower Laplace bond order (LBO) values (weaker chemical bonds), higher negative surface electrostatic potential (ESP) values (higher electron density), and lower reaction energy barriers (easier reaction occurrence), such as the P-O bond cleavage energy barrier of 126.56kJ/mol and the dechlorination reaction energy barrier of 150.79kJ/mol. LC-MS analysis confirmed that the primary degradation pathways of TCEP involved P-O bond cleavage and dechlorination. Toxicity assessment showed that TCEP itself exhibited high bioaccumulation potential and mutagenicity. Hydroxylated intermediates generated during the initial degradation phase exhibited significantly increased toxicity, with the oral LD₅₀ in rats reaching the "toxic" level defined by T.E.S.T. (LD₅₀<50mg/kg), and potential developmental toxicity. However, toxicity was significantly reduced after complete mineralization. The predictive modeling approach provided convenient and effective theoretical support for the degradation pathways and ecological toxicity evaluation of TCEP.

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/polyethyleneimine (PEI) composite nanofiber membranes fabricated via electrospinning were systematically investigated for their adsorption performance and mechanisms toward perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Results showed that when PEI content was 3%, the material achieved the highest saturated adsorption capacity of 1145.55mg/g for PFOA, significantly exceeding samples with lower PEI contents. The adsorption process adhered to the Langmuir monolayer adsorption model, with optimal efficiency observed under acidic conditions (pH = 3), primarily relying on electrostatic interactions between protonated PEI amines and PFOA. Coexisting humic acid (HA) and ions (e.g., Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺, HCO₃^-, SO₄^2-) exhibited inhibitory effects, while elevated PEI content enhanced the materials' resistance to interference. Using 0.3mol/L NaCl in 90% methanol as the desorbent, the material retained 88.32% adsorption efficiency after five adsorption-desorption cycles, demonstrating excellent recyclability. Combined analyses of material characterization and adsorption performance indicated that the primary mechanisms were electrostatic interactions, supplemented by hydrophobic interaction.

A dynamic experimental system was employed to conduct long-term constant-flow leaching column tests, combined with water quality testing and hydrochemical analysis, and it was found that groundwater quality was significantly degraded by cement-based grouting materials. Excess ions (Ca²⁺, OH^-, etc.) and liquid-phase products leached from the grouting body caused a marked rise in water pH and severe exceedances of water quality indicators such as total dissolved solids (TDS). This led to a significant increase in water hardness and alkalinity, enhanced its reducibility, and altered its hydrochemical type. Residual pollution from cement grouting resulted in severe disruption to the ion balance of the water body, and varying degrees of clustered deterioration in water quality were induced by different types of cement grouting. The hydration of silica-alumina phase clinker in cement, secondary hydration of added admixtures, and dissolution of controlled filler minerals were confirmed as the core driving factors causing grouting pollution.

The Tandem Neural Network Architecture (TNNA) algorithm was an inversion framework through reverse mapping. Its reliability strongly depended on accurate surrogate modeling within the true posterior region of parameters. For reactive transport problems, establishing a globally accurate surrogate model required a large number of numerical model samples, which considerably limited the efficiency of inversion processes. To address this challenge, the TNNA-AUS-MF inversion method was proposed, in which the original TNNA was integrated with a multi-fidelity (MF) surrogate model and an adaptive updating sampling (AUS) strategy. In this method, multi-fidelity surrogate models were iteratively established based on the conventional TNNA and local samples to update the inversion results. The proposed algorithm was validated using a hypothetical cation-exchange experiment. By controlling the number of initial surrogate model samples, six scenarios with different initial surrogate model accuracies were designed. The results showed that the TNNA-AUS-MF significantly reduced the number of forward simulations while yielding more reliable inversion results compared with the TNNA method. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the neural network could establish nonlinear relationships between low- and high-fidelity models, and that incorporating the adaptive updating sampling strategy effectively enhanced the performance of the inversion algorithm.

Systematic analyses were conducted on total contents and pollution characteristics of Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Mn and Sb in surface (0~0.5m), middle (1.0~1.5m), and deep (2.5~3.0m) soils of the Xikuangshan area. Ecological risks of heavy metals (HMs) were evaluated by using potential ecological risk index (PERI), mean effect range median quotient (MERMQ) and network environ analysis (NEA), and their potential sources were apportioned and identified through an absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model. The results showed that the HM contents in the surface layer were highest, and the average contents of all elements except Pb in soils exceeded the background values of Hunan Province. As the soil depth increased, the changes of HM contents were not significant, indicating contamination has diffused to deeper layers. The antimony mining area exhibited a high probability of toxic effect and severe ecological risk for Sb and Hg, moderate toxic probability and risk for As, and a high risk yet low toxic probability for Cd. In topsoil, the initial risk transmitted from vegetation to microorganisms was 2.23-fold that to herbivores and 22.33-fold that to carnivores. Notably, Sb posed the highest comprehensive ecological risk, and soil microorganisms were the most vulnerable ecological receptor. Source apportionment revealed that Zn, Pb and Cd in soils primarily originated from atmospheric deposition of industrial/mining smelting and transportation, and also impacted by the waste rocks/tailings leaching. As, Mn and Sb predominantly derived from waste rocks/tailings leaching, supplemented by natural resource of high geological background. Hg mainly stemmed from agricultural activities, particularly sewage irrigation, with secondary contributions from waste rocks/tailings leaching.

