Some components of Zexie（Alismatis Rhizoma）are nephrotoxic and may cause kidney injury through intestinal flora. In the combination of Liuwei Dihuang Pills（六味地黄丸），the pharmacological effects of the other medicinal materials may reduce or offset the nephrotoxicity of Zexie（Alismatis Rhizoma），thereby exerting an overall kidney protective effect. Therefore，it is necessary to explore the mechanism of drug-induced kidney injury caused by Zexie（Alismatis Rhizoma）and the protective mechanism of Liuwei Dihuang Pills on kidney disease from the perspective of the “gut-kidney axis”.

In this study，the potential target of kidney injury induced by Zexie（Alismatis Rhizoma）was screened by network toxicology，and the potential target of Liuwei Dihuang Pills for protecting kidney injury was screened by network pharmacology. In addition，Mendelian randomization method was used to conduct the causal inference analysis between microbiota and kidney injury diseases. Relevant genes adjacent to significant single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNPs）were searched on NCBI and 3DSNP websites. Finally，protein-protein interaction（PPI）network was constructed with potential drug targets to explore the mechanism of reducing kidney injury caused by Zexie（Alismatis Rhizoma）combined with Liuwei Dihuang Pills.

After screening on the traditional Chinese medicine system toxicology database（TCMSTD）platform，15 toxic components were obtained，and the overlap target of toxic components of Zexie（Alismatis Rhizoma）with intestinal flora dysregulation syndrome and kidney injury was HSPA5. In addition，66 active components of Liuwei Dihuang Pills were obtained from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform（TCMSP），and 27 common targets were obtained with intestinal flora dysregulation syndrome and kidney injury. Through Mendelian randomization，the causal relationship of intestinal flora induced kidney injury was investigated. Marvinbryantia，Lachnospiraceae，Porphyromonadaceae and Coprococcus1（OR>1）were found to cause kidney injury. The gene HSPA5 located in the significant SNP of the flora in the PPI network had protein interaction with the target of kidney injury caused by Zexie（Alismatis Rhizoma），indicating that Zexie（Alismatis Rhizoma）may cause kidney injury by regulating such intestinal flora. The causal relationship between intestinal flora and kidney injury was investigated by Mendelian randomization. Among the intestinal flora that had protective effects on kidney injury，there were 15 types of flora that had protective effects on kidney injury（OR<1）. In the PPI network，the gene with significant bacterial SNPS had the highest TNF degree，which had protein interaction with the target of Liuwei Dihuang Pill protective effect on kidney injury.

From the perspective of the “gut-kidney axis”，Zexie（Alismatis Rhizoma）has the mechanism of drug-induced kidney injury through regulation of HSPA5，but Liuwei Dihuang Pills have a protective effect on kidney through regulation of TNF through combination，which illustrates the efficacy and safety mechanism of Liuwei Dihuang Pills.

By validating the association between iron deficiency anemia（IDA）and various cardiovascular diseases，it can deepen and expand the understanding of the traditional Chinese medicine concept that insufficient blood leads to heart issues，which in turn causes pain.

Large-scale genome-wide association study（GWAS）data on unstable angina（UA），stable angina（SA），heart failure（HF），ischemic heart disease（IHD），atrial fibrillation（AF）and myocardial infarction（MI）were obtained from the Open gwas website. The strongly correlated single nucleotide polymorphisms（SNP）in GWAS were selected as instrumental variables（P<5e-06），and the threshold of F statistics was set to 10. A total of five statistical methods were used to analyze the results，with the inverse variance weighted（IVW）method as the main analysis method. And the reliability of the results for heterogeneity，pleiotropy and sensitivity was assessed.

IDA had a promoting effect on the incidence of UA，SA，HF and IHD（UA：OR，1.25，95% CI［1.10，1.40］，P=0.000 3；SA：OR，1.14，95% CI［1.04，1.26］，P=0.006；HF：OR，1.13，95% CI［1.02，1.25］，P=0.018 7；IHD：OR，1.13，95% CI［1.02，1.25］，P=0.023 8）. IDA was not found to have a significant promoting effect on AF or MI（P>0.05）. The results passed the tests of heterogeneity，pleiotropy and sensitivity.

