To investigate the mechanism of berberine on energy metabolism and related pathways in EC9706 cells.

The cellswere routinely cultured，MTT screened，and two mass concentrations of 15 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL were selected. The cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry，the glycolytic potential and mitochondrial respiratory capacity were detected by energy metabolism analysis system，and the changes in the expression of phosphorylated adenylate activated protein kinase（p-AMPK）/adenylate activated protein kinase（AMPK）and the downstream phosphor ylated mammalian target of rapamyc in（p-mTOR）/mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR）proteins were explored by Western Blotting. The expression levels of AMPK and downstream mTOR were verified at the gene level by quantitative real-time PCR（qPCR）.

Berberine significantly inhibited the proliferation of EC9706 cells（P<0.01）and promoted the apoptosis of EC9706 cells（P<0.05）. Compared with the control group，berberine and drug group showed a significant decrease in the G0/G1 phase（P<0.05），and a significant increase in the proportion of Sphase（P<0.01）. Berberine inhibited the glycolytic potentia and mitochondrial respiration of EC9706 cells（P<0.01）in a concentration-dependent manner，and berberine promoted p-AMPK/AMPK（P<0.01）and inhibited the expression of p-mTOR/mTOR protein（P<0.05）. At the gene level，berberine promoted AMPK expression（P<0.05）as well asmTOR expression（P<0.01）.

Berberine can inhibit the proliferation of oesophageal cancer EC9706 cells through energy metabolic pathway，promote apoptosis of oesophageal cancer cells and hinder their division.

To explore whether Sagittaria Sagittifolia polysaccharide（SSP）plays a protective role in L02 hepatocyte injured by six heavy metals mixture bymediating the Toll-like receptors 4（TLR4）/myeloid differentiation factor 88（MyD88）/nuclear transcription factor-κB（NF-κB）signaling pathway.

Firstly，according to the dietary intake of six heavy metals in rice sold in Beijing，a heavy metal ixture was prepared for inducing L02 cell injury. MTT assay was used to detect the effect of SSP（0.25 mg/mL，0.5 mg/mL，1 mg/mL，2 mg/mL）on the L02 cells survival rate with 24 h pre-treatment. Annexinv FITC/propidium iodide（PI）double staining combined with flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining were used for detecting the cell apoptosis. The content of reactive oxygen species（ROS）in cells was detected by using DCFH-DA fluorescence probe. The protein expressions of poly-ADP ribose polymerase1（PARP1），dynamic related protein 1（Drp1），tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α），interleukin-1β（IL-1β），interleukin-17（IL-17），TLR4，MyD88 and NF-κB p65 were detected by Western blot.

MTT assay showed that SSP（1 mg/mL，24 h）had the best protective effect. Compared with those of the model group，the ROS contentand apoptosis rate in SSP treatmentgroup were significantly decreased（P<0.05），and the protein expressions of Drp 1，TNF-α，IL-1β，IL-17，TLR4，MyD88 and NF-κB p65 decreased significantly（P<0.05）and the protein expression of PARP1 increased significantly（P<0.01）.

SSP can effectively improve the apoptosis of L02 cells induced by six heavy metals mixture，whichmay be related to the regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to inhibit the oxidative damage and inflammatory response.

To study the molecular mechanism of Liujunzi Decoction（六君子汤）to improve C2C12 myoblast differentiation in tumor environment，providing experimental basis for the treatment of tumor cachexiamuscle atrophy with strengthening spleen and harmonizing stomachmethod.

It induced the differentiation of myoblasts C2C12 and observed the length of the differentiated myotube with an inverted microscope. Myoblasts C2C12 were co-cultured with lung cancer cell Lewis，and then were divided into blank group，model group，Fork head box protein O1（FoxO1）inhibitor group，Liujunzi Decoction（六君子汤）group and combination group. Western Blot detected the expression of myogenic differentiation antigen（MyoD）in C2C12 cells and the expressions of proteins associated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha（PGC-1α）/FoxO1 pathway. Electron microscopy observed the changes in the number of mitochondria and ultrastructure of C2C12 cells. Flow cytometry observed the changes inmitochondrial membrane potential of C2C12 cells. Quantitative real-time PCR detected mRNA in the PGC-1α/FoxO1 pathway in C2C12 cells.