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are critical components linking terrestrial ecosystems with the atmospheric environment for gas exchange and information transfer, and they have played essential roles in biogeochemical cycles, climate change, and ecosystem functioning. Soil ecosystems serve as both significant sources and indispensable potential sinks for atmospheric BVOCs. In this review, the progress in soil BVOCs research was systematically synthesized. Their main sources in soil (soil organic matter, litter decomposition, plant roots, and microbial metabolism) and soil sink pathways (atmospheric dry and wet deposition, physical adsorption and dissolution, and microbial degradation) were highlighted. Furthermore, the seasonal variations and ecosystem-specific differences in soil BVOCs flux were summarized, and the potential mechanisms of soil BVOCs source-sink dynamics in the context of global climate change (warming, drought, and nitrogen deposition) were explored. Finally, current research gaps were elucidated, and future key research directions were proposed, aiming to provide new insights for a comprehensive understanding of the role of BVOCs in soil biogeochemical cycling processes.

A highly efficient oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC-HCl)-degrading strain, designated as Lysinibacillus sp. OTC-L20, was isolated from contaminated soil. Its taxonomic status was confirmed via 16S rDNA sequencing, and it represent a highly efficient OTC-HCl-degrading strain within the genus Lysinibacillus. Genomic sequencing revealed that its chromosome harbors multiple antibiotic resistance genes, including those conferring resistance to tetracyclines and aminoglycosides, which may be involved in the biotransformation of OTC-HCl. Under specific culture conditions (supplemented carbon source at 4g/L, initial pH 8, inoculum size 3%, and initial substrate concentration 60mg/L), the strain achieved a degradation rate of 79.80% for OTC-HCl on the 7th day of incubation. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS), a total of 14major intermediate metabolites were identified, and four distinct degradation pathways were proposed, involving seven reaction types such as deamidation and enol-keto isomerization. Compared with the blank control group, the degradation products of OTC-L20exhibited significantly reduced antibacterial toxicity to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating that Lysinibacillus sp. OTC-L20is a highly efficient and environmentally safe OTC-HCl-degrading bacterium.

To investigate the occurrence characteristics and sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Dongting Lake basin, water samples from the major inflowing rivers were collected during the wet season. The concentrations of 22 typical PFASs were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS), the levels and potential sources of PFASs, and the substitution trends of short-chain and emerging PFASs were then explored. The results showed that 19 out of the 22 target PFASs were detected in the water samples from the inflowing rivers of the Dongting Lake basin. The total concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.954 to 12.50ng/L with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) being dominant. The spatial distribution of PFASs in the water showed higher concentrations in the north and east, and lower concentrations in the south and west. The water from the Tuojiang River and the Xinqiang River exhibited the highest PFAS concentrations, with the average concentrations of 11.83ng/L and 11.01ng/L, respectively. Fast food, textiles, and leather and fluoropolymer manufacturing are the main sources of PFASs in the inflowing rivers of the Dongting Lake basin, making 91.1% contribution of total inputs. Short-chain PFHxA and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) were the main substitutes for legacy PFASs in this basin.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a key component of aquatic ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. However, the lack of reference samples for endogenous freshwater DOM has hindered a deeper understanding of its environmental behavior and biogeochemical cycling. This study aims to provide a gram-scale, high-purity endogenous freshwater DOM reference sample. By employing an amplified solid-phase extraction method using modified styrene-divinylbenzene polymer resin-packed columns, 8tons of water from the central line project of South-to-North Water Diversion were processed, successfully yielding 13.12g of DOM, named as NSBD-DOM. A comprehensive suite of analytical techniques—including elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry—was employed to systematically compare NSBD-DOM with Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA) from the International Humic Substances Society. The NSBD-DOM was predominantly composed of fulvic acid like components, exhibiting characteristic of carbohydrate anomeric carbon, alkenes/conjugated alkenes, and amino sugars. Compared to SRFA, NSBD-DOM exhibited lower molecular weight, condensation degree, and oxygen content, accompanied by lower levels of polyphenols and polycyclic aromatics. However, it showed a higher H/C ratio and higher nitrogen content, with elevated levels of unsaturated aliphatic compounds and highly unsaturated compounds. NSBD-DOM exhibits typical endogenous characteristics, it can serve as a unified reference for studies on DOM's environmental behavior, carbon cycling, and related research fields.

This paper focuses on the common dominant green alga in reservoirs algal blooms, Chlorella vulgaris, as the research subject. Using a homemade CO₂ concentration stabilizing device, we simulated three CO₂ concentration conditions: 400 μmol/mol (current status), 800μmol/mol (predicted for 2100), and 2000μmol/mol (extreme). A 35-day indoor experiment was conducted in a constant temperature light incubator to systematically investigate the dynamic responses of algal growth, photosynthetic activity, and carbon fixation capacity to elevated CO₂ concentrations. The results indicated that: In the short-term cultivation (within 24d), high CO₂ concentrations (800 and 2000μmol/mol) significantly stimulated algal density growth, reaching up to 972.8×10⁶cells/L. However, in the long-term cultivation (35d), high CO₂ concentrations inhibited the proliferation of Chlorella vulgaris and shortened its lifespan. The photosynthetic activity parameters (F_v/F_m, rETR) were not sensitive to changes in CO₂ concentration. However, elevated atmospheric CO₂ levels inhibited the growth of Chlorella vulgaris, indirectly leading to a reduction in its photosynthetic efficiency. During the proliferation phase (within 24d), the overall carbon fixation of the algal population increased with rising CO₂ concentrations, reaching up to 35.919mg C under extreme conditions. However, the carbon fixation efficiency per cell decreased. In the long term (35d) under high CO₂ concentrations, the carbon fixation turned negative, transforming the algal population from a "carbon sink" to a "carbon source," thereby exacerbating CO₂ release. The study revealed the dual-phase effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations on green algae, with short-term promotion of proliferation and long-term inhibition of growth.

