To investigate the effects regularity of ultraviolet aging duration on the migration behavior of lead (Pb), acrylamide (AM) and 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) in polylactic acid (PLA)/plant fiber composite food contact material, and reveal their microstructural evolution mechanism.

Ultraviolet accelerated aging tests were conducted to simulate natural aging. The changes in chemical structure were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the surface morphology of the material was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Migration levels of Pb, AM, and BIT into 4% acetic acid and olive oil food simulants were quantitatively determined at different migration time points (2 h to 48 h) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively.

Long term ultraviolet aging promoted the migration of harmful substances. For the 45 d aging group, the 48 h migration amounts of Pb, AM and BIT increased to 15.10, 132.15 and 21.80 mg/kg, with increases of 46.7% (Pb), 56.1% (AM) and 47.3% (BIT) compared with the 0 d group. SEM observations showed that microcracks and pores formed on the material surface. FTIR analysis indicated photoxidative chain scission occurred in the PLA molecular chains, with the enhancement of carbonyl and hydroxyl peaks. Over 60% of the total 48 h migration for each substance occurred within the first 24 h.

It is recommended to add ultraviolet absorbers or coatings to improve the aging resistance of the material. For materials without anti-ultraviolet measures, based on the migration data of the aging experiment, the shelf life of the material is recommended to not exceed 240 d.

To establish a method for the determination of abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid and piperic acid content in food by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

By optimizing the mass spectrometry analysis conditions, the sample was extracted using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent and subjected to ultrasonic extraction, enriched and purified by a mixed strong anion exchange reverse phase solid-phase extraction column, concentrated to near dryness by nitrogen blowing, diluted with methanol and centrifuged at high speed. The solution was then analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer.

The peak shapes of 3 kinds of compounds were good, and the separation and response met the detection requirements. The linear range of abietic acid was 4–500 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of 1.0 μg/kg and a limit of quantitation of 3.0 μg/kg. The linear range of dehydroabietic acid was 20–2500 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of 2.5 μg/kg and a limit of quantitation of 7.5 μg/kg. The linear range of piperic acid was 4–500 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.5 μg/kg and a limit of quantitation of 1.5 μg/kg. Within the range of 5–40 μg/kg of abietic acid and piperic acid and 15–100 μg/kg of dehydroabietic acid, the recovery rates of abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid and piperic acid were 84.9%–99.7%, 84.7%–101.9% and 88.1%–104.7%, respectively, with relative standard deviations within 10%. The method was used for actual sample analysis, detecting abiietic acid, dehydroabietic acid and piperic acid in multiple foods.

This method is sensitive, accurate, and can simultaneously determine abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid and piperic acid. It lays the foundation for developing specific migration limit standards for rosin like substances in paper packaged foods.

To establish a method for determination of the migration of 2,6-diisopropylaniline(2,6-DIPA) and 2,6-diisopropyphenol (2,6-DIPP) from food-contact plant fiber/degradable plastics by ultra performance liquid chromatography, and conduct a comprehensive study on the migration pattern of 2,6-DIPA from positive plant fiber/polylactic acid (PLA) samples.

Basing on optimized chromatographic conditions, the linear relationships and recoveries of 2,6-DIPA and 2,6-DIPP were validated in 4% acetic acid, 10% ethanol, 20% ethanol, 50% ethanol and 95% ethanol (V:V) soaking solution. The migration pattern of 2,6-DIPA was investigated from 4 dimensions.

The method showed good linearity for both compounds, with limits of the detection of 0.010 mg/L (2,6-DIPA) and 0.003 mg/L (2,6-DIPP), and overall recoveries of 72.0%–109.0%. The migration amount of 2,6-DIPA was positively correlated with ethanol concentration, migration temperature and migration time, and negatively correlated with migration frequency. High temperature screening tests could replace some experimental conditions.

The integrated study indicates that the migration of 2,6-DIPA from plant fiber/PLA materials poses a potential health risk, requiring focused attention across various stages.

To investigate the migration characteristics and compliance risks of 19 kinds of organophosphorus esters (OPEs) in milk powder packaging materials, and conduct targeted food safety risk assessment.

This study selected 12 typical milk powder packaging materials [including canned, bagged, and production-use polyethylene (PE) bags], determined the migration amounts of 19 kinds of target OPEs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and conducted a targeted risk assessment by integrating hazard analysis and exposure levels.

OPEs were detected in 7 out of 12 materials, with 3 kinds of target compounds identified, namely tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), and tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168O). Among them, AO168O had the highest detection rate (41.67%) with a maximum migration amount of 0.02970 mg/kg. Compliance evaluation showed that TnBP met the limit requirements of GB 9685—2016 National food safety standard-Uses of additives in food contact materials and articles, while there were no explicit relevant regulations that clearly authorize the use of TPhP and AO168O. Risk assessment indicated that the exposure risk quotients of OPEs ranged from 0.088% to 1.650% for the general population and from 0.789% to 14.850% for infants and young children, with the overall risk being at an acceptable level.

This study clarifies the migration status and risk levels of OPEs in milk powder packaging materials, providing data reference for milk powder production and packaging enterprises to establish a full-chain OPEs risk investigation and traceability mechanism and focus on controlling the migration risk of AO168O.

To optimize the alkali deastringency process of Phyllanthus emblica L. dried fruit and develop a unique and standardized composite tea bag containing Phyllanthus emblica L. dried fruit and black tea.

Using Phyllanthus emblica L. dried fruit as the raw material, alkali deastringency was performed with NaHCO₃ solution. Firstly, through single factor and orthogonal experiments, the solid-liquid ratio, NaHCO₃ mass fraction, deastringency temperature and deastringency time were optimized using deastringency rate as the indicator. Subsequently, based on the optimal deastringency process and using sensory evaluation as the evaluation criterion, the formula ratios of Phyllanthus emblica L. dried fruit, black tea, red dates and licorice in the composite tea bag were optimized.

The optimization experiment of the deastringency process showed that the optimal conditions were a solid-liquid ratio of 1:3 (g:mL), NaHCO₃ mass fraction of 2.5%, deastringency temperature of 35 ℃ and deastringency time of 35 min. Under these conditions, the deastringency rate reached 71.38%. The optimal formula for the composite tea bag was determined through formula optimization experiments to be 50% Phyllanthus emblica L. dried fruit, 30% black tea, 20% red dates and 10% licorice. The sensory score of the product produced based on this was 87.2 points, with a smooth taste, prominent fruit aroma and a long aftertaste. All indicators of the product comply with the GB/T 24690—2018 Bagged tea standard.

This study successfully establishes an efficient deastringency process for Phyllanthus emblica L. dried fruit, and developes a composite tea bag with excellent sensory quality and huge market potential, providing reliable theoretical basis and technical support for its industrial production and market promotion.

