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A comparative analysis of air quality in Zhengzhou before and after the Spring Festival from 2020 to 2023 was conducted, and high time-resolution observational data on PM2.5 chemical components and reactive nitrogen gases were utilized to systematically evaluate the impact of fireworks during the 2023 Spring Festival on PM2.5 concentrations, its chemical composition, NH3, and HONO. The results indicate that PM2.5 concentrations in Zhengzhou around the Spring Festival decreased by 67% from 2020 to 2022. However, following the relaxation of fireworks restrictions in 2023, PM2.5 concentrations increased by 123% year-on-year, with concentrations during the peak fireworks-burning period surging to 8.7 times those of previous periods. Fireworks contributed to 49.6% of PM2.5 concentrations during the 7-day Spring Festival holiday, with the most significant increases observed in the concentrations of K+, SO42-, and Cl-. Simultaneously, concentrations of toxic and hazardous heavy metal elements, including Al, V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ba, and Pb, increased significantly during the fireworks-burning period. Furthermore, NH3 concentrations reached (18.4 ± 8.9)μg/m3 during this period, 1.7 times higher than during non-festival periods, a change that promoted an increase in aerosol pH values. Additionally, HONO concentrations rose to (1.26 ± 0.83)×10-9 during fireworks burning, representing an increase of 72.6%. This is likely because fireworks led to elevated atmospheric concentrations of NO, NO2, particulate matter, and nitrates, which in turn promoted the heterogeneous conversion of NO2, nitrate photolysis, and homogeneous reactions, thereby facilitating HONO formation.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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