To investigate the impact of the Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme (WSRS) on the size-fractionated distribution of phytoplankton in the coastal waters of the Yellow River Estuary, three surveys were conducted on June 24, July 6, and July 25, 2019. These surveys examined the spatial distribution of environmental factors, chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations, and phytoplankton size in both surface and bottom layers. The results indicated that the region consistently exhibited a nutrient structure characterized by high nitrogen and silica but low phosphorus. Throughout the survey period, nitrogen limitation was not observed in either the surface or bottom layers, while phosphorus limitation was persistent and intensified as the regulation progressed. During WSRS period, surface Chl a concentrations showed a decreasing trend followed by a gradual increase. In the pre-stage, high Chl a values were found near the river mouth, dominated by small-sized algae. During the water regulation stage (WR-stage), the high Chl a region expanded toward both sides of the estuarine mouth, with small-sized algae still dominant, though the proportion of microalgae notably decreased. In the sediment regulation stage (SR-stage), the high Chl a region shifted to the northeastern offshore area, with small-sized and picoplankton jointly dominating. In contrast, the Chl a concentration in bottom-layershowed an overall declining trend. During Pre and WR-stage, bottom Chl a levels were slightly lower than those in the surface layer, yet the spatial distribution and changes in size composition followed similar patterns. During SR-stage, high bottom Chl a concentrations were mainly found in the northeastern offshore area, where small-sized algae were significantly more dominant than in the surface layer. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed stage-specific shifts in the dominant environmental drivers. Before the WSRS, surface phytoplankton structure was influenced primarily by DIN/DIP, DSi/DIP, and DIP, while the bottom layer was controlled by DIN and salinity. During the WR-stage, DIN was the main driver in the surface layer, and DSi/DIN dominated the bottom. In the SR-stage, temperature, DIN, and DSi were key surface drivers, while temperature, DIN, and DIN/DIP governed bottom-layer variation.

Three types (8sites) of sewage ponds with different pollution levels were selected, and high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the archaeal communities in the water and sediments. The results showed significant differences in the composition, diversity, and structure of archaeal communities within the water and sediments of ponds across the different pollution levels. In the pond water, the main environmental factors influencing the archaeal community were pH (19.3%) and NH₃-N (11.5%), and community assembly was primarily governed by deterministic processes. Indicator taxa for lightly polluted water were Odinarchaeia, Altiarchaeaceae, and Methanosarcina. Moderately polluted water was characterized by Methanomicrobiales and Methanospirillum. Heavily polluted water was indicated by Thermococci, Methanohalobiaceae, and Nitrosopumilaceae. In the pond sediments, key environmental drivers of archaeal community variation included pH (7.9%), Zn (7.3%), Pb (7.3%), Ni (7.1%), Cu (6.8%), and Cr (6.3%). Along the pollution gradient, the assembly process of archaeal communities gradually shifted from stochastic to deterministic. The indicator taxa for lightly polluted sediments were Methanobacteriaceae, Nitrososphaeria, Bathyarchaeia, Thermoplasmata, and Methanomethylophilaceae. Micrarchaeales was the main indicator for moderately polluted sediments, while Lokiarchaeia was the primary indicator for heavily polluted sediments.

Building on the concept of ecosystem quality, this study developed a theoretical indicator system constructed around four dimensions: ecological pattern, biodiversity, ecological function, and ecological stress. Taking the Bohai Bay, the Changjiang River Estuary, and the Zhujiang River Estuary as study areas, multi-source data from 2003 to 2023 covering seawater and sediment quality, phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrobenthos, and fish eggs and larvae, were integrated and analyzed. Cross-dimensional correlation analysis and within-dimension multicollinearity diagnostics were applied to streamline the indicator set. Results indicated that sediment total organic carbon, seawater ammonia nitrogen, and fish egg/larval density showed no significant correlation (P<0.05) with most other indicators in cross-dimensional tests and were therefore removed. Within each dimension, indicators were significantly correlated, enabling further simplification through the retention of representative measures: salinity for ecological pattern, density metrics for biodiversity, and inorganic nitrogen, reactive phosphate, and petroleum (which carried independent information) for environmental stress. Consequently, the original set of 36tertiary indicators was refined to 9 core indicators: ecological pattern (seabed light transmittance Fr, salinity), ecological function (chlorophyll-a), biodiversity (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and macrobenthos density), and ecological stress (inorganic nitrogen, reactive phosphate, petroleum). This simplified indicator system maintains scientific rigor and representativeness while enhancing data acquisition efficiency and practical feasibility.