To establish a method for determination of 21 kinds of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in tea by QuEChERS pretreatment combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Tea samples were first hydrated with water, extracted by 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile, purified by QuEChERS, and then filtered by microporous filter membrane, the filtrate was directly for analysis. The samples were measured in electrospray positive ion source and multi-reaction monitoring mode.

Within each specified concentration range, 21 kinds of pyrrolizidine alkaloids showed excellent linearity, with the correlation coefficient (r²) exceeding 0.998. The limits of detection were 0.03–3.00 μg/kg, limits of quantitation were 0.10–10.00 µg/kg. while the average recovery rates varied from 81.3% to 116.3% and the relative standard deviations were between 0.5% and 10.6%.

The method is simple and rapid, and can meet the detection requirements of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in tea. Meanwhile, when applied to the detection of commercially available tea samples, it is found that some samples contained lycopsamine, lycopsamine N-oxide and intermedine.

To compare the pretreatment methods for the determination of aflatoxin in tea by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The 3 kinds of different pretreatment methods, immunoaffinity column method, QuEChERS and multifunctional column were adopted to pretreat the tea, the aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), aflatoxin B₂ (AFB₂), aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁) and aflatoxin G₂ (AFG₂) in tea were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the effects of 3 kinds of different pretreatment methods on the determination results were compared. The purification effect, matrix effect, stability, repeatability, limits of detection and recovery rates of the 3 kinds of pretreatment methods were compared.

The immunoaffinity column method had low matrix effects and less impurities. The 3 kinds of different pretreatment methods exhibited a good linear relationship for aflatoxin in the concentration range of 1–60 μg/L, the correlation coefficients were not less than 0.999. The average recoveries ranged from 78.6%–107.1% with relative standard deviations of 1.3%–3.1%. The limits of detection ranged from 0.04–0.22 μg/kg. There was no significant difference in the limits of detection between immunoaffinity column method and multifunctional column method, but the results of limit of detection showed that immunoaffinity column method and multifunctional column method were better than QuEChERS method. The results obtained from the quality control samples of tea matrix after 3 kinds of pretreatment methods were used, the difference was within the acceptable range. The 3 kinds of methods could meet the experimental requirements in the detection of AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁, AFG₂ in tea matrix.

These 3 kinds of methods are all suitable for the determination of AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁, AFG₂ in tea. The immunoaffinity column method has low matrix effects and high sensitivity, and therefore can be used to determine low concentration samples. QuEChERS method is better in terms of simple operation and instrument maintenance cost saving than multifunctional column. QuEChERS method is simple and efficient, and it is suitable for large-scale samples detection.

To analyze the effects of drying methods and raw material cultivars on the metabolite profile of Guangxi oil tea, and identify key differential markers.

Untargeted metabolomics technology coupled with multivariate statistical methods was employed to systematically investigate the effects of 4 kinds of processing techniques, including freeze vacuum drying, microwave vacuum drying, microwave drying and aroma-enhancing machine drying, as well as 2 kinds of raw material cultivars (Gongcheng and Longsheng group species) on the secondary metabolite profiles of Guangxi oil tea.

Freeze vacuum drying significantly enriched lipids, phenolic and carbohydrate compounds, whereas microwave vacuum drying significantly increased the content of organic acids and amino acid metabolites. Furthermore, samples produced from the Gongcheng green tea exhibited superior flavor and nutritional quality, with their content of phenolic compounds, organic acids and terpenoids being significantly higher than that from the Longsheng green tea. Sensory evaluation results corroborated the regulatory role of small-molecule metabolites on the flavor quality of oil tea, and the treatment group using Gongcheng green tea combined with freeze vacuum drying achieved the highest overall sensory score of 94.63 among all groups. Subsequently, Pearson correlation analysis identified 18 kinds of marker metabolites significantly positively correlated with flavor attributes, which could serve as important quality control indicators for oil tea.

This study clarifies the significant advantages of the freeze vacuum drying technique and the Gongcheng green tea raw material in enhancing oil tea quality, which can provide key scientific evidence for establishing standardized processing techniques, selecting high-quality raw materials and implementing quality control within the Guangxi oil tea industry.

To investigate the protective effects of Camellia nitidissima leaves extract on alcoholic liver injury in mice.

The 60 male Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, low-dose group (0.75 g crude drug /kg), medium-dose group (1.50 g crude drug /kg) and high-dose group (3.00 g crude drug /kg) (n=12 per group). The control and model groups were administered pure water by gavage, while extract groups received different doses of extract (20 mL/kg). After 5 hours, 40% elthanol (10 mL/kg) was administered to all groups except the control group for 14 consecutive days. After fasting for 16 hours following the last administration, 20 mL/kg ethanol was administered. Serum biochemical indicators, liver homogenate antioxidant markers (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl) and inflammatory cytokines(interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) were analyzed. The pathological changes of liver in mice were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.

Compared with the model group, the serum triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in the high dose group decreased by 21.76%, 15.88%, 12.23% and 37.17%, respectively. The content of superoxide dismutase in the liver of the high dose group increased by 14.96%, and the content of malondialdehyde decreased by 17.41%. The content of glutathione in the middle and high dose groups increased by 18.32% and 24.10%, respectively. The protein carbonyl content in the middle and high dose groups decreased by 15.38% and 19.33%, respectively. The serum interleukin-1β in the middle and high dose groups decreased by 43.27% and 49.72%, respectively. The interleukin-6 content in the low, middle and high dose groups decreased by 25.06%, 28.30% and 32.59%, respectively (P<0.05). HE staining showed that hepatocyte edema and ballooning were improved in the medium and high dose groups.

Camellia nitidissima leaves extract has a good protective effect on alcoholic liver injury in mice, which may be related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This study provides experimental basis for the in-depth development and utilization of Camellia nitidissima.

To explore the differences in sensory quality and biochemical components of Pu-erh tea under different storage environments.

High performance liquid chromatography was used to quantitatively detect more than 20 active components such as catechins, flavonoids and amino acids in 3 kinds of sun-dried green tea stored in Kunming and Dongguan and 3 kinds of Pu-erh (ripe tea) stored in Kunming and Guangzhou, and the sensory quality was evaluated.

