To investigate the regulatory effects of Chaihu Shugan Powder（柴胡疏肝散）on the adenylate-activated protein activating enzyme（AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR）/UNC-51-like kinase 1（ULK1）pathway and glial cells in the orbitofrontal cortex（OFC）of depression model rats.

The rat model of depression was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress（CUMS）.According to the random number table，10 rats were selected as the normal group and 50 rats with successful modeling were divided into model group，escitalopram group（10.50 mg/kg），Chaihu Shugan Powder lowdose group（3.15 g/kg），Chaihu Shugan Powder middle-dose group（6.30 g/kg），Chaihu Shugan Powder high-dose group（12.60 g/kg）according to the random number table，with ten rats in each group for 28 consecutive days.The changes of sugar preference coefficient，suspension immobility time and open field walking distance of rats in each group were observed.After the above detection was completed，the head was decapitated and the brain was removed，and the expressions of ionized calciumbinding receptor molecule 1（Iba-1），myelin basic protein（MBP）and glial fibrillary acidic protein（GFAP）in rat OFC tissues were detected by immunofluorescence assay.Western blotting method was used to detect the protein expressions of pT172-AMPK/AMPK，pS2488-mTOR/mTOR and pS757-ULK1/ULK1 in OFC tissue.The expressions of AMPK，mTOR and ULK1 mRNA in OFC were detected by real-time PCR.

Compared to the control group，the model group and each treatment group showed a decrease in sucrose preference coefficient，an increase in immobility time in the forced swimming test and a decrease in distance traveled in the open field test（P<0.05，P<0.01）.Compared to the model group，each treatment group showed an increase in sucrose preference coefficient，a decrease in immobility time and an increase in distance traveled in the open field test（P<0.01）.Compared to the control group，the model group and each treatment group showed an increase in protein expressions of Iba-1 and GFAP（P<0.05，P<0.01），and a decrease in MBP protein expression（P<0.01），except those in the Chaihu Shugan Powder low-dose group.Compared to the model group，each treatment group showed a decrease in protein expressions of Iba-1 and GFAP（P<0.01），and an increase in MBP protein expression（P<0.01）.Compared to the control group，the model group and each treatment group showed a decrease in protein expressions of pT172-AMPK/AMPK，pS2448-mTOR/mTOR and pS757-ULK1/ULK1（P<0.05，P<0.01）.Compared to the model group，each treatment group showed an increase in protein expressions of pT172-AMPK/AMPK，pS2448-mTOR/mTOR and pS757-ULK1/ULK1（P<0.05）.Compared to the control group，the model group，escitalopram group，Chaihu Shugan Powder low-dose group and middle-dose group showed a decrease in expressions of mTOR and ULK1 mRNA（P<0.01），Chaihu Shugan Powder low-dose group showed a decrease in AMPK mRNA expression（P<0.05），and the Chaihu Shugan Powder high-dose group group showed a decrease in mTOR mRNA expression（P<0.01）.Compared to the model group，each treatment group showed an increase in expressions of AMPK mRNA，mTOR mRNA nd ULK1 mRNA（P<0.01）.

Chaihu Shugan Powder can reduce the expressions of Iba-1 and GFAP in OFC of rats，increase the expression of MBPand activate AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway expression to exert the antidepressant effect.

To review the toxic components and their mechanisms of action in tobacco products and smoke，in order to better carry out the research on the diseases caused by tobacco toxin.

The literature on cell culture，animal models and human exposure to tobacco toxicity was reviewed，compared and analyzed，and their literature was summarized and reviewed.

Tobacco smoke contains a variety of toxic components，including nicotine，carbon monoxide，amines，phenols，alkanes，aldehydes，polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons，nitrogen oxides and heavy metals，and has a significant promoting effect on a variety of cancers，including lung cancer，pancreatic cancer，ovarian cancer，bladder cancer，cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.In addition，the mechanisms of action of diseases caused by tobacco toxicity are diverse，mainly involving increasing the level of oxidative stress，promoting the production of DNA adducts，inducing chemokines，and affecting various pathways mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor（nAChR）.

The tobacco epidemic is one of the greatest public health threats that the world is facing to date，killing many people each year.Tobacco toxicity in the etiology of traditional Chinese medicine，that is，the smoke produced by the combustion of tobacco inhaled by the human body，is a kind of toxin that has the characteristics of dry heat.At present，there is a wide range of research on carcinogens in tobacco toxin.However，there are relatively few studies on the diseases caused by exposure to tobacco toxins from multiple systems in the human body.Therefore，the carcinogenic components of tobacco toxicity should be clarified，and its mechanism of action should be explored，in order to expand the scope of etiological research in traditional Chinese medicine.

To observe the effect of the“Zhibian（BL54）-to-Shuidao（ST28）”acupuncture technique on key proteins involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress（ERS）pathway apoptosis in ovarian tissue of poor ovarian response（POR）mice and to explore the possible mechanism of acupuncture improving ovarian function in POR mice.