Freshwater sediments and riparian zone soils were selected as research objects, with samples collected along the Caohe River from upstream to downstream. By determining N₂O generation potential and analyzing physicochemical properties as well as microbial community characteristics, the spatial contribution rates of various N₂O production pathways and the underlying microbial driving mechanisms in sediments and riparian zone soils were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that nitrification was the dominant pathway for N₂O production in the Caohe River Basin. The upstream section of the river was identified as a hotspot of N₂O generation, and sediments—compared with riparian zone soils—acted as the primary contributors to N₂O emissions in the river ecosystem. The N₂O generation potential of each pathway was influenced not only by environmental factors (e.g., water content, total organic carbon (TOC), pH, and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) concentration) but also by the functional genes and microbial community structures of N₂O producers and reducers. Among these environmental factors, NH₄⁺-N concentration was the most critical factor regulating variations in microbial community composition. Nitrosomonas, Cellvibrio, Gallionella, and Syntrophobacter were confirmed as the key bacterial genera driving the nitrification process. These findings clarify the mechanism by which ammonia-nitrogen pollution in rivers promotes N₂O release through enhancing nitrification, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the emission reduction and control of N₂O in river systems.

High iron and manganese groundwater samples were collected during the wet season from typical embankment areas (including Yule, Datonghu, and Gongshuangcha) in Dongting Lake Area and then analyzed by three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence regional integration method (FRI) and the parallel factor analysis method (PARAFAC) were combined to systematically analyze the composition characteristics of DOM and its influence on the migration and enrichment of Fe and Mn. The results showed that the concentration ranges of DOC, Fe, and Mn in the groundwater during the wet season were 8.48~13.47, 1.15~14.85, and 0.07~2.17mg/L, respectively. Among them, only DOC and Mn concentrations showed a significant spatial pattern of increasing from the northwest (far away from the lake area) to the southeast (close to the lake area). The spectral index of organic matter indicated that the DOM composition of the groundwater during the wet season in the study area had strong humus characteristics and microbial source characteristics, but its proportion gradually decreased from the northwest to the southeast. The FRI and PARAFAC analysis quantitatively calculated that the proportion of fluorescence region III+V in the southeastern region near the lake area (Group C samples) was 42%, and the proportion of humus-like C1+C3components was 62%. The results of correlation analysis and principal component analysis indicated that the migration and enrichment of Fe in groundwater during the wet season was mainly influenced by humic-like components of microbial origin, while Mn might be more related to protein-like components of exogenous input.

This study analyzed physicochemical parameters and phenolic pollutant concentrations from 168 water samples collected at 84 surface water sampling sites in the Yangtze River Basin. A structural equation modeling (SEM) framework was constructed to quantify the direct and indirect pathways through which phenolic pollutants impact chemical integrity. The methodology involved the integration of conventional water quality parameters, phenolic compounds, and heavy metal data, with a chemical pressure index being constructed using principal component analysis (PCA). The mediating effects of environmental regulatory factors were analyzed via partial least squares SEM. It was found that phenolic pollution significantly impaired chemical integrity through direct toxic effects (path coefficient β = -0.55) and indirect pathways mediated by environmental controls (β = -0.14), with notable synergistic effects being exhibited by heavy metals. A formula for the Chemical Integrity Index (ICI) was proposed, providing a quantitative tool for watershed pollution management and control.

With the frequent detection of emerging pollutants (EPs) at typical industrial sites, increasing attention has been directed toward their migration and exposure behaviors within soil-groundwater systems. This study focuses on the urgent need for localized construction of exposure assessment models in China. Drawing upon current practices in site management and simulation, it identifies key obstacles in data acquisition, parameter applicability, and methodological integration. On this basis, the paper systematically reviews existing contaminant transport models in both unsaturated and saturated zones, comparing their applicability with respect to process representation, spatial scale, and coupling capacity. It further explores recent trends in model integration and intelligent development, particularly the potential value of combining physics-based mechanisms with data-driven approaches. In light of China's complex geological and contamination conditions, the study proposes a technical pathway for advancing exposure model development. It emphasizes the importance of standardized scenario construction, localization of environmental parameter databases, and integrated platform development, aiming to enhance both the scientific robustness and practical applicability of exposure simulations and to support the establishment of a risk management framework for emerging pollutants.

This study investigated the effects of SMT on biochar colloid transport using column experiments with five biochars produced from contrasting feedstocks, combined with spectroscopic (2D-COS-FTIR) and statistical analyses (linear regression, principal component analysis and random forest analysis) to identify the dominant controlling mechanisms. The results showed SMT adsorption capacity varied widely among the five biochars (1.86~4.52mg/g), and showed strong linear relationships with their carbon and hydrogen contents (R² > 0.70), highlighting the importance of feedstock-dependent physicochemical properties. The presence of SMT consistently shifted the zeta (ζ) potential of biochar colloids toward more positive values and markedly reduced the electrostatic energy barrier (Φ_max) between biochar colloid and quartz sand. This change substantially decreased colloid mobility (M_eff), indicating enhanced retention within the porous medium. Linear regression analysis showed that M_eff was closely related to the ζ potential (R²=0.88). In contrast, both PCA and random forest model analyses confirmed ζ potential as the most critical factor affecting M_eff. Furthermore, the fitting results from the two-site kinetic model (R²>0.97) showed that both the reversible site adhesion coefficient (k_att) and maximum solid concentration (S_max) increased for all five biochar colloids in the presence of SMT. These findings demonstrate that biochar feedstock types and SMT adsorption jointly influence the mobility of biochar colloid.