The main substances affecting the quality differences of 3 kinds of sun-dried green tea stored in 2 places were catechins and amino acids. There were significant differences in the content of gallocatechin gallate, gallic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, valine and aspartic acid in the sun-dried green tea samples stored in Dongguan and Kunming. The content of epicatechin gallate and gallocatechin gallate in 3 kinds of sun-dried green tea samples stored in Kunming were higher than those in the tea samples stored in Dongguan. The different components of Pu-erh (ripe tea) stored in Guangzhou and Kunming were mainly manifested in amino acids and catechins. The content of theanine, methionine and phenylalanine in the tea samples stored in Kunming were higher than those in the tea samples stored in Guangzhou. Epigallocatechin, catechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, arginine, histidine and leucine were higher in Kunming warehouse than in Guangzhou warehouse. Gallic acid and rutin were lower in Kunming than in Guangzhou. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the scores of sun-dried green tea samples in Kunming warehouse were higher than those in Dongguan warehouse, and the sensory quality scores of Pu-erh ripe tea samples stored in Guangzhou were slightly higher than those in Kunming warehouse.

Different storage environments have an important impact on the quality components such as gallic acid and amino acids in Pu-erh tea. The main influencing substances are gallocatechin gallate, gallic acid and glutamic acid, theanine, etc.

To establish a method for determining caffeine content in tea by ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.

The samples were separated on a BEH C₁₈ column(2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm) via isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (80:20, V:V). The flow rate was set at 0.3 mL/min, with an injection volume of 5 μL and a column temperature maintained at 25 ℃. Quantification was performed using the external standard method. Mass spectrometric analysis was conducted in the positive mode with the quantitative ion pair being m/z 195.0/137.9, and the qualitative ion pairs being m/z 195.0/109.9 and m/z 195.0/82.9. The capillary voltage was set at 1.00 kV, the cone voltage was set at 50 V, the desolvation gas (N₂) temperature was set at 500 ℃, the desolvation gas (N₂) flow rate was set at 1000 L/Hr, the cone gas flow rate at was set 50 L/hr, and the collision gas was high-purity argon.

The results demonstrated a limit of detection was 0.25 ng/mL for caffeine. The method exhibited excellent linearity with in the mass concentration range of 1–2000 ng/mL, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9994. The spike average recovery rates ranged from 101.6% to 106.6%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) between 1.47% and 3.12%(n=3). The precision, repeatability and stability results were all satisfactory.

This method is rapid, sensitive, offers high resolution and is well-suited for the quantitative analysis of caffeine in tea.

To develop healthy shortening biscuits by replacing traditional ingredients with fresh Dioscorea opposita Thunb., Avena sativa L. and coconut oil and evaluate their digestion properties.

Using the quantities of the ingredients of Avena sativa L. powder, fresh Dioscorea opposita Thunb. homogenate, coconut oil and sugar as variable factors, sensory scores and textural hardness were used as indicators to determine the ranges of additives for each ingredient in a one-way experiment, and then the formulation was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface methodology. Subsequently, an in vitro digestion model was applied to evaluate the starch hydrolysis rate of optimized formulated biscuits.

The ranges of addition for each ingredient were defined using the single-factor method. Subsequently, a quadratic multiple regression equation was obtained using sensory scores as response values, exhibiting that the addition of quantities of fresh homogenate of Dioscorea opposite Thunb., Avena sativa L., coconut oil and sugar had highly significant effects on sensory scores (P<0.001). As a result, the optimal formula was obtained to be a wheat flour-to-Avena sativa L. flour mass ratio of 73:27, with 14.9% fresh homogenate of Dioscorea opposite Thunb., 37.5% coconut oil and 40.9% sugar in quantity, yielding a corresponding sensory score of 86.79. The in vitro simulated digestion results showed that the starch hydrolysis rate of the optimized formulation was significantly lower compared to the control biscuits, with a hydrolysis rate of 80% at 180 min, which was considerably lower than those of the control ones (85% and 87%).

Biscuits formulated with Avena sativa L. powder, fresh Dioscorea opposita Thunb. homogenate and coconut oil exhibit favorable taste and texture, while exhibiting reduced in vitro starch hydrolysis rates. This study provides a reference for the application of fresh Dioscorea opposita Thunb. in foods and the development of innovative anti-digestive biscuits.

To investigate the effects of cold acclimation treatment on the storage performance and storage quality of 6 kinds of common edible pepper varieties.

Peppers were cold acclimation treatment at 0 ℃ and 4 ℃ and then stored at 10 ℃. The decay rate, decay index, chilling injury index, color change index, physiological quality and nutritional value of peppers during storage were analyzed.

Cold acclimation treatment could effectively inhibit decay and color change in most edible pepper varieties, especially bell peppers. Untreated peppers exhibited rot and color change indices of 19.23% and 43.59%, respectively, while peppers subjected to 0 ℃ for 5.25 h and 4 ℃ for 0.75 h showed no color change or rot. Cold acclimation treatment at 4 ℃ for 0.75 h delayed water loss, reduced respiration rate, inhibited malondialdehyde accumulation and delayed the degradation of chlorophyll and vitamin C during storage.

Cold acclimation represents a cost-effective, chemical-free preservation strategy that effectively inhibits quality deterioration in most edible peppers during storage. It significantly extends the shelf life of bell peppers and maintains their postharvest quality. This approach offers clear industrial value in mitigating postharvest losses and ensuring the supply of high-quality vegetables.

To analyze the characteristics of sugar and acid components in fruits of different Syzygium samarangense germplasms resources, screen key indicators suitable for evaluating the sugar and acid quality of Syzygium samarangense.

The sugar and acid components of 18 Syzygium samarangense germplasms were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyze the characteristics of sugar and acid components.

The total sugar content of Syzygium samarangense fruits ranged from 35.12 to 114.29 mg/g, with an average of 59.66 mg/g and a coefficient of variation of 38.88%. The germplasms ‘Zihong’ and ‘Daye’ exhibited the highest total sugar contents, whereas ‘Malaysia Green’ had the lowest. Fructose and glucose were the main sugar components, accounting for 51.78% and 46.00% of the total sugar respectively. Total acid content ranged from 0.403 to 3.654 mg/g, with an average of 1.396 mg/g and a coefficient of variation of 57.64%. The germplasm ‘Heitang Barbie’ had the highest total acid content. Citric acid and malic acid were the major organic acids, together constituting 90.26% of the total acid content. Correlation analysis revealed that total sugar was highly positively correlated with fructose and glucose (r=0.9963 and 0.9961, P<0.01), whereas the sweetness-acid ratio showed highly significant negative correlations with citric acid and total acid(r=–0.6222 and –0.6998, P<0.01). Principal component analysis selected total sugar, total acid and sweetness-acid ratio as the core evaluation indices for sugar-acid quality.

The sugar and acid components of Syzygium samarangense exhibit significant differences. Fructose and glucose are the main sweet substances in the fruit, while citric acid and malic acid are the main acidic substances. Total sugar, total acid and the sweetness-acid ratio can be used as core indicators for evaluating the sugar-acid quality of Syzygium samarangense.