IDA can increase the risk of UA，SA，HF and IHD. There is no evidence to support that IDA can increase the risk of MI and AF.

To explore the structure of intestinal flora，intestinal microbial metabolism pathways and the characteristics of fecal short-chain fatty acids in patients with Yang deficiency constipation，so as to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of Yang deficiency constipation.

Twenty patients with constipation due to Yang deficiency and 20 healthy volunteers were selected as the research objects. The 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the structure of intestinal flora，gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the levels of fecal short-chain fatty acids，and the correlation between significantly different flora and short-chain fatty acids was analyzed. Finally，the macrogene sequencing technology was used to analyze the differential metabolic pathways of intestinal microorganisms.

Compared with those of the healthy controls，the α diversity index of intestinal flora in the patients with constipation due to Yang deficiency was significantly increased and the β diversity was significantly changed. At the phylum level，the abundances of Fusobacteriota，Verrucomicrobiota and Bacteroidota increased significantly（P<0.05），while the abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes decreased significantly（P<0.05）. At the genus level，the abundances of Parabacteroides，Ruminococcus and Collintella were significantly increased（P<0.05），while the abundances of Dialister，Fusicatenibacter，Roseburia，Bifidobacterium，Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium were significantly decreased（P<0.05）. The levels of fecal acetic acid，propionic acid and caproic acid were significantly decreased（P<0.001），but the levels of butyric acid，isobutyric acid，valeric acid and isovaleric acid were significantly increased（P<0.001），and the correlation analysis results showed that there was a correlation between short-chain fatty acids and different flora. Functional analysis showed that the abundance of genes related to amino acid metabolism，carbohydrate metabolism，metabolism of cofactors and vitamins decreased significantly（P<0.05），while the abundances of genes related to translation and neurodegenerative disease increased significantly（P<0.05）.

The structure of intestinal flora，microbial metabolism pathways and fecal short-chain fatty acids in patients with Yang deficiency constipation changed significantly，which may be the important reasons for constipation.

In order to explore the correlation between the traits，physical and chemical characteristics，phase composition and element content of Longgu（Os Draconis），a multi-dimensional scientific evaluation system of Longgu（Os Draconis）quality based on the theory of“differentiation of symptoms and quality”was established.

By consulting the records of the quality evaluation characteristics of Longgu（Os Draconis）in the past dynasties and modern literature，the key points of quality evaluation were sorted out and summarized. In addition，36 batches of Longgu（Os Draconis）samples were collected，and the preliminary identification was carried out by the character identification method. The phase composition was analyzed by XRD technology，and the physical and chemical indexes related to the character identification were detected，including moisture absorption rate，color difference and fluorescence. At the same time，ICP-OES technology was used to detect the contents of elements，and the correlation between the characteristics of Longgu（Os Draconis）traits and internal quality was studied by statistical analysis and metrology. The prediction model of“trait index-component content”was established.

The texture，appearance characteristics，color，hygroscopicity and fluorescence of Longgu（Os Draconis）could be used as the indicators for the authenticity identification and quality of Longgu（Os Draconis）. The contents of Ca and P in Longgu（Os Draconis）were higher，followed by the contents of Mg，Fe and Al. Phase analysis showed that Longgu（Os Draconis）mainly contained fluorapatite and calcite. The color difference brightness was positively correlated with Ca and P，and the hygroscopicity was positively correlated with P and Sr. The ratio of Ca and P in the genuine product was greater than 2∶1，and the content of fluorapatite was more than 30.0%，with Ca≥30.00%，P≥7.00%，L value≥35.00 and moisture absorption rate≥1.00%.

The prediction model of“trait index-component content”established in this study was tested to be close to the actual value，and the model prediction effect was excellent. Based on the traditional theory of“differentiation of symptoms and nature”，the quality of Longgu（Os Draconis）can be accurately predicted，which provides a scientific basis for the improvement of the quality standard of Longgu（Os Draconis）.

To investigate the effect of Huangqin Decoction（黄芩汤，HQD）on ferroptosis in ulcerative colitis based on kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1（Keap1）/nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2（Nrf2）pathway.