In response to existing research gaps—such as insufficient understanding of the mechanisms of microbial degradation of organic pollutants, the complex influence of environmental factors, and the unclear indicative role of these factors in natural attenuation processes—this study systematically reviews the metabolic mechanisms of microbial degradation, the regulatory effects of key environmental factors, and the application of microbial indicators in natural attenuation assessment. The research reveals that the biodegradation of organic pollutants exhibits synergistic multi-pathway characteristics, where microorganisms synthesize specific enzymes under the regulation of functional genes to achieve efficient degradation through diverse pathways. Key environmental factors, including pollutant concentration and electron donors/acceptors, directly affect the efficacy of natural attenuation by regulating microbial activity and community structure. Microbial indicators such as metabolic products, community structure, and functional genes can effectively reflect the progress and potential of natural attenuation. Based on these findings, this paper deepens the systematic understanding of microbial metabolic mechanisms, the role of environmental factors, and their indicative functions. This not only forms the core theoretical foundation for optimizing natural attenuation management but also provides a scientific basis for developing monitoring and regulation strategies based on microbial responses.

To elucidate the endocrine-disrupting mechanisms and sex-dependent responses of organophosphate flame retardants (OPEs), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and resorcinol bis(diphenyl) phosphate (RDP), adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were employed as a model organism. Exposure experiments were conducted at two concentrations corresponding to 1% (400 μg/L) and 1‰ (40 μg/L) of the 96h median lethal concentration (LC₅₀). The results showed that neither TCPP nor RDP exposure caused significant changes in body condition factor, brain somatic index (BSI), or gonad somatic index (GSI) in either female or male zebrafish. However, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited in all exposed groups by 7.80%~31.31%(P<0.01), with females exhibiting greater sensitivity to TCPP. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly elevated (34.37%~166.25%), whereas glutathione (GSH) contents were markedly reduced (29.51%~58.64%) indicating that both TCPP and RDP induce oxidative stress in zebrafish. Exposure to TCPP and RDP significantly disrupted the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, as evidenced by decreasing triiodothyronine (T3) levels and increasing thyroxine (T4) levels, with more pronounced effects observed in females (P<0.01, P<0.05). Gene expression analysis further revealed that TCPP and RDP significantly downregulated the HPT axis-related genes crh and tshβ in females (P<0.05), whereas no significant alterations were detected in males, confirming a clear sex-dependent disruption of the HPT axis by these OPEs. In addition, TCPP and RDP exposure disturbed sex hormone homeostasis in zebrafish. In males, testosterone levels were significantly increased, while estradiol levels were markedly decreased (P<0.001). Consistent with these hormonal alterations, the expression of cyp19a1a, a key gene involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, was significantly downregulated, inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to estradiol. This disruption may impair spermatogenesis and sperm motility in males zebrafish. Overall, TCPP and RDP exposure induced pronounced endocrine disruption via interfering with both the HPT and HPG axes, with distinct sex-dependent effects. This study underscores the importance of considering sex differences in the toxicological evaluation.

This study employed zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism to investigate the neurodevelopmental toxicity induced by combined exposure to polylactic acid microplastics (PLA MPs) and triclosan (TCS), a representative endocrine-disrupting chemical. The results demonstrated that PLA MPs can serve as efficient carriers for TCS, with adsorption kinetics well described by a pseudo-second-order model. Co-exposure significantly induced developmental malformations in zebrafish larvae, including spinal curvature, yolk sac edema, reduced heart rate, and decreased hatching success, with markedly more severe teratogenic effects compared to TCS exposure alone. Furthermore, combined exposure substantially elevated oxidative stress levels, reduced spontaneous locomotor activity by 56.5%, and disrupted light-dark locomotor rhythms. These behavioral impairments were accompanied by decreased neuronal abundance, abnormal vascular development, a significant reduction in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (37.4%), and a slight decrease in dopamine (DA) levels. RT-qPCR analysis further revealed that TCS alone suppressed the expression of genes associated with neurodevelopment and apoptosis regulation, whereas co-exposure with PLA MPs exacerbated these molecular disruptions, leading to more pronounced neurotoxicity. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential neurodevelopmental risks posed by the combined exposure to biodegradable MPs and organic endocrine disruptors, providing early warning evidence for ecological risk assessment of emerging composite pollutants in aquatic environments.

This study employed Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild-type (WT), an exopolysaccharide (EPS)-overproducing strain (ΔmucA), and a flagellum-deficient mutant (ΔfliC) as model organisms. Combining the XDLVO theory, we systematically investigated the effects of bacterial surface structures, ionic strength, and chlorination on bacterial adhesion and chlorine resistance to polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) MPs. Key findings revealed that EPS secretion enhanced cell hydrophobicity (increasedγ^LW and decreased γ^AB in ΔmucA), significantly reducing the repulsive energy barrier (Φ_T) and thereby promoting bacterial adhesion and survival on MPs. Flagella facilitated adhesion through electrostatic attraction and amplified the protective effect of MPs on bacteria. Ionic strength (NaCl) exhibited a dual effect: at ≤30mmol/L, double-layer compression reduced the repulsive barrier by 19%, markedly enhancing adhesion, whereas at 100mmol/L, Cl^- adsorption induced charge reversal, inhibiting adhesion. Although chlorination (1.0mg/L) effectively inactivated free bacteria, it increased bacterial adhesion rates on MPs by 45%~75% through enhanced van der Waals attraction (), consequently elevating chlorine resistance(up to 2.48-fold).