To investigate the preparation process, physicochemical properties and flavor characteristics of soluble proteins from Stropharia rugosoannulata.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction was employed to prepare soluble protein from Stropharia rugosoannulata. The key process parameters-including ultrasonic power density, treatment time, extraction temperature and solid-to-liquid ratio-were optimized using single-factor and response surface methodology. The resulting protein extracts were systematically characterized in terms of amino acid composition (analyzed with an amino acid analyzer), secondary structure (determined by circular dichroism), thermal properties (measured via differential scanning calorimetry) and umami intensity (evaluated through sensory analysis).

After process optimization, the optimal conditions for preparing the soluble protein extract were determined: An ultrasonic power density of 375 W/L, an ultrasonic treatment time of 10 minutes, an ultrasonic extraction temperature of 30 ℃, and a feedstock-to-liquid ratio of 1:30 (g:L). Under these conditions, the protein content in the extract reached (431.20±2.67) mg/g, with essential amino acids accounting for(99.10±0.26) mg/g, and the umami amino acid glutamate accounted for 27.56%. The proportion of α-helix and random coils increased, and the denaturation temperature was 108.06 ℃. Umami evaluation results showed that the 8 mg/mL soluble protein extract exhibited equivalent umami intensity to 2 mg/mL monosodium glutamate.

The research can provide theoretical basis for the development and application of soluble protein products of Stropharia rugosoannulata.

To investigate the effects of preharvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment and post-harvest Ag/ZSM-5 zeolite nano-preservation paper on the maturation process and storage quality of Myrica rubra cv. Dongkui.

The effects of preharvest 1-MCP spraying on fruit maturity was evaluated based on in-tree parameters including appearance, fruit diameter, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, color indices and so on. Concurrently, the synergistic effects of post-harvest Ag/ZSM-5 zeolite nano-preservation technology were analyzed under both ambient and low-temperature storage conditions, with assessments of weight loss, sugar-acid profile, texture, color, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) enzyme activities.

Preharvest 1-MCP treatment effectively delayed the in-tree maturation process, postponing color initiation by 4 days and suppressing fruit expansion. It also reduced post-harvest weight loss during low-temperature storage, maintained sugar-acid ratio balance and color stability, and enhanced POD enzyme activity, thereby delaying fruit senescence. Meanwhile, standalone post-harvest Ag/ZSM-5 zeolite nano-preservation paper reduced weight loss under ambient storage, maintained fruit firmness and cohesiveness, preserved red hue (a), and alleviated cell membrane damage. Furthermore, the combined pre- and post-harvest treatments drastically reduced PPO enzyme activity by 86.31% and mitigated membrane lipid peroxidation during low-temperature storage.

Preharvest 1-MCP application delays bayberry maturation, while its integration with post-harvest Ag/ZSM-5 zeolite nano-preservation paper significantly enhances storage tolerance and extends shelf life under room and low temperature by preserving fruit quality and elevating antioxidant activity during storage.

To establish a method for the determination of residues of mepiquat chloride, fluensulfone and its metabolite 3,4,4-trifluorobut-3-ene-1-sulfonic acid in plant-derived foods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The samples were acidified, extracted with acetonitrile and the extract was purified by dispersive solid-phase extraction. Detection and confirmation were performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and quantification was carried out using matrix spiked calibration curves.

The matrix spiked calibration curves of all analytes showed good linearity in the range of 0.5–25.0 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients r²≥0.9917. For fluensulfone, the average recoveries at low, medium and high concentration levels in 11 kinds of matrices including citrus reticulata, spinach and soybean ranged from 84.0% to 114.2%, with relative standard deviations of 2.7%–13.8%. For 3,4,4-trifluorobut-3-ene-1-sulfonic acid, the average recoveries at the same concentration levels in 11 kinds of matrices including citrus reticulata and apple ranged from 84.6% to 116.4%, with relative standard deviations of 1.7%–14.0%. For mepiquat chloride, the average recoveries at the corresponding concentration levels in 11 kinds of matrices including citrus reticulata and apple ranged from 84.9% to 111.1%, with relative standard deviations of 1.9%–12.2%. In wet samples such as fruits and vegetables, the method limit of detection for all analytes was 0.004 mg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 0.010 mg/kg. In dry samples such as soybean and rice, the limit of detection for all analytes was 0.010 mg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 0.025 mg/kg.

This method is rapid, efficient and sensitive, and is suitable for the determination of residues of mepiquat chloride, fluensulfone and its metabolite in plant-derived foods.

To develop a method for determination of fluindapyr, flutianil and fenpicoxamid in the milk and formula by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The samples were extracted by ultrasonic vortexing with acetonitrile. The analysis solution was purified by QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid lipid removal tubes, and then centrifuged and filtered before being analyzed. The test method used acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid water as the mobile phase, with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. A gradient elution program was applied, and the separation was carried out on a Shim-pack GIST-HP C18-AQ chromatographic column. The detection was performed in positive ion mode with electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mode. Quantification was conducted using the matrix-matched external standard method.

For milk and milk powder matrices, there was a good linear relationship between the mass concentrations of fluindapyr, flutianil and fenpicoxamid ranging from 0.5 to 20.0 ng/mL and their corresponding peak areas, with R² values all greater than or equal to 0.9993. At 3 kinds of different spiked levels of 0.005, 0.010 and 0.050 mg/kg, the average recoveries of fluindapyr, flutianil and fenpicoxamid were 86.3% to 105.9%, and the relative standard deviations were 3.96% to 9.18%.

This method can meet the requirements of accuracy, precision and sensitivity for the detection of fluindapyr, flutianil and fenpicoxamid in milk and milk powder.

To establish an automated and rapid method for the detection of clothianidin, dimethomorph and carbendazim residues in vegetables based on magnetic solid-phase extraction technology and a microarray biochip kit.

Magnetic solid-phase extraction was applied for sample pretreatment. The extraction efficiency for systemic pesticide residues was improved by optimizing sample preparation and pretreatment conditions. An automated and rapid detection method was established using a microarray biochip kit and a fully automatic biochip analyzer. The sensitivity and accuracy of the method were validated using cabbage, eggplant and tomato matrices.

The limits of detection and limits of quantitation for clothianidin, dimethomorph and carbendazim in cabbage, eggplant and tomato matrices met the detection requirements. The spiked recovery rates for the 3 kinds of vegetable matrices ranged from 81.48% to 120.48%, with relative standard deviations between 0.88% and 14.90%, demonstrating good accuracy and stability. The relative standard deviations in results between the proposed method and the confirmatory method for actual positive samples ranged from 0.12% to 9.95%, indicating good consistency.

