Girls’science learning has always been a critical issue in the international science education field，and science learning based on informal contexts，as a learning activity that occurs outside the framework of formal school education，plays a significant role in enhancing the scientific literacy of girls. Based on a systematic review and analysis of the literature，this paper finds that informal contexts have unique functions in promoting girls’science learning：they extend learning time and space，encouraging the cultivation of a growth mindset in girls’science learning；they create rich contexts，helping girls’interest in science；they take care of gender-specific qualities’helping girls to build a solid scientific identity；and they coordinate with the family and the school，laying the foundation of lifelong science learning for girls. There are four main strategies to promote girls’science learning through informal contexts：taking into account gender differences and relevance to stimulate girls’participation in science; innovating the content and form to enhance girls’interest in science and their identity；integrating resources from various sources to empower girls’science learning continuously；and implementing diverse assessments to highlight the diversity of girls’learning outcomes. This paper explores the functions and strategies of promoting girls’science learning from the perspective of informal contexts，aiming to provide new perspectives and ideas for dissolving gender differences in science learning and promoting girls’science learning.

The modern science and technology museum system is an essential force for popularizing scientific knowledge，promoting the spirit of science，improving the scientific literacy of the whole nation，and achieving the equalization of basic public cultural services. Based on the development data and practice cases of the construction of the modern science and technology museum system from 2012 to 2024，this paper draws on the theory of synergism，summarises the practice of synergistic development of the modern science and technology museum system，analyses the problems，modes，and mechanisms，and explores the future development strategies. The study shows that in terms of synergistic practice，there are mainly problems such as insufficient total amount of science popularization resources，unbalanced regional distribution，and imperfect top-level internal and external synergy design. In terms of synergistic mode and mechanism construction，we carried out problem-oriented research，summarised the synergistic development modes of intra-provincial synergistic mode，regional synergistic mode and cross-field synergistic mode，increased the overall supply of science popularization resources and reduced the regional supply gap，and connected resources and activities and promoted the information construction of the the system. Finally，it proposes strategies for the future synergistic development of the system，i.e.，strengthening intra-provincial synergy，improving regional synergy，and promoting cross-field synergy，to better serve the equalization of science popularization services at the grassroots level and the improvement of the scientific literacy for all people.

Cutting-Edge science and technology resources are widely and abundantly present within innovation entities such as research universities，scientific research institutions，and high-tech enterprises. These resources possess characteristics of original innovation，leadership role，interdisciplinarity，disruptiveness，and high risk. Uncovering and disseminating their content in science popularization directly contributes to maximizing research benefits and enhancing public scientific literacy. Based on an analysis of the current state of the science popularization of cutting-edge science and technology resources domestically and internationally，this paper delves into the challenges faced by China in this regard，such as the lack of top-level design，ineffective conversion channels and the separation between creators and disseminators. Utilizing the 5W1H analytical method，a transformation model is constructed that encompasses four dimensions: drivers of transformation，agents of transformation，long-term and efficient transformation methods，and elements of transformation content. By analyzing the core principles，gradual logic，and practical case studies of the science popularization of cutting-edge science and technology resources，the paper proposes effective strategies from four perspectives：top-level design and guidance mechanisms，building a collaborative framework for socialized science popularization，applying combinatorial innovation methods，and providing multimodal popular science supply.

“Promoting the spirit of scientists”is a practical necessity for research or science communication institutions. The core of this content，the“stories of scientists”，not only carries a wealth of information about social，disciplinary，national，and institutional development but is also rich in humanistic value and spiritual connotation. However，the creators of these stories lack a narrative model for the spirit of scientists that they can refer to. This paper analyzes the two types of narrative tendencies,V-shaped and A-shaped，and proposes a scientist spirit narrative model“VVAV”and a corresponding knowledge organization method for scientist documentation，based on traditional storytelling techniques and the construction characteristics of archives of famous figures in science，supplemented by the literature of academician Fang Jun as a case study. It also demonstrates the application of the narrative model in exhibition hall design through program simulation. This model and method can provide a standardized solution for content creation centered on the spirit of scientists.

As an alternative and progression of the“deficit model”，“public engagement with science”has received widespread attention and discussion from scholars since the end of the last century. However，in recent years，the development of“public engagement with science”has encountered certain difficulties on a global scale，and scholars have proposed a large number of solutions to this problem. However，these solutions still have shortcomings in addressing the passive engagement of the public and the substantive inequality between the public and science or scientists. Therefore，we also need to rethink the concept of“engagement（canyu）”itself and its significance for the public’s subjective identity cognition. In this regard，this article starts from the interpretation of “engagement（jinhe）”in the field of marketing，and discusses the theoretical differences and advantages of“engagement（jinhe）”theory compared to“public engagement（canyu）in science”. The“engagement（jinhe）”theory emphasizes on the flexibility of process，the integration of posture，and the sharing of value production based on the emphasis on the“user”attribute of participants. These characteristics are good references for debugging the theory and practice model of“public engagement（canyu）in science”and solving the current dilemma of“public engagement（canyu）in science”.