By integrating network toxicology, transcriptomics, and in vivo zebrafish assays, this study systematically investigated the differential toxicities and underlying molecular mechanisms of an alkyl phosphate (TiBP), a brominated phosphate (TDBPP), and a chlorinated phosphate (TCPP), with the aim of elucidating structure-dependent toxic effects of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). The results showed that the halogens affected the accuracy and comprehensiveness of network toxicology predictions. Zebrafish experiments further confirmed that combining network toxicology with transcriptomic analysis provided a more comprehensive characterization of OPFR-induced toxic mechanisms. In terms of acute toxicity, TDBPP exhibited the lowest LC₅₀ (922.3μg/L), followed by TiBP (21.14mg/L) and TCPP (37.56mg/L). Mechanistically, the three compounds elicited toxicity through distinct gene-pathway networks. Owing to their halogen substituents, TDBPP and TCPP showed stronger metabolic and endocrine disruption, as evidenced by a 1.6-fold and 2-fold increase in lipid accumulation, respectively, compared with the control group under medium-dose exposure. In contrast, TiBP predominantly induced neuroimmune toxicity. At low doses, the non-halogenated structure of TiBP rendered zebrafish more sensitive to neuroconductive inhibition, resulting in the strongest inhibition of locomotor ability, with approximately 50% reductions in both swimming speed and distance. At high doses, the presence of chlorine atoms in TCPP enhanced receptor binding ability, resulting in predominant toxicity across the neural, metabolic, and immune systems. Although the brominated structure of TDBPP conferred the highest acute toxicity, its comprehensive effect at equitoxic doses was weaker than that of TCPP, potentially due to a delayed manifestation of metabolism-associated carcinogenicity. Overall, this study employed a multi-dimensional integrative strategy to elucidate how molecular structural features of OPFRs govern their biological effects.

This study investigated triclosan (TCS) and its environmental derivative 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) using zebrafish as a vertebrate model for a comprehensive, multi-level assessment that included morphological, physiological, biochemical, neurobehavioral, and molecular endpoints. Acute exposure of zebrafish embryos to gradient concentrations of TCS and 2,4,6-TCP induced pronounced developmental malformations, including shortened somites, yolk sac edema, spinal curvature, and delayed or absent swim bladder inflation, with clear dose-response relationships. Benchmark dose (BMD) analysis revealed compound-specific teratogenic sensitivities: pericardial edema was the most sensitive endpoint for TCS, accompanied by significant inhibition of body length and eye size, whereas yolk sac area was the most sensitive indicator for 2,4,6-TCP. The differences in morphological teratogenicity may be attributed to distinct target organs and modes of action. The LC₅₀ values for 120 hpf zebrafish larvae were 0.591mg/L for TCS and 1.137mg/L for 2,4,6-TCP, respectively. Both ECOSAR predictions and experimental results consistently indicated that TCS exhibited significantly higher developmental toxicity and lethality than 2,4,6-TCP for fish, Daphnia, and green algae. Behavioral analyses demonstrated that both TCS and 2,4,6-TCP significantly suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae and disrupted light-dark response behaviors, indicating potential neurotoxic effects. Mechanistic investigations revealed that both TCS and 2,4,6-TCP induced oxidative stress, resulting in excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain, pericardium, and spine regions. This oxidative damage led to reduced neuronal proliferation, excessive neuronal apoptosis, and abnormal neurodevelopment. Neurobiochemical indicators further demonstrated impaired neurotransmitter transmission and cholinergic system dysfunction, characterized by decreased serotonin (5-HT) levels and inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Target gene prediction and bioinformatics analyses identified 441 and 173 potential target genes for TCS and 2,4,6-TCP, respectively. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that TCS primarily affected embryonic development by activating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and endocrine disruption-related signaling pathways, whereas 2,4,6-TCP regulated developmental abnormalities by interfering with neurotransmitter transport, synaptic formation, and structural differentiation. Further analysis identified the top ten hub genes involved in the associated regulatory pathways, among which only three genes (hsp90aa1, esr1, and gfra) were shared between the two compounds. Approximately 70% of the identified hub genes were compound-specific. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed that TCS was primarily enriched in the mitophagy, p53signaling, NOD-like receptor signaling, and necroptosis pathways, mediated by key regulators such as pparg, bcl2l1, casp3a, stat3, mmp9, src, and stat1a. In contrast, 2,4,6-TCP predominantly regulated the MAPK signaling pathway, cell cycle pathway, and progesterone mediated oocyte maturation pathway through cdc25b, top2a, cdk1, ptpn11a, pdgfrb, flt1, and erbb2. Four neurodevelopment-related hub genes were further screened and validated by RT-qPCR, confirming the mechanistic differences between TCS and 2,4,6-TCP.

To gain a more systematic understanding of the current status and evolving trends in O₃ exposure and health risk research, literature was retrieved from the CNKI and Web of Science (WoS) core collection databases. Bibliometric tools in R were used to analyze the Chinese and English literature related to O₃ exposure and health. The visualization software Origin and CiteSpace were then used to visualize the results, revealing the research development path in this field. The results showed that research on the health impacts of O₃ exposure increased steadily from 2000 to 2025, with 582 and 915 articles in Chinese and English literature, respectively. The research evolution comprised two phases: the budding phase (2000~2016) and the explosive phase (2017 to present). Collaboration among countries, institutions, and authors was relatively close in the English literature. The trends in English research progressed through four stages: technological accumulation and initial concern, exposure assessment and preliminary exploration of health effects, in-depth study of long-term exposure and health, and health burden assessment and policy guidance. Chinese keywords focused mainly on three aspects: health effects and impacts, pollution sources and formation processes, and temporal-spatial distribution and variation. Chinese literature evolved through three stages: early research and exposure assessment (2009~2015), identification of pollution sources (2016~2020), and the introduction of high-tech methods for risk assessment in specific groups (2021~2025).

