Bladder cancer should be treated from perspective of Middle Qi，focusing on the deficiency or excess of the Middle Qi to guide the treatment according to the disease pattern.On the one hand，the method of supporting the Zheng Qi can be used to tonify the Middle Qi，thereby replenishing the vital energy，balancing the body's Qi and blood as well as the Yin and Yang，enhancing the body's anti-cancer ability，reconstructing the internal environment，and eliminating the cancer Toxins and their physical basis.On the other hand，according to the specific symptoms，the method of removing pathogenic factors，with the principle of″eliminating the stasis and Toxins，and the vital Qi returning″being used，to regulate the Middle Qi and eliminate tumors，achieving anti-tumor effects and stopping hematuria.For patients who do not meet surgical indications or have recurrent and metastatic disease，efforts are made to achieve tumor-bearing survival and prolong the co-existence of human and tumor.For patients with physical weakness after surgery，radiotherapy，or chemotherapy，supporting the Zheng Qi and relieving deficiency aim to improve patients'quality of life and extend their lifespan.In summary，treatment requires balancing the methods of supporting the Zheng Qi and attacking the pathogenic factors，targeting the tangible while dispersing the intangible，according to the pattern to ensure the harmonious condition of Yin and Yang as well as Qi and blood，guaranteeing the removal of pathogenic factors without harming the Zheng Qi，and supporting the Zheng Qi to enhance its effectiveness.

″San Yin Jie Wei Zhi Shui″is a highly summarized explanation of the pathogenesis of edema in Su Wen·Ying Yang Bie Lun，which has influenced the treatment theories of Dampness-related diseases in later generations.This theory means that edema results from the dysfunction of the Lung，Spleen，and Kidney Qi mechanisms，leading to abnormal Water metabolism.Similarly，diabetic nephropathy edema is characterized by ″deficiency of Zheng Qi and excess of the Evil Factors″inducing the dysfunction of the Lung，Spleen，and Kidney Qi mechanisms and then the accumulation of Water.The specific pathophysiological changes of the ″San Yin Jie″are as follows:Heat injures Qi and Yin，external pathogens invade the Lung，the Lung loses its Qi dispersing and descending function，and dredging and regulating dysfunctions of the Lung are brought about，leading to Water accumulation；When there is Spleen deficiency with Damp-Heat syndrome，mutual accumulation of Dampness and stasis is caused，which damages Qi and Yin，causing abnormal transportation and accumulation of Water；Kidney deficiency with blood stasis，internal accumulation of masses and Wind concealing in the collaterals induce impaired Qi Hua and Water accumulation.The three Zang often suffer simultaneously，so treatment should be carried out to clarify the pathogenesis，address the multiple Zang，with therapies such as strengthening the Spleen and tonifying the Kidney as well as relieving Dampness and activating blood circulation to achieve ideal therapeutic effects.

The saying of″Food stagnation，Water retention and improper living circumstances being root of disease″comes from Su Wen ·Bi Lun，which means that diet is also an important factor in the occurrence of Bi syndrome.If diet is imbalanced，the internal organs become disharmonious，the skin and interstices lose their proper function opening and closing，and the acupoints are not firm enough to protect the Evil Factors，which leads to the three pathogenic energies of Wind，Cold，and Dampness to invade，to flow into the Zang and Fu organs，and to generate disease.In the early onset of rheumatoid arthritis（RA），the etiology and pathogenesis are due to dietary obstruction，stagnation of Qi and accumulation of Dampness，leading to stasis and Bi syndrome.During the active stage，it is caused by prolonged dietary accumulation，damage to the Yang of the Middle Jiao，and the Damp-Heat and blood stasis obstruction.During remission period，it is characterized by deficiency of the Zang and Fu organs，deficiency of the Zheng Qi with excess pathogenic factors，and lingering obstruction causing Bi syndrome. Clinical treatment of Bi syndrome should be based on the retention of pathogenic factors from food and drink to promote digestion，regulate Qi to relieve Dampness，unblocking the meridians，and removing Bi syndrome.Treatment should also combine differentiation according to the strength of pathogens and the condition of the organs to apply methods such as resolving Dampness，promoting blood circulation，tonifying deficiency，and tonifying Yang to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.In the early stage of RA，treatment should focus on promoting digestion，regulating Qi and transforming Dampness，unblocking the meridians，and removing Bi syndrome，by using Dayangwei Decoction combined with Zhizhong Decoction；in the active stage，treatment should focus on resolving stagnation，expelling retained fluids，tonifying the Stomach and tonifying Yang，eliminating Dampness-Heat and blood stasis，by using Shizao Decoction combined with Shengyang Sanhuo Decoction；in the remission stage，treatment should focus on tonifying the Zang and Fu organs，supporting the Zheng Qi to expel pathogens，removing stagnation and Bi syndrome，by using Wubi Shanyao Pill or Anshen Pill.