According to the random number table method，45 mice with normal estrous cycles were selected and divided into a blank group，a model group and an acupuncture group（n＝15）.The blank group was orally administered with an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution，while the model group and acupuncture group were orally administered with Leigongteng（Tripterygium wilfordii）suspension（50 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）for 14 consecutive days to prepare a POR mouse model.After the completion of modeling，the acupuncture group selected the“Zhibian（BL54）-to-Shuidao（ST28）”acupuncture method for intervention treatment，once a day，20 minutes for each time.After 14 days of continuous treatment，the ovulation induction was carried out，and the next day the samples were taken out.The changes in mouse estrous cycle were observed by using vaginal smear method.The ovarian indices of mice in each group were compared.ELISA method was used to detect the levels of follicle stimulating hormone（FSH），luteinizing hormone（LH），estradiol（E2）and anti Mullerian hormone（AMH）in mouse serum.HE staining method was used to detect the pathological morphology of ovarian tissue.Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect the ultrastructure of ovarian tissue.TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptosis rate of positive cells in ovarian tissue.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the positive expression of glucose regulated protein 78（GRP78）in ovarian tissue.Fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to measure the changes in mRNA and protein expressions of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase（PERK），eukaryotic initiation factor 2α（eIF2α），activating transcription factor 4（ATF4），C/EBP cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding transcription factor homolog protein（CHOP）and cysteine protease（Caspase）-3.

Compared with the blank group，the model group had an increased rate of estrous cycle disorder（P<0.01）.The number of eggs retrieved，ovarian wet weight and ovarian index decreased to varying degrees（P<0.01）.The expression levels of FSH and LH in serum increased（P<0.01），while the expression levels of E2 and AMH decreased（P<0.01）.There was destruction of ovarian tissue morphology and increased number of atresia follicles.Under electron microscopy，follicles deformed，mitochondria swelled and shrank，and mitochondrial cristae disappearred.The area of ovarian cell apoptosis increased（P<0.01）.The positive expression of ovarian GRP78 increased（P<0.01）.Ovarian tissue PERK，eIF2α，Elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of ATF4，CHOP，and Caspase-3（P<0.01）.Compared with the model group，the rate of estrus cycle disorder in the acupuncture group mice decreased（P<0.01）.The number of retrieved eggs，wet weight of ovaries，and ovarian index increased（P<0.01，P<0.05）.The expression levels of FSH and LH in serum decreased（P<0.01），while the expression levels of AMH and E2 increased（P<0.01，P<0.05）.Improvement in ovarian tissue morphology and reduction of atresia follicles.Under electron microscopy，the number of mitochondria in follicles increased，and the structure，shape，and arrangement improved to varying degrees.The area of ovarian cell apoptosis decreased（P<0.01）.The positive expression of ovarian GRP78 decreased（P<0.01）.the mRNA and protein expression levels of PERK，eIF2α，ATF4，CHOP and Caspase-3 in the ovarian tissue all decreased to varying degrees（P<0.01，P<0.05）.

The“Zhibian（BL54）-to-Shuidao（ST28）”acupuncture can improve ovarian function and reduce ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis in POR mice，and its mechanism may be related toregulating the key factors of endoplasmic reticulum apoptosis pathway.

To evaluate the effect of Xinglou Chengqi Decoction（星蒌承气汤）in improving the intestinal microecology of acute cerebral infarction patients with phlegm-heat in Fu-organs syndrome.

A total of 60 acute cerebral infarction patients with phlegm-heat in Fu-organs syndrome who received the corresponding treatment in the hospital during May 2020 to June 2023 were selected as the subjects of this experiment，and were randomly divided into two groups.Both groups were treated with conventional western medicine，including lowering blood lipids，blood pressure and blood sugar，controlling underlying diseases，antiplatelet aggregation and neuroprotection.On this basis，the control group（30 cases）used aspirin enteric-coated tablets once a day and atorvastatin once a day orally.On the basis of conventional Western medicine treatment，the observation group（30 cases）was treated with Xingpu Chengqi Decoction，1 dose a day，taking twice in the morning and evening after decocting.Two groups were treated continuously for 14 days.The treatment efficacy of two groups was compared，and the improvement time of clinical symptoms such as limb weakness，aphasia，slurred speech and limb dysfunction before and after treatment was compared between two groups.Venous blood was collected on an empty stomach before and after treatment，and the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine（5-HT），norepinephrine（NE），glutamicacid（Glu），doparnine（DA），brain-derived neurotrophic factor（BDNF）andγ-aminobutyric acid（GABA），the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale（NIHSS）score，Barthel index score and modified Rankin score were compared between two groups before and after treatment.The numbers of bifidobacteria，lactobacillus，enterococci and yeast were compared between two groups before and after treatment.

Dopamine，neurotransmitters norepinephrine，epinephrine，5-hydroxytryptamine The total effective rate in the control group（63.33%，19/30）was significantly lower than that（86.67%，26/30）in the observation group.The improvement time of clinical symptoms such as limb weakness，aphasia，slurred speech and limb dysfunction in the observation group was shorter than that in the control group（P<0.05）.The levels of DA，NE，adrenaline，5-HT after treatment in two groups were decreased and the decrease in the observation group was higher than that of the control group（P<0.05）.The modified Rankin score and NIHSSscore in two groups were lower than those before treatment.Barthel index scores in two groups after treatment were higher than those before treatment.The improvement of the observation group was better than that of the control group（P<0.05），and the levels of bifidobacteria，lactobacillus and enterococci in two groups increased compared with those before treatment，and the levels of yeast decreased compared with those before treatment，and the improvement in the observation group was better than that of the control（P<0.05）.

Xinglou Chengqi Decoction can improve the nervous function of acute cerebral infarction patients with phlegm-heat in Fuorgans syndrome，reduce the clinical symptoms and improve the therapeutic effect.Its mechanism of action may be related to regulating the secretion of neurotransmitters and maintaining the balance of brain-gut axis.