Based on land use data from 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, the PLUS model was used to simulate land use changes in the Zoige Plateau by 2030 under three scenarios: natural development, ecological restoration, and economic development. The InVEST model was further employed to estimate the ecosystem carbon storage from 1980 to 2030. Finally, the Geographic Detector model was used to analyze the driving factors of spatial differentiation of carbon storage. The results showed that: (1) The major land use types in the Zoige Plateau were grassland, woodland, and wetland. From 1980 to 2020, the area of grassland in the region decreased, while the area of wetland and woodland increased. (2) The carbon storage of the Zoige Plateau ecosystem ranged from 1.240 billion tons to 1.291 billion tons from 1980 to 2020. Grassland and wetland were the main carbon storage ecosystem types in the Zoige Plateau. The areas with increased carbon storage over the last 40 years were mainly concentrated in the wetland areas of Zoige County, Maqu County, and Hongyuan County. (3) Carbon storage in 2030increased by 4.1443 million tons compared to 2020 under the ecological restoration scenario, decreased by 4.4567 million tons under natural development scenario, and decreased by 11.5958 million tons under economic development scenario. (4) The spatial differentiation of carbon storage in the Zoige Plateau ecosystem was primarily influenced by natural factors, of which elevation, annual mean temperature, soil type, and slope were all important drivers. Interaction detection indicates that the interaction between soil type and slope had the greatest impact.

Based on the land use data, natural socio-economic data and carbon emission data of the main urban area of Chongqing, the land use transfer matrix and the PLUS (Patching-generating Land Use Simulation) model were used to analyze the spatial evolution characteristics of urban expansion in the main urban area of Chongqing from 2000 to 2020. The development scenarios of the natural state, urban expansion and ecological protection in 2030 were simulated under the influence of endogenous driving factors. The response relationship between land use change and carbon emissions in the study area from 2019 to 2022 was analyzed based on the Generalized Additive Model (GAM), and the total carbon emissions under the three scenarios were calculated. From 2000 to 2020, the cultivated land in the study area decreased by 928.82km², while the construction land increased by 858.30km². A large amount of cultivated land was transferred to the construction land, and water areas, forest land and grassland underwent in a certain degree of dynamic change. Urban expansion is influenced by a combination of natural and socio-economic factors, with the main driving factors including elevation, distance from water areas and distance from Grade 1roads. External policy-driven factors also have a significant impact on urban expansion. From 2020 to 2030, the main urban area of Chongqing will continue to experience in a rapid urbanization process. The direction of urban expansion will mainly be eastward and westward, while the expansion direction of forest land and grassland will be opposite to that of urban expansion. The impact of changes in land use structure on carbon emissions is mostly nonlinear, and there may be potential threshold areas. Forest land, water and cultivated land show non-linear relationships, while grassland and construction land show linear relationships. Based on the land use structure of three scenarios in the study area in 2030, it is estimated that the carbon emissions of the land use structure in study area of Chongqing in 2030 will be 59.2995million tons of C/a, 62.0677million tons of C/a, and 58.2041million tons of C/a respectively.

In Chongqing's composite ecosystem of Mountains, Rivers, Forests, Farmlands, Lakes, and Grasslands (CEMRFFLG), the embodied carbon of four subsystems (farmland, grassland, forest, and water) was quantified using Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approaches. The flows of embodied carbon among these subsystems were analyzed within a metacoupling framework, and their driving mechanisms were systematically explored. The results indicated that: (1) In 2020, embodied carbon of CEMRFFLG subsystems in Chongqing ranked as farmland > grassland >forest > water, with the farmland subsystem accounting for 68.88% of the total; (2) The embodied carbon inflow to the CEMRFFLG of Chongqing was 3.45 times greater than its outflow, exhibiting a distinct net-input characteristic; (3) Direct carbon flows were characterized by inflow and outflow contribution rates from distant systems of 99.28% and 78.82%, respectively, indicating predominance of long-distance transmission. Conversely, embodied carbon flows presented a distinctive structural pattern of "remote inflows and proximate outflows," wherein distant systems contributed 85.61% of inflows and adjacent systems received 91.36% of outflows; (4) Among all factors, the consumption level showed the strongest positive influence on embodied carbon flows of CEMRFFLG, with a path coefficient of 0.845. A comparative analysis of direct and embodied carbon flows provides a scientific basis for optimizing embodied carbon flow reduction strategies in Chongqing's CEMRFFLG, offering significant implications for achieving green development of composite ecosystem patterns.