The Du meridian acupoints，Beishu acupoints and Jiaji acupoints，which are interconnected and possess continuous functional effects，have overlapping meridian energy circulation.Together，they form a synergistic and related holistic system that can regulate Zang and Fu disorders and reflect on the body surface，referred to as″Du meridian in broad sense″. Based on the segmental rules of the″Du meridian in broad sense″，the corresponding relationship between it and the Zang and Fu diseases can be roughly divided as follows:T1-T6 region is the segmental area governing cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions；T6-L2 region is the segmental area governing digestive system disorders；below L2 is the segmental area governing urinary and reproductive conditions.The ″Du meridian in broad sense″theory combines the traditional Chinese medicine concepts of″Shang Jing Shang and Xia Jing Xia″of the holographic theory，expanding the application of classical meridian theory in clinical acupuncture diagnosis and treatment. By integrating modern medical understanding of the segmental nerve control of visceral organ functions，evidence supporting the segmental effects of acupuncture treatment on visceral diseases is reinforced. Based on classical meridian -based point selection principles，the ″Du meridian in broad sense″theory emphasizes the significance of point selection according to spinal nerve segment control and explores the diagnostic and therapeutic value of relevant local acupoint sensitization.

The Shaoyang is considered the pivot，when the Shaoyang pivot functions smoothly，it can open and close properly，thus harmonizing the Yin and Yang of the exterior and interior.When the Shaoyang pivot is not functioning well，it affects the Spleen and Stomach in the Middle Jiao and disrupts the balance between Wood and Earth，leading to insufficient generation of Qi and blood，and abnormal opening and closing due to the influence of Taiyang，which results in dysfunction of impaired Yang energy warming the internal organs.Professor Li Xian，with the theory of″Shaoyang acting as the pivot″as a starting point，believes that improper diet，overwork，excessive intake of cold and raw foods，and emotional stress are major causes of ulcerative colitis.The dysfunction of the Shaoyang pivot and imbalance of Qi and blood are the key pathological mechanisms.Treatment should focus on regulating the Shaoyang pivot，supplemented by methods to tonify Qi and blood，to harmonize Cold and Heat，and to facilitate the smooth flow between Liver and Spleen.Psychological guidance and health education are also provided to treat both body and mind，restoring the operation of the Shaoyang pivot and harmonizing Qi and blood，leading to recovery and peace for the patient.

Dysregulation of the mitochondrial quality control（MQC）system is a key factor in the development of post-arrest myocardial dysfunction（PAMD）.Traditional Chinese medicine can target the regulation of the mitochondrial quality control system through mechanisms such as mitochondrial biogenesis，mitochondrial dynamics，mitochondrial energy metabolism，calcium overload，mitochondrial oxidative stress，and mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis，thereby preventing and treating post-arrest myocardial dysfunction.The treatment is notable for its efficacy and advantages of multi-component，multi-target，and multi-level action.Targeting MQC to restore cellular homeostasis has become an important research direction for the prevention and treatment of PAMD.However，the following issues still exist in this field:In the MQC system，apart from the main pathways，other regulatory mechanisms remain unclear and require further investigation；research on TCMinterventions in MQC is still in its early stages，with the drug targets and mechanisms not yet fully understood，necessitating further analysis of their multi-component and multi-target regulatory mechanisms using techniques such as bioinformatics and molecular docking；most existing studies are based on animal or cell experiments，and future efforts should focus on strengthening clinical translational research to promote the translation of basic research findings into clinical treatment strategies，providing a more solid theoretical basis and practical support for TCMprevention and treatment of PAMD.

Atherosclerosis（AS）is fundamentally rooted in Qi deficiency，with phlegm and blood stasis as its key pathological products. The mutual entanglement of phlegm and blood stasis leading to vascular obstruction is its main pathological manifestation.Effective monomers，herbal pairs，and compound prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine that tonify Qi，resolve phlegm，activate blood，and unblock collaterals can intervene in the progression of AS through mechanisms such as anti-inflammation，antioxidation，regulation of lipid metabolism，inhibition of cell apoptosis，and improvement of vascular endothelial function，demonstrating the significant advantages of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of AS.The method of benefiting Qi，resolving phlegm，and removing stasis serves as a potential strategy for early intervention in AS and plays an important role in preventing complications such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.In the future，the methodology and evaluation system for integrating traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）syndromes with animal models should be further improved. By incorporating findings from modern medical research，the mechanisms of″Qi deficiency，Phlegm and blood stasis″should be explored in depth.At the same time，multicenter，large -sample clinical trials should be conducted to uncover the correlation rules between TCMsyndromes and modern medicine，aiming to provide objective evidence and new insights for the early prevention of atherosclerosis，drug development，optimization of TCM diagnostic and treatment standards，and individualized therapy.