During periods of revolution，construction，reform and strengthening of the country，the Communist Party of China，leading the Chinese path to modernization，has always emphasized the key role of science and technology，and paid attention to the strategic function of science popularization. Science popularization has played a fundamental and empowering role in the Chinese path to modernization by helping to solve the problems and challenges brought by the huge population，helping all people achieve common prosperity and share the fruits of development，helping to achieve material and cultural-ethical advancement，helping to achieve harmony between humanity and nature，and helping to achieve peaceful development. Its historical experience could be summarized as insisting on the leadership of the Communist Party of China，the idea of“handing science to the people”，serving the overall situation，improving the ability of science popularization，and exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations.

The traditional binary assessment method for determining scientific literacy is overly simplistic and does not adequately reflect the development characteristics of scientific literacy across various demographics. Therefore，there is a need to further expand the evaluation methods for scientific literacy. This paper is based on data from the 13th National Civic Scientific Literacy Sampling Survey in 2023 and references international graded evaluation methods to conduct a study on the graded evaluation of scientific literacy among citizens. By combining the main principles of international assessment level divisions with statistical distributions of survey results，citizens are categorized into four levels：possessing high-level scientific literacy，possessing scientific literacy，possessing basic scientific literacy and possessing minimal scientific literacy. The study analyzes the hierarchical differences and structural development characteristics between these different levels of scientific literacy. The relationship between graded scientific literacy and factors such as education，economy，and scientific technological innovation capability is explored through regression analysis. The results indicate that educational factors significantly positively impact individuals with scientific literacy and those with high-level scientific literacy. Furthermore，individuals with scientific literacy and high-level scientific literacy positively influence economic development and innovation. In conclusion，binary classification and graded evaluation of scientific literacy are complementary. While binary classification is straightforward and directly corresponds to scientific literacy，graded evaluation，as an extension of binary classification，can further delineate the distribution of scientific literacy among different populations，providing a more comprehensive reflection of their structural development characteristics.

The new forms of employment are becoming a new growth pole for employment and economic development，and the scale of workers in new forms of employment is constantly expanding. To understand the current situation of scientific literacy of workers in new forms of employment in China，this paper analyzes the development situation and characteristics of workers in new forms of employment based on the 13th National Civic Scientific Literacy Sampling Survey. The results show that the level of scientific literacy of workers in new forms of employment in China is relatively low，and there are differences in the level of scientific literacy among workers in different regions and different classification groups. Workers in new forms of employment perform well in applying science. Internet channels such as short videos are their main channels for obtaining scientific and technological information. Workers in new forms of employment are interested in science and technology and hold a positive attitude. They are willing to visit and use science and technology venues，and lack of time is the main reason for restricting their use of science popularization facilities. Based on this，it is proposed to attach importance to improving the scientific literacy in new forms of employment，focus on the main information sources of workers in new forms of employment，and strengthen the social responsibility of relevant subjects. Utilize unique resources，grasp key nodes and places，and classify and accurately popularize science. Facing the future development trend，we should take practice as the orientation and deepen the customization of science popularization content.

The rapid advancement of science and technology，and the global trend of reform in science education，urgently call for new discourse and concepts of“Big Science Education”. This concept stems from the era’s characteristics，a broad understanding of science，and the need to prepare students to tackle 21st-century challenges and solve complex problems. In the vision of“Big Science Education”，schools should be the main arena for science education，continuously enhancing the coherence and integration of science curricula to build a comprehensive education system. School-based science education and extracurricular science popularization should develop in synergy，with governments integrating all efforts to establish“Big Science Alliances”，schools coordinating internal and external resources based on“Big Science Education”and developing courses collaboratively，and science popularization institutions targeting teachers and students effectively.

As the world’s top-ranking universities and the birthplace of general education reform，Harvard and Stanford have carried out several rounds of general education reform and established a well-structured general education system emphasizing science and technology，which can provide a reference for Chinese universities to keep up with the development and changes of the globalization and reshape their scientific and technical curriculum setting for general education. Based on the curriculum outline，student handbook and literature，this paper analyzed the history and reality of scientific and technical curriculum setting for general education in two universities，and summarized their advanced experience. The results showed that：in terms of goals and ideas，the scientific and technical curriculum setting for general education in American universities are committed to cultivating world citizens with scientific spirit and capable of making scientific decisions；in terms of the selection of course themes，their courses are based on historical and social backgrounds，oriented to the future，and focused on global scientific issues；in terms of the organization of contents，their courses advocate interdisciplinary and case learning，and integrate the courses with driving questions. Drawing on the above experience and based on the characteristics of Chinese universities，Chinese universities should clarify the orientation of scientific and technical curriculum settings for general education and update the curriculum objectives based on the current realities of the country and the university；highlight the integration of disciplines，grasp the dynamics of scientific and technological development and the focus of international competition；and follow the thinking progression and practical logic to build an integrated framework of scientific and technical contents.