Based on the input-output method, this study utilized the Eora database to assess carbon emissions and interregional transfer patterns within the manufacturing industry and its sub-sectors across the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries from 2007 to 2017. The structural decomposition analysis was employed to identify the key driving factors underlying changes in embodied carbon emissions, while the effects of five distinct trade-related mechanisms on the embodied carbon emissions within industrial chains of key BRI countries were explored in depth. The results indicate that embodied carbon dioxide emissions within the manufacturing industry along the BRI increased by 25.19% over the study period, while a net emission reduction of 361.09Mt was achieved, reflecting a transition towards a consumption-driven emissions structure. Embodied carbon dioxide emissions within the manufacturing sector have increasingly shifted from mid-end manufacturing industries, such as Petroleum, Chemical and Non-Metallic Mineral Products(C7), Metal Products(C8), and Electrical and Machinery(C9) to downstream sectors, including Agriculture (C1), Food and Beverages (C4), C9, and Construction (C14). In addition, the embodied emission outflows from upstream energy industries, particularly Electricity, Gas and Water (C13), to manufacturing industries such as C4and C9has intensified. Therefore, the development of the manufacturing sector along the BRI needs to place greater emphasis on cross-border collaborative emission reduction across upstream and downstream industries. For the manufacturing industry as a whole in the BRI region, the per capita demand effect was the dominant factor of embodied carbon emissions, contributing an increase of 4323.27Mt, while the emission intensity effect exerted a substantial mitigation influence, reducing emissions by 3199.96Mt. Although the key drivers of embodied carbon emissions differ across major BRI countries, the forward linkage effect universally promotes emissions, while the backward linkage effect suppresses them. This contrast underscores the critical importance of developing green supply chains within international trade networks. Accordingly, this study proposes targeted policy recommendations for the low-carbon transition of the manufacturing industry along the BRI, highlighting the need for differentiated emission reduction strategies tailored to national and sectoral conditions.

Current research on the synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions emphasizes "synergy" while neglecting "effectiveness," limiting a systemic understanding. This study aims to integrate and analyze bibliometric findings, further discussing the connotation and mechanisms of "efficiency enhancement". The results reveal that:(1) Research on synergistic pollution-carbon reduction remains in the early exploratory stage, with hotspots focusing on four phases: quantitative characterization of synergy, implementation pathways, feature analysis and effectiveness evaluation, and benefit assessment;(2) "Effectiveness" refers to the multi-dimensional benefits—environmental, ecological, economic, climatic, social, and health-related—triggered by pollution-and-carbon synergy at the systemic level, manifested as enhanced policy efficiency, reduced societal abatement costs, etc.;(3) The transition from multi-dimensional synergy to multi-dimensional effectiveness hinges on complex systems driven by multi-factor interactions, such as collaborative governance among stakeholders and regional joint prevention or control mechanisms. Future directions include: (i) clarifying the definition and consensus on "efficiency enhancement" to refine the systemic understanding of synergistic pollution-carbon reduction; (ii) investigating the scientific mechanisms linking multi-dimensional synergy to efficiency enhancement, thereby unveiling their intricate relationship.

Using A-share listed companies from 2012 to 2022 as the sample, this study employs the difference-in-differences method to examine the impact of carbon emission trading policies on corporate ESG performance and its underlying mechanisms. The findings reveal that the carbon emission trading policy significantly improves the ESG performance of enterprises in pilot regions. This conclusion remains robust after a series of tests, including parallel trend estimation, placebo tests, changes in the sample period, and propensity score matching. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the policy has a more pronounced effect on enhancing ESG performance for firms in high-energy-consumption regions and those with larger asset scales, with the most substantial improvement observed in the intersection group of these two categories. Mechanism tests show that the policy promotes ESG performance by encouraging enterprises to increase long-term asset investment, thereby driving technological upgrades and green transformation. Based on these findings, policy recommendations are proposed, including improving the carbon market system, innovating carbon financial products, integrating carbon management into corporate ESG strategies, and strengthening financial incentive mechanisms.

To examine the impact of environmental regulations on corporate green innovation from the perspective of external attention, and to better promote the achievement of the "dual carbon" goal and high-quality economic development, this study took industrial enterprises listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares from 2010 to 2022 as research objects, and used the difference-in-differences methodology to empirically analyze the impact of the implementation of the new environmental protection law on green innovation of heavily polluting enterprises. The study found that: (1) The implementation of the new environmental protection law was found to exert a significant inhibitory effect on the green innovation of heavily polluting enterprises, mainly reflected in its impact on the quantity of green innovation (2) From the perspective of the mechanism of external attention, analyst attention, institutional investor attention, and media attention were found to effectively mitigate the negative effects of the new environmental protection law on corporate green innovation (3) The impact of environmental regulations on corporate green innovation was shown to be heterogeneous across firms with different levels of digitalization, financing constraints, industry competition levels, and strategic orientations. The research results provide a new analytical framework and empirical basis for understanding the complex relationship between environmental regulation and corporate green behavior from an integrated "regulation-attention-innovation" perspective, offering implications for guiding corporate green transformation and building a multi-party governance system.

Based on big data retrieval of internet-reported risk incidents in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills from 2004 to 2022 in China, landfill accident risks were statistically analyzed with a discrete binomial distribution probability mode. The aims were to clarify accident types, occurrence probabilities and trends, identify major risk sources, and propose targeted prevention measures, thereby providing a theoretical basis for landfill risk management. The results showed that a total of 128 MSW landfill accidents were reported, with annual occurrences exhibiting a fluctuating upward trend, peaking in 2021 before declining. The overall probability of landfill accidents was 1.92×10^-2, with the following distribution by type in descending order: environmental pollution incidents (with percentage of 52.34%, with probability of 1.0×10^-2), fires (13.28%, 2.54×10^-3), poisoning (10.16%, 1.95×10^-3), collapses (8.59%, 1.65×10^-3), other accidents (8.59%, 1.65×10^-3), and explosions (7.03%, 1.35×10^-3). Notably, Environmental pollution incidents were identified as the dominant accidents. To mitigate these risks, key measures include ensuring the quality of landfill engineering (such as seepage prevention system, drainage system and cover system et al.), improving leachate treatment facilities, enhancing landfill gas extraction and utilization, strict fire control, monitoring critical zones in real time, establishing emergency response systems, strengthening daily operational safety management, and promoting safety awareness.