The microbiota-gut-brain axis（MGBA）plays an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of post-stroke depression（PSD）.The gut microbiota，as a key regulatory factor of this pathway，participates in the onset of PSD through neural，endocrine，metabolic，and immune systems，and maintains bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut.Research indicates that traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）can act on the MGBA through multiple pathways.Single herbs such as Chaihu（Bupleurum），Roucongrong（Cistanches Herba）and Ciwujia（Acanthopanax root）can regulate the gut microbiota，inhibit inflammation，and modulate the HPA axis. Compound formulas，such as Xiaoyao Powder and Chaigui Granule，can increase short-chain fatty acids，regulate amino acid metabolism，and collaboratively restore neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factor levels.Animal experiments have confirmed that TCM monomers and compound preparations can regulate the overall function of the gut microbiota. Combined with dietary interventions and gut microbiota transplantation，they can regulate the proportion of beneficial and harmful bacteria，restoring microbial structure and metabolic balance.In the future，it is necessary to explore how traditional Chinese medicine can target the gut microbiota and transform its active components to exert biological effects，promote multidisciplinary and multi-target research，clarify the pathogenesis of PSD，enhance fecal microbiota transplantation and Chinese medicine-microbiota co-culture techniques，and systematically validate the value of the MGBA in individualized and precise treatment of PSD by integrating animal experiments with clinical practice.

Endothelial-mesenchymal transition（EndMT）plays a key role in the pathological development of atherosclerosis（AS）by contributing to plaque fibrosis and affecting plaque instability.It is crucial in the onset，progression，and outcome of AS.In-depth exploration of the potential regulatory mechanisms of EndMT in unstable plaques can aid early intervention and delay AS progression.Active compounds，derivatives，and classical prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine can regulate endothelial cell function through various pathways，such as modulating the release of vascular active substances，antioxidative stress，anti-inflammatory effects，and balancing coagulation and anticoagulation systems，showing advantages in multiple targets and processes in the prevention and treatment of AS.The classical prescription Danshen Drink can inhibit EndMT through the LASP1/PI3K/AKT signaling axis，providing new ideas for anti-AS treatment.Various Chinese herbal monomers and classical prescriptions have multi-target effects including lipid regulation，anti-inflammation，anti -platelet aggregation，antioxidative stress，regulation of endothelial function，and inhibition of EndMT，which can synergistically delay AS progression from multiple angles.Future research should further explore the regulatory mechanisms of EndMT and its role in the progression and instability of inflammation induced AS plaques，aiming to provide important scientific evidence for developing innovative strategies to stabilize and reverse AS plaques.

Oxidative stress is a key factor in the occurrence and development of acute liver failure（ALF），while nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2（Nrf2）has antioxidant，anti-inflammatory，and cytoprotective effects，making it a potential target for the prevention and treatment of ALF.Active components of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）show significant potential in preventing and treating oxidative stress in ALF by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Studies have shown that various TCMs and their active components，including those that can clear Heat and detoxify（e.g.，Huangqin（Scutellaria baicalensis），Huangbai（Phellodendron）），can tonify，can promote blood circulation，can strengthen the Spleen，promote diuresis，and dispel Wind-Dampness，can activate the Nrf2 pathway，upregulate antioxidant enzyme activities，inhibit the production of oxidative stress products such as ROS，MDA，and MPO，and significantly improve liver oxidative damage.In addition，the Nrf2 pathway may alleviate inflammatory responses by inhibiting inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and play a role in inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis and improving mitochondrial function.However，current research still has some limitations，such as relatively singular Nrf2-related targets and downstream oxidative indicators，unclear interaction mechanisms and cross-targets between Nrf2 and other pathways，and the unclear mechanisms of synergistic antioxidant effects of multiple active components.In the future，it is necessary to use multi-omics and network pharmacology approaches to systematically elucidate the mechanisms by which multiple TCMcomponents regulate Nrf2，and to strengthen high-quality randomized controlled trials to assess the precise efficacy of TCMactive components in regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway for the treatment of ALF，providing stronger evidence for the development and clinical application of new TCMdrugs.