Experiments showed that C2C12 cells had the longest transverse diameter in the muscle tube after 48 h of differentiation. Compared with those in the blank group，the MyoD protein expression and mitochondria number were significantly reduced in the model group（P<0.05）. The wrinkled boundary of themitochondrial bilayermembrane was not clear or even more C-shaped or stromal swelling，and the number of mitochondrial cristae was reduced. The arrangementwas disordered，fractured or dissolution disappeared into vacuoles. The mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased. The apoptotic ratewas significantly increased（P<0.05）. The mRNA expression ofmitochondrial transcription factor A（tFAM）was significantly reduced，and FoxO1 protein expression was significantly increased. The protein expressions of PGC-1α，FTO，mTOR and tFAM were significantly decreased（P<0.05）. Compared with themodel group，the expression of MyoD protein increased significantly in Liujunzi Decoction group（P<0.05）. In FoxO1 inhibitor group，Liujunzi Decoction group and the combination group，the number of mitochondria was significantly increased（P<0.05），the mitochondrial bilayer outermembrane structure was normal，the mitochondrial membrane potentialwas increased and the apoptosis rate was significantly reduced（P<0.05）. The mRNA expressions ofmTOR and tFAM in C2C12 cells weres significantly increased in the combination group（P<0.05），the expressions of FoxO1 protein in C2C12 cells in the FoxO1 inhibitor group，Liujunzi Decoction group and the combination group were significantly reduced，and the protein expressions of PGC-1α，FTO，mTOR and tFAM were significantly increased（P<0.05）. Compared with those in the Liujunzi Decoction group，the PGC-1αprotein expression in C2C12 cells in combination group significantly increased（P<0.05）.

Liujunzi Decoction can improve mitochondrial function and myoblast differentiation in tumor environment by interfering with PGC-1α/FoxO1 signal pathway.

To study the difference in odor substances between Beichaihu（Bupleurum Chinense）and Nanchaihu（B. Scorzonerifolium）.

Electronic nose technology and gas chromatography-ionmobility spectroscopy（GC-IMS）were used to detectvolatile substances in the Beichaihu（Bupleurum Chinense）and Nanchaihu（B. Scorzonerifolium）. The NIST and IMS databases were used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze volatile substances. Plug-ins for the instrumentwas used to perform the dynamic principal component analysis of Beichaihu（Bupleurum Chinense）and Nanchaihu（B. Scorzonerifolium）. The SIMCA-P 14.0 software was used to perform orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis of volatile substances. The microbiotic platform was used to perform cluster heatmap analysis of volatile substances. The fingerprints and the characteristic component of Beichaihu（Bupleurum Chinense）and Nanchaihu（B. Scorzonerifolium）sampleswere compared and analyzed. The volatile substances of students't-test with P<0.05 and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminantanalysis with VIP>1 were selected asmarkers of odor differences.

There were significant differences in the volatile components of Beichaihu（Bupleurum Chinense）and Nanchaihu（B. Scorzonerifolium. Four characteristic substances were identified in Nanchaihu（B. Scorzonerifolium），namely decanal-M，linalool oxide，2，3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine and 3-methyl-2-butenal-D. Two characteristic substances were identified in Beichaihu（Bupleurum Chinense），namely 3-methylbutanol-D and 2-methylpropanoic acid. A total of 24 markers of odor differences were screened，which could be used as the basis for distinguishing between Beichaihu（Bupleurum Chinense）and Nanchaihu（B. Scorzonerifolium）.

The GC-IMS or electronic nose technology can quickly identify Beichaihu（Bupleurum Chinense）and Nanchaihu（B. Scorzonerifolium）. The gas of rancid oil of Nanchaihu（B. Scorzonerifolium）may be related to its characteristic substance 3-methyl-2-butenal-D and markers of odor differences such as decanal，（E）-2-hexenal，octanal，heptanal，hexanal，acrolein，isobutanal，et al.

Based on Fourier transform infrared（FTIR）spectroscopy，to establish a quantitativemodel for the rapid detection of the active ingredients of Beichaihu（Bupleurum chinense DC.），achieve the prediction of the contents of unknown active ingredients of Beichaihu（Bupleurum chinense DC.）and provide amethodological basis for the rapid and nondestructive detection of the active ingredients of Chinese herbalmedicines.

FTIR spectroscopy was used to collect the infrared spectra of 54 samples of Beichaihu（Bupleurum chinense DC.）from different harvesting periods，and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）was used to determine the contents of saikosaponins A（Ss-a），saikosaponins D（Ss-d），saikosaponins C（Ssc）and saikosaponins F（Ss-f）in 54 samples of Beichaihu（Bupleurum chinense DC.），and the contents of these saponinswere counted as Ss-a，Ss-d，Ss-c and Ss-f. The content of total saikosaponins（Ss-s）of Beichaihu（Bupleurum chinense DC.）was analyzed using TQ analysis software，and the spectra were processed by chemometric methods partial least squares（PLS），stepwisemultiple linear regression（SMLR），multiple scattering correction（MSC），standard normal transformations（SNT），firstorder derivatives（1stDer），second-order derivatives（2ndDer）and SG convolutional smoothing and Norris derivative filtering（ND）andmodeling.