The mice in the in vivo experiment were divided into normal group，model group，traditional Chinese medicine group（HQD group）and mesalazine group. The ulcerative colitis mice were induced by dextran sulfate sodium. HE staining was used to observe the histo-pathology of colon. The contents of Fe in tissues were detected. The mRNA expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4（GPX4），prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2（PTGS2），Nrf2，Keap1 and heme oxygenase-1（HO-1）were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction（q-PCR）. The cells in the vitro experiments were divided into normal group，model group，HQD group and inhibitor group（ML385），and the cell ferroptosis model was constructed with Erastin. The cell growth was detected by CCK-8. The contents of Fe and lactate dehydrogenase（LDH）were detected. The mRNA expression levels of GPX4，PTGS2，Nrf2，Keap1 and HO-1 were detected by q-PCR. The protein expression levels of GPX4，PTGS2，Nrf2，Keap1 and HO-1 were detected by Western Blot.

In the in vivo experiments，compared with the model group，the HQD group and the mesalazine group obtained better results in ameliorating colon injury. In comparison to the model group，the Fe content was significantly decreased in the HQD group and the mesalazine group. In comparison to model group，the mRNA expression levels of PTGS2，HO-1，Nrf2 and Keap1 were decreased，the mRNA expression level of GPX4 was increased in both the HQD group and the mesalazine group. Compared with that of the model group，the cell vitality of the HQD group and the ML385 group were significantly increased. In comparison to the model group，the contents of Fe and LDH in the HQD group and the ML385 group were observably decreased. In comparison to that in the model group，the mRNA expression levels of PTGS2，HO-1，Nrf2 and Keap1 in the HQD group and the ML385 group were significantly decreased，while the level of GPX4 was increased visibly. In comparison to those in the model group，the protein expressions of PTGS2，Nrf2，Keap1 and HO-1 in the HQD group and the ML385 group were decreased，while the level of GPX4 was increased.

The mechanism of HQD inhibiting ferroptosis in ulcerative colitis may be the regulation of Keap1/Nrf2 pathway.

Based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-orbitrap fusion lumos tribrid-mass spectrometry（UPLC-Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid-MS），the migration components in serum of rats after intragastric administration of water extract from Nyuzhenzi（Ligustri Lucidi Fructus，LLF）and wine steamed Nyuzhenzi（Ligustri Lucidi Fructus）（WLLF）were compared and analyzed.

Male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group，LLF group（10.8 g·kg^-1·d^-1）and WLLF group（10.8 g·kg^-1·d^-1），with 6 rats in each group. The administration groups were given the water extract of LLF and WLLF，respectively，and the blank group was given the equal volume of purified water，once in the morning and once in the evening，for 5 consecutive days. One hour after the last administration，the blood was taken from the abdominal aorta to prepare the serum samples. Accucore^TM C₁₈（100mm×2.1mm，2.6μm）chromatographic column was used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile（A）-0.1% formic acid water（B），with the gradient elution（0-5 min，95% B→85% B；5-10 min，85% B→73% B；10-24 min，73% B→15% B）. The flow rate was 0.2 mL·min^-1. The injection volume was 5 μL. The positive and negative ion mode scanning was used，with the scanning range of m/z 120-1200. Compound Discoverer 3.3 software was used to analyze and identify the prototype components and metabolites of LLF and WLLF into blood according to mass spectrometry data and related literature. The multivariate statistical analysis method was used to compare the different components between the medicated serum of LLF and WLLF.

A total of 64 blood components were identified in the serum of rats given the water extract of LLF，including 40 prototype components and 24 metabolites. A total of 57 blood components were identified in the serum of rats given the water extract of WLLF including 35 prototype components and 22 metabolites. The prototype components mainly included phenylethanoid glycosides，iridoids，triterpenoids，flavonoids，etc. The metabolic pathways mainly included hydroxylation，methylation，glucuronidation，etc. According to the variable importance in projection（VIP）value>1，student's t test results were not significant（P<0.05），12 differential blood components such as specnuezhenide and ligustrosidic acid were screened，including 7 prototype components and 5 metabolites.

The serum migration components of LLF changed significantly after wine steaming，which could provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the material basis of LLF and WLLF.