This method exhibits high sensitivity and accuracy. The application of magnetic solid-phase extraction allows for rapid and simple removal of impurities from samples, effectively reducing instrument costs. The high-throughput and multi-parameter characteristics of the microarray biochip improve the coverage of detection items. Automation through instrumentation reduces the technical requirements for operators, providing technical support and a theoretical basis for the popularization and promotion of food safety testing.

To establish an untargeted screening method for rapidly identifying pesticide residues and their metabolites in Triticum aestivum L. by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) combined with a molecular networking strategy.

Fortified Triticum aestivum L. samples were analyzed using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS to acquire high-resolution mass spectrometry data. The raw data were converted by MSConvert, imported into MZmine software for preprocessing, and then uploaded to the global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS) platform for constructing a visual molecular network. The effects of the MS2 spectral denoising threshold and GNPS network construction parameters (minimum matched fragment ions, minimum matched spectra for library search) on seed node identification efficiency were systematically investigated. Target compounds were identified by integrating accurate mass, retention time and characteristic fragment ion cleavage patterns.

Optimal network annotation rate (58.9%) and seed node recognition rate (94.9%) were achieved when the MS2 denoising parameter was set to 1.0E3, and both the minimum matched fragment ions and library search minimum matches in GNPS were set to 2. Under the optimized conditions, structurally similar pesticides were successfully clustered and identified through molecular networking, along with the metabolites of oxamyl, pirimicarb, prochloraz, phosmet and malathion, with their major fragmentation pathways elucidated.

A UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS-molecular networking non-targeted screening strategy is developed, enabling rapid and efficient identification of structurally similar pesticide residues and metabolites in Triticum aestivum L.. This approach provides a reliable analytical framework and technical methodology for screening non-targeted pesticide residues and metabolites in complex matrices.

To investigate the developmental toxicity and molecular mechanisms of the water extracts from Ustilaginoidea virens-infected Oryza sativ [mainly containing ustiloxin A (UA)] in Danio rerio embryos.

Danio rerio embryos were exposed to 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 mg/L of the water extracts from Ustilaginoidea virens-infected Oryza sativ (calculated based on UA concentration) for 120 h. Developmental parameters, including mortality, body length, heart rate, pericardial edema rate and spinal curvature rate, were evaluated. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of cardiac development-related genes (Nkx2.5, Tbx5, Tnnt2, Gata4, Nppa, Nppb) and skeletal development-related genes(Col8a1a, Bmp2b, Ngs, Ihh, Shh).

Compared with the control group (Danio rerio culture medium without the water extracts), all exposure groups exhibited significantly higher mortality and pericardial edema rates. In the 0.5 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L groups, spinal curvature incidence significantly increased and body length significantly reduced. Moreover, the heart rate of Danio rerio embryos in the 2.5 mg/L exposure group significantly increased (P<0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed that in the 0.1 mg/L group, the expression of Tbx5, Nppa, Nppb, Bmp2b and Ihh was significantly downregulated. With increasing exposure mass concentrations (0.5 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L), nearly all examined key genes involved in cardiac and skeletal development were markedly suppressed.

The water extract prepared from Ustilaginoidea virens-infected Oryza sativinduces significant developmental toxicity in Danio rerio embryos, particularly impairing cardiac and skeletal development. These effects are likely mediated by the dose-dependent suppression of key developmental genes, suggesting that long-term consumption of Ustilaginoidea virens-infected rice may pose potential health risks to animals.

To understand the situation of pesticide residues in fruits in circulation in Nanchang City in 2024, and quickly screen for multiple pesticide residues in fruits by orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry(Orbitrap HRMS).

The fruit samples were purified by QuEChERS method, combined with Orbitrap HRMS, more than 1200 kinds of pesticides and their metabolites were rapidly screened for 721 batches of 15 kinds of fruits collected. According to GB 2763—2021 National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food, the test results were evaluated, and exceeding the maximum residue limit was considered unqualified.

The results of qualitative and semi-quantitative screening based on the database established through the testing and analysis of matrix-spiked samples showed that the pesticide residues in fruits were generally under safe control. The overall pass rate of pesticide residues in the samples was 92.8%. A few batches of samples had pesticide residues that were unqualified (unqualified rate 7.2%), with detections of prohibited and restricted pesticides in an even smaller number of batches (detection rate 2.9%).

Based on the screening results of HRMS, the qualified rate of pesticide residues in circulating fruits in Nanchang City in 2024 is 92.8%, and the overall risk is controllable. There are a small number of samples that are unqualified and banned pesticides detected, and continuous supervision is needed.

To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of prometryn and fenpropathrin residue in Apostichopus japonicus by solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-GC/MS).

The samples were extracted with acetonitrile. The extracts were purified using a Cleanert Florisil solid-phase extraction column and then reconstituted in n-hexane. Matrix-matched standard solutions were prepared, and detection was performed in selected ion monitoring mode. The effects of different extraction solvents, solvent volumes, solid-phase extraction columns and elution ratios on extraction efficiency were compared.

At spiked levels of 5–20 μg/kg, the recoveries of prometryn ranged from 86.3% to 106.0%, with relative standard deviations of 5.4%–11.6%, and the limit of quantitation was 5 μg/kg. For fenpropathrin at spiked levels of 7–20 μg/kg, the recoveries ranged from 95.9%–113.6%, with relative standard deviations of 4.1%–10.8%, and the limit of quantitation was 7 μg/kg.

This method is simple, efficient and accurate, making it suitable for both qualitative and quantitative determination of prometryn and fenpropathrin residues in Apostichopus japonicus.

To investigate the inhibitory effect of purple sweet potato anthocyanins (PSPA) on oxidative stress, and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism.

The potential targets of PSPA active components and oxidative stress were screened through public databases to obtain overlapping targets, which subsequently underwent gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses to preliminarily elucidate the underlying mechanisms. An oxidative stress model was established in BV2 microglial cells using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction. Cells were pretreated with low or high doses of PSPA. The levels of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Apoptosis was assessed via Hoechst staining and flow cytometry, and related protein expression was analyzed by Western blot.

The main active components of PSPA were identified as peonidin and cyanidin. Network pharmacology analysis identified 253 PSPA-related targets and 1178 oxidative stress-related targets, with 86 overlapping targets. Topological analysis suggested that PSPA might counteract oxidative stress by targeting key proteins such as protein kinase B alpha(AKT1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1(HSP90AA1). Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinity between PSPA and the top 3 core targets. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that PSPA was involved in regulating cellular components such as the cytosol and cytoplasm; biological processes including activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway and protein phosphorylation; and pathways related to chemical carcinogenesis–reactive oxygen species. Cellular experiments demonstrated that PSPA significantly reduced NO and MDA levels, increased GSH content and CAT and SOD activity, inhibited abnormal apoptosis, and modulated PI3K/AKT phosphorylation.