SMLR+SNT+2ndDer+SG was the best for the content determination of Ss-c and Ss-f，with the correlation coefficients of 0.836 5 and 0.832 5，and themean absolute deviations of -0.01% and -0.01%，respectively and SMLR+MSC+2ndDer+SG was the best for the content determination of Ss-a，Ss-d and Ss-s，with the correlation coefficients of 0.820 6，0.835 6 and 0.840 5，respectively，and the average absolute deviations were-0.08%，-0.19% and -0.20%，respectively.

The combination of FTIR spectroscopy and HPLC can achieve the rapid determination of the active ingredients of Beichaihu（Bupleurum chinense DC.）. This study provides a new method for the content detection of Chinese herbalmedicines，which can promote the quality of Chinese herbalmedicines to be stable and controllable to a certain extent.

To study the preparation of Danggui（Angelicae Sinensis Radix）oilmicrocapsules，screening out the best preparation process and quality evaluation.

The microcapsules of volatile oil from Danggui（Angelicae Sinensis Radix）were prepared by complex coacervation method with gelatin and gum arabic solution as the materials. Tts quality evaluation was carried out through the appearance，microscopy，electronmicroscopy，particle size and other aspects.

When the concentration of gelatin solution was 3%，the concentration of arabic gum solution was 1%，the proportion of volatile oil to bladdermaterial was 30%，the pH value of complex coacervation reaction was 4.2，the temperature of bladder formation was 40℃，the stirring speed was 600 r·min^-1，adding curing agent（5 mL）and curing for 30 min，the encapsulation efficiency was the highest（85.62%）. The microcapsulesmade by the optimal technology had good quality.

The microcapsules of Danggui（Angelicae Sinensis Radix）oil prepared by the optimal process have uniform particle size，stable process and good entrapment efficiency.

To explore the effects of Qiju Dihuang Pills（杞菊地黄丸）on inflammatory responses inmice with diabetic retinopathy based on the rapid accelerated fibrosarcoma（Raf）/mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase（MEKERK）signaling pathway.

Fifty male C57BL/6Jmice were randomly divided into the normal group，the model group，the Qiju Dihuang Pills low-dose，middle-dose and high-dose groups. The modelwas established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin（STZ）. After 12 weeks of modeling，the normal group and themodel group were given saline by gavage once a day，and the Qiju Dihuang Pills Groupswere given the corresponding dose ofQiju Dihuang Pillsmedicinal solution（11 g·kg^-1，22 g·kg^-1 and 44 g·kg^-1）once a day for 8 consecutive weeks. The changes in blood glucose，water intake，urine output，food intake and bodymass were measured monthly. The imaging tests［fundus angiofluorescence（FFA），optical coherence tomography angiography（OCTA）and optical coherence tomography（OCT）］were performed to assess the retinopathy. HE staining was used to assess retinal histopathological changes and immunofluorescence（IF）to detect the expressions of interleukin-6（IL-6），interleukin-17（IL-17）and tumor necrosis factorα（TNF-α）. ELISA was used to detect the levels of IL-6，IL-17 and TNF-αin peripheral blood. Western Blotwas used to detect the expressions of Raf，p-Raf，MEK，p-MEK，ERK and p-ERK in retinal tissues.

Compared with those of the normalgroup，the mice in the model group had high blood sugar at random，obvious symptoms of polydipsia，polyuria，polyphagia and weight loss；the thicknesswas significantly thinner. The expressions of IL-6，IL-17，TNF-α，p-Raf，p-MEK and p-ERK were significantly increased（P<0.01）. Compared with those in the model group，themice in the Qiju Dihuang Pills groups had high random blood sugar，and the symptoms of polydipsia，polyuria，polyphagia and weight loss were significantly improved. The blood vessel density was low，the diameter of the vessel was thickened，and the degree of tortuosity was significantly reduced. The structure was loose，and the overall thickness was significantly reduced. The expressions of IL-6，IL-17，TNF-α，p-Raf，p-MEK and p-ERK were significantly reduced（P<0.01）.

Qiju Dihuang Pills can effectively protect the retina and delay the progression of diabetic retinopathy，which may be related to its regulation of Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and its anti-inflammatory effect.