PSPA effectively alleviates LPS-induced oxidative stress damage in BV2 microglial cells, likely through direct activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

To explore the sensory drivers influencing consumer preferences for three-stage infant formula.

Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), quantitative descriptive analysis(QDA) and consumer tests were employed to conduct an analysis of the aroma compounds, sensory characteristics and consumer preferences of infant formulas, respectively. Subsequently, the obtained results were correlated to establish a correlation network.

A total of 62 aroma substances were detected by GC-IMS, and notable differences existed in the aroma composition characteristics of infant formula with varying storage durations. The results of the consumer test showed that the consumer preference decreased significantly with the increase of storage time. And the results of sensory evaluation indicated that T-sweet, milky, creamy and eggy were the main characteristic attributes of the 3-stage infant formula. Conversely, fishy and oxidization odors were identified as the primary off-flavors. Moreover, the scores of these two off-flavors increased notably as the storage extended, whereas the scores of the other characteristic aromas decreased marginally. The findings of the correlation analysis demonstrated that milky, creamy and T-sweet were the primary sensory drivers affecting consumer preferences. Meanwhile, aldehydes, namely 1-hexanal (A7), 2-hexenal (A8), (Z)-4-heptenal (A11) and butanal (A23); ketones, specifically 2,3-butanedione (B2), acetoin (B6) and 3-octanone (B9); alcohol compounds 1-pentanol (C3), 1-pentanol(C4); and olefin compounds α-phellandrene (G5), p-cymene (G9) could serve as sensory-markers leading to alterations in the sensory profiles of infant formula.

Sensory attributes represent the most direct and intuitive way through which consumers perceive a product, and they directly influence consumers’ preferences for the product. Regarding infant formula, consumers exhibit a greater interest in the typical flavor of the product than in the off-flavor. Therefore, GC-IMS can be employed for the rapid detection of sensory-markers. These compounds can be utilized to analyze the sensory characteristics of products and, consequently, forecast consumer preferences. This study will provide a data base for the quality control of infant formula and the maintenance of consumer preference, and provide a stable and rapid testing and analyzing process for aroma compounds to related enterprises.

To isolate and screen a “golden flower fungus” from Hubei Qingzhuan tea for application in the microbial liquid fermentation of Siraitia grosvenorii, leverage microbial decomposition and transformation to enhance the dissolution and biotransformation of its functional bioactive components.

The isolated strain was identified based on morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) phylogenetic analysis, supplemented by resequencing. The Siraitia grosvenorii substrate was subjected to static liquid fermentation with this strain at 28 °C for 8 d. The content of bioactive compounds, including mogrosides, sugars, total phenolics and flavonoids, were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography, the phenol-sulfuric acid method, the dinitrosalicylic acid method, the vanillin-sulfuric acid method, the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the sodium nitrite-aluminum nitrate method. Key enzyme activities and antioxidant capacity during fermentation were assessed using the dinitrosalicylic acid method, the Folin method and the potassium ferricyanide method.

The strain was identified as Eurotium sp.. Liquid fermentation of Siraitia grosvenorii with this strain significantly increased the content of total sugars, reducing sugars, total mogrosides and mogroside V, reaching maximum mass concentrations of 11.029, 8.390, 1.619 and 0.540 mg/mL, respectively. These values correspond to 1.029, 1.336,1.278 and 2.030 times the levels in the unfermented group. The peak activities of cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, α-amylase and protease during fermentation reached 20.250, 14.100, 27.513, 14.399 and 7.045 IU, respectively. The highest bioactivity was observed on the second day of fermentation, with the total reducing power reaching 0.478, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging rate reaching 63.767%, and the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity reaching 61.604%, which were 1.046, 1.314 and 1.364 times those of the unfermented control.

Fermentation of Siraitia grosvenorii with the “golden flower fungus” effectively enhances the content of mogroside V and improves antioxidant activity. This study provides a promising microbial strain and technical foundation for advancing biotransformation technologies and product development utilizing Siraitia grosvenorii.

To investigate the effects of different drying methods on Millettia speciosa Champ.quality.

Millettia speciosa Champ. samples were processed into powder using vacuum microwave drying(VMD), vacuum drying (VD) and hot-air drying (HAD). Their microstructures were observed, and color difference, total flavonoids, total phenolics, polysaccharides and starch content were measured. Additionally, their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) positive ion free radicals was assessed.

The VMD group exhibited the highest levels of total flavonoids (1.95±0.01) mg/g, total phenols (18.14±0.18) mg/g and polysaccharides (280.73±1.35) mg/g. The radical scavenging rate of DPPH (54.17±0.09)% and the positive ion radical scavenging rate of ABTS(37.37±0.00)% were both the best. VD yielded the second-highest values, while HAD produced the lowest, with significant differences among all 3 groups (P<0.05).

VMD optimally preserves Millettia speciosa Champ. components, including total flavonoids, total phenolics and polysaccharides, while enhancing radical scavenging capacity, making it the most suitable drying method.

To optimize the fresh juice extraction process of Premna microphylla and evaluate its antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities.

Used fresh Premna microphylla leaves as raw material, the extraction conditions were optimized through single-factor tests and response surface methodology. The free radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant capacity of the obtained freshly squeezed juice were determined. An in vitro enzyme inhibition system was established using α-amylase and α-glucosidase to determine the inhibitory effects of the juice on these enzymes.

The optimal extraction conditions were blanching temperature 61 °C, blanching time 56 s and leaf-to-water ratio 1:3 (m:V). Under these conditions, the content of total flavonoids, total protein and pectin in the juice were (15.030±0.039) mg/g, (78.000±0.032) mg/mL and (2.070±0.007) μmol/g, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentration values for scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-biazo-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging were 270.70 mg/mL and 219.30 mg/mL, respectively, while the total antioxidant capacity reached 0.572 mmol/g. The inhibition rates on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were 4.09% and 5.01%, respectively.

The optimized process significantly enhance the content of active compounds in Premna microphylla fresh juice, demonstrating excellent antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential, providing a foundation for the development of Premna microphylla specialty foods and its use as a food additive.

To study the variation pattern of biogenic amines during vinegar fermentation, and explore the influence of production conditions on the accumulation of biogenic amines.

The content of biogenic amines at different fermentation stages was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). At the same time, the effects of the ratio of material to liquid (1:1.1, 1:1.2, 1:1.3, g:mL), the addition amount of acetic acid bacteria (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) and Aspergillus niger (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) on biogenic amines during vinegar fermentation were investigated.

The biogenic amine content in vinegar increased first and then decreased with the fermentation time. When the ratio of material to liquid was 1:1.2 (g:mL), the biogenic amine content of vinegar after fermentation was the highest, which was 190.49 mg/kg. When the addition of acetic acid bacteria was 2.0%, the biogenic amine content of vinegar after fermentation was the highest, which was 220.12 mg/kg. When the addition of Aspergillus niger was 1.5%, the biogenic amine content of vinegar after fermentation was the highest, which was 228.29 mg/kg.

As a harmful substance in vinegar fermentation, excessive content of biogenic amines will have a certain impact on human health. By changing the ratio of material to liquid, the addition amount of acetic acid bacteria and Aspergillus niger, the formation of biogenic amines in vinegar fermentation can be affected, thus effectively improving the safety of vinegar.

To study the toxicological safety of arabica coffea pulp.

The acute oral toxicity tests, 90-day oral toxicity tests, teratogenicity tests and 3 genetic toxicity tests were conducted on arabica coffea pulp in accordance with GB 15193.3—2014 National food safety standard-Acute oral toxicity test and other toxic test methods.

No obvious signs of poisoning symptoms appeared when the experimental animals were given 15.0 g/(kg·BW) of arabica coffea pulp in one time, and there was no death during the observation period, which indicated that the lethal dose of 50% of coffee pulp for experimental animals was more than 15.0 g/(kg·BW);during the 90-day oral toxicity test in rats, the rats were able to move freely, their growth and development were in good condition, and there was no death, there was no obvious change in rats, the blood routine and other indicators were within the normal value range, and there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05); no specific damage and typical pathological and histological changes were observed in anatomical and pathological studies; at a dose of 10.0 g/(kg·BW), the rats showed no obvious embryotoxicity and teratogenic effects; the results of the 3 genetic toxicity tests were negative, and noagenic effects were seen.

The arabica coffea pulp has no genetic, no teratogenic and no toxic under the given test conditions, and has high safety in food development.

To systematically compare the differences in pesticide maximum residue limits (MRLs) between China and the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC).

Through comprehensive review and comparison of food classification systems, pesticide varieties, MRLs formulation principles, MRLs vlue differences and distribution, this study analyzed the internationalization level of China’s current standards and compared the overall differences in MRLs between China’s and CAC’s standards across various product categories.

The 78.6% of the MRLs in China’s standards were consistent with those of the CAC. However, discrepancies remain:CAC employed a more sophisticated classification system (incorporating feed management and coding protocols). In terms of MRLs stringency, China’s limits were higher than CAC’s in 9.7% of cases (625 items), primarily involving vegetables and fruits, with 72.8% of these differences falling within a fivefold range. Conversely, China’s limits were lower than CAC’s in 8.6% of cases (554 items), including 2.2% with over 100-fold differences-variations principally attributable to China’s intensive agricultural practices, vegetable-dominant dietary patterns and distinct risk assessment methodologies.

China’s current standards demonstrate a high degree of alignment with those of the CAC. Furthermore, for specific commodities, China has established more granular MRLs, which are overall more stringent than their CAC counterparts. Based on these findings, the study recommends prioritizing international harmonization of high-risk pesticide MRLs, promoting the global adoption of China’s standards, and optimizing the alignment of China’s classification system with international frameworks to facilitate agricultural trade.

To understand the pollution status of phenolic endocrine disruptors in aquatic products in Shanghai and evaluate the dietary exposure risk of phenolic endocrine disruptors among Shanghai residents.

Based on the monitoring data of phenolic endocrine disruptors in aquatic products sold in Shanghai from 2024 to 2025, combined with the aquatic product consumption data of Shanghai residents in 2024, a simple distribution assessment method was used to evaluate the dietary exposure of phenolic endocrine disruptors in aquatic products.

The overall detection rate of 5 kinds of phenolic endocrine disruptors in 340 aquatic product samples sold in Shanghai was 98.2%. Among them, the detection rate of nonylphenol in aquatic products was 77.4%, the average content was 20.20 μg/kg, and the maximum value was 380.19 μg/kg. The detection rate of bisphenol A in aquatic products was 3.5%, with an average content of 2.29 μg/kg and a maximum value of 190.31 μg/kg. The detection rate of 4-tert-octylphenol in aquatic products was 95.9%, with an average content of 14.14 μg/kg and a maximum value of 345.02 μg/kg. Both 4-n-nonylphenol and 4-n-octylphenol were not detected in aquatic products. According to the analysis of aquatic product types, the average content of nonylphenol in freshwater crabs (39.13 μg/kg) was the highest, followed by marine crabs (34.44 μg/kg). The average content of bisphenol A in freshwater fish (4.69 μg/kg) was the highest, followed by shellfish (3.10 μg/kg). The average content of 4-tert-octylphenol in marine crabs (22.76 μg/kg) was the highest, followed by freshwater shrimps (16.88 μg/kg). The mean daily exposure and P₉₅ exposure of nonylphenol through aquatic products for Shanghai residents aged ≥3 years old were 3.25×10^–2 μg/kg bw and 9.15×10^–2 μg/kg bw, respectively, both of which were much lower than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 5 μg/kg bw. The mean daily exposure and P₉₅ exposure of bisphenol A through aquatic products for Shanghai residents were 4.11×10^–3 μg/kg bw and 1.45×10^–2 μg/kg bw, respectively, which were much less than the temporary ADI (4 μg/kg bw). The mean daily exposure and P₉₅ exposure of 4-tert-octylphenol through aquatic products for Shanghai residents were 2.52×10^–2 μg/kg bw and 7.01×10^–2 μg/kg bw, respectively.

The health risks for Shanghai residents from ingesting nonylphenol and bisphenol A solely through aquatic product consumption are relatively low.

To comprehensively evaluate the contamination levels, spatial distribution characteristics and dietary exposure risks of 3 kinds of heavy metal elements [nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn)] in major spices in Chongqing.

A total of 240 batches of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Capsicum annuum and Zingiber samples were collected from 4 major regions of Chongqing (Northeast, Southeast, West and main urban area) from 2023 to 2024. The content of Ni, Co and Mn was determined by microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following GB 5009.268—2016 National food safety standard-Determination of multiple elements in food. The contamination level was assessed using the single factor index (P_i) method, and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to explore the source relationships among the elements and their spatial distribution patterns. The dietary exposure risk was evaluated using the target hazard quotient/total target hazard quotient (THQ/TTHQ) model.

The 3 kinds of heavy metals showed good linear relationships (r>0.999) within the mass concentration range of 0–100 μg/L. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.0003–0.0030 mg/kg and 0.001–0.010 mg/kg, respectively. Spike recoveries ranged from 92.9% to 103.4%, with relative standard deviation(RSD) less than 5%. The content of Ni, Co and Mn in the tested spices ranged from ND–36.62, ND–9.17 and ND–2169.42 mg/kg, respectively. Obvious spatial distribution differences were observed, with overall higher levels of all 3 kinds of elements in the Southeast region. Correlation analysis indicated a highly significant positive correlation between Ni and Co (r=0.80, P<0.01). PCA further confirmed the high homology of Ni and Co, while Mn had a relatively independent source. Dietary risk assessment showed that the TTHQ of 3 samples (1 chili and 2 gingers) exceeded 1, indicating certain health riskes, with Mn being the primary risk contributor.

The contamination of Ni, Co and Mn in Chongqing-produced spices exhibits distinct spatial distribution characteristics and inter-element correlations. While the overall situation is controllable, localized pollution and variety-specific risks exist. It is recommended to include Mn in the spice safety risk monitoring system and strengthen supervision in high-risk regions.

To investigate the contamination status of heavy metals in dried and fresh fungi samples and evaluate their overall safety and chronic dietary intake risks using the index of food safety (IFS) and margin of safety (MOS) methods.

The content of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, chromium) in randomly selected commercially available dried and fresh fungi samples were determined via microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The overall safety and chronic dietary intake risks of heavy metal pollutants were assessed using dietary intake risk assessment methods.

The total qualification rate of dried fungi samples was 84.8%, and the total qualification rate of fresh fungi samples was 88.0%. In comparison to dried fungi (corrected), fresh fungi showed a significant decrease in cadmium concentration and a significant increase in lead, mercury and chromium concentrations (P<0.05). The average IFS and values for all heavy metals in both dried and fresh fungi were less than 1. The minimum MOS values of lead, cadmium, arsenic and chromium in dried fungi were less than 1. In contrast, the average and minimum MOS values for other heavy metals in dried fungi and all heavy metals in fresh fungi exceeded 1. Compared with the overall status of dried fungi, black fungus exhibited significantly decreased cadmium concentration and IFS value, along with a significantly increased MOS value (P<0.05). Compared with the overall status of fresh fungi, enoki fungi showed significantly reduced concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury and chromium, as well as decreased IFS values and increased MOS values. In contrast, oyster fungi demonstrated significantly elevated concentrations of lead, mercury, arsenic and chromium, increased IFS values, and decreased MOS values. Fresh shiitake fungi displayed significantly increased cadmium and arsenic concentrations, higher IFS values and lower MOS values (P<0.05).

The acute and chronic dietary intake risks of heavy metals from both commercially available dried and fresh fungi are within the safe range, with fresh fungi being safer. Among dried fungi, black fungus carry a lower dietary intake risk. Among fresh fungi, enoki fungi present a lower dietary intake risk.

To detect the residues of 6 kinds of heavy metals in Polygonatum cyrtonema from different producing areas and conduct health risk assessment.

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine the heavy metal residues in Polygonatum cyrtonema from different producing areas. The estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) were applied to evaluate the health risks of Polygonatum cyrtonema from different producing areas.

Compared with the heavy metal limit standards of the Chinese pharmacopoeia and other countries, the levels of As and Cu in Polygonatum cyrtonema from different producing areas did not exceed the standards. Among them, the Cd content in Polygonatum cyrtonema from 4 producing areas (Shang Shuli, Rongcheng, Jingde, Xihua) exceeded the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard, and the Pb content in Polygonatum cyrtonema from 4 producing areas (Shang Shuli, Rongcheng_, Xihua, Shien) exceeded the standard specified in the Chinese pharmacopoeia. However, when compared with standards of other countries, the Cd content in Polygonatum cyrtonema from 10 producing areas exceeded the standards to varying degrees, and the Pb content exceeded the standards of 4 countries. In comparison with the chromium (Cr) standards of Canada and the United States, the Cr content in Polygonatum cyrtonema from all 15 producing areas exceeded the limits. For the EDI, except for the Cd in Polygonatum cyrtonemafrom Shang Shuli, Rongcheng and Xihua (with values of 0.001301, 0.001190 and 0.002751 respectively, which exceeded the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) limit of 0.00083, the heavy metal content in other Polygonatum cyrtonema samples did not exceed the PTDI limits. The target hazard quotient (THQ) analysis showed that, except for Hg in Polygonatum cyrtonema from Shang Shuli (with a value of 1.172466, indicating a non-carcinogenic risk), the risk levels of other single heavy metal elements in all sample sites were less than 1. Regarding the total non-carcinogenic risk, the values in Shang Shuli and Xihua reached 1.240582 and 1.476055 respectively, suggesting that the intake of Polygonatum cyrtonema from these two areas may pose non-carcinogenic risks due to heavy metals, while no such risks existed in other sample sites. For carcinogenic risks, unacceptable carcinogenic risks were found in a large number of sample sites.

The assessment results of EDI and non-carcinogenic risk index of heavy metals show that the health risks of heavy metals in Polygonatum cyrtonema to humans are relatively low. However, in the carcinogenic risk assessment, unacceptable carcinogenic risks are found in many producing areas. Therefore, it is necessary to attach importance to the heavy metal pollution of Polygonatum cyrtonema, strengthen the detection of heavy metals, so as to ensure the safety of traditional Chinese medicine and protect human life and health.

To assess the toxicological safety of Cornu cervi pantotrichum-Ganoderma lucidum liquor.

According to GB 15193—2014 National food safety standard-Acute oral toxicity test, the safety of Cornu cervi pantotrichum-Ganoderma lucidum liquor was evaluated through acute oral toxicity test on mice, 3 genetic toxicity tests and 28-day oral toxicity test.

The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of Cornu cervi pantotrichum-Ganoderma lucidum liquor for both male and female mice was greater than 42 mL/kg, indicating it was a practically non-toxic sample. No mutagenic effects were found in the genetic toxicity test. In the 28-day oral toxicity test, Cornu cervi pantotrichum-Ganoderma lucidum liquor at all doses had no significant impact on the body weight, food utilization rate, urine indicators and organ-to-body weight ratio of rats. The hemoglobin and hematocrit values of female rats in the low-dose group were significantly reduced compared to base liquor control group, but no abnormal changes related to the sample were found in the histopathological examination. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of Cornu cervi pantotrichum-Ganoderma lucidum liquor for both male and female rats in the 28-day oral toxicity test was 42 mL/kg.

Cornu cervi pantotrichum-Ganoderma lucidum liquor does not show general toxicity or genetic toxicity at the doses studied in this research, indicating a high level of edible safety. This study provides a scientific basis for the development and utilization of Cornu cervi pantotrichum-Ganoderma lucidum liquor.