To investigate the status of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and hazard cognition among current non-smokers aged ≥15 years in Ningxia, analyze its main influencing factors, and provide scientific evidence for developing effective tobacco control intervention strategies and measures.

This study selected current non-smokers from the 2024 National Adult Tobacco Surveillance data for Ningxia as the study population. The National Adult Tobacco Surveillance employed a stratified, multistage sampling method with probability proportional to size (PPS). Between March and October 2024, the survey covered 5 districts (urban sites) and 5 counties/cities (rural sites), comprising 30 townships/subdistricts and 60 neighborhood committees/villages (sub-districts). Within each sub-district, 120 households were randomly selected, and one permanent resident aged 15 years or older was randomly selected from each household to participate in a face-to-face questionnaire survey. SPSS 27.0 software was used to perform descriptive analysis and statistical inference on the weighted data derived from the complex sampling design.

A total of 7 200 questionnaires were completed during this survey. After data cleaning, 6 259 valid questionnaires remained, resulting in a valid response rate of 86.93%. This study included 4 821 current nonsmokers as study subjects. In 2024, the overall prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among current nonsmokers aged ≥15 years in Ningxia was 47.1% (95% CI: 41.8-52.5). Among indoor venues, restaurants had the highest rate of secondhand smoke exposure at 53.2% (95% CI: 40.1-65.8). The overall level of comprehensive awareness regarding the hazards of secondhand smoke was 54.8% (95% CI: 43.1-66.0). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that regarding population exposure to secondhand smoke, urban residents (OR=0.733, P<0.05) had lower exposure rates than rural residents.Compared to the ≥65 age group, the 25~<45 age group (OR=1.905, P<0.01) and the 45~<64 age group (OR=1.864, P<0.001)had higher risks of exposure to secondhand smoke. Regarding the overall level of awareness of the hazards of secondhand smoke, men (OR=0.788, P<0.05) had lower awareness than women, and individuals with an education level of primary school or below (OR=0.338, P<0.001) had lower awareness than the reference group with a college degree or higher. Compared with those in other occupational groups, workers in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, and water conservancy (OR=0.556, P<0.01), employees in enterprises, commerce, and services (OR=0.672, P<0.05), and the unemployed (OR=0.715, P<0.01) had lower levels of comprehensive awareness of the hazards of secondhand smoke.

The SHS exposure rate among non-smokers in Ningxia is relatively high. Males, individuals with low education level, and specific occupational groups have insufficient cognition of SHS hazards. Tobacco control interventions should be strengthened in rural areas and among different occupational groups to reduce SHS exposure.

To investigate the effects of subchronic exposure to butylparaben (BuP) on the gut microbiota of adult male zebrafish.

Four-month-old wild-type AB male zebrafish were randomly divided into a solvent control group(NC), a 2.5 μM BuP group, and a 5 μM BuP group, with 15 fish per group. After 60 days of subchronic exposure, intestinal tissues and contents were collected. Gut microbial diversity, community structure, and functional pathways were analyzed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing.

Compared with the NC group, BuP exposure significantly decreased Chao1,ACE, Simpson, and Shannon indices (all P<0.001). β-diversity revealed distinct separation of microbial community structure.At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Fusobacteriota was increased (P<0.001), while Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota were decreased (P<0.001). At the genus level, Cetobacterium, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas were enriched (P<0.001), whereas f_Rhodobacteraceae_unclassified and Pedomicrobium were reduced (P<0.001). Functional prediction indicated that BuP exposure disturbed microbial metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism and immune regulation.

Subchronic BuP exposure reduces gut microbial diversity, reshapes community structure, impairs metabolic function, and disrupts intestinal microecological homeostasis in zebrafish.

To understand the epidemiological characteristics of adult human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients who have not received antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Jilin Province.

A total of 830 HIV/AIDS patients who had not received ART and were cumulatively reported in Jilin Province from 2004 to 2025 in the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System were selected. The patients were divided into two groups based on the year of diagnosis: 2004—2015 and 2016—2025. The χ² test was used for intergroup comparison and stratified analysis.

Among the 830 untreated patients, males accounted for 84.6%. The age groups of 45-59 years and ≥60 years accounted for 33.9% and 34.0%, respectively. Those with junior high school education or below accounted for 63.4%.Unmarried individuals accounted for 68.3%. Homemakers, unemployed, and those waiting for employment accounted for 42.2%.The main transmission routes were homosexual transmission (48.2%) and heterosexual transmission (45.3%). Testing among other patients accounted for 42.0%, while testing and counseling accounted for 25.3%. The proportion of patients with a first CD4⁺T lymphocyte count <200 cells/μl was 62.5%. Compared with the 2004—2015 group, the 2016—2025 group showed increases in the proportions of individuals aged 25-44 years, those with college education or above, unmarried individuals,homosexual transmission cases, and cases identified through testing and counseling. Cross-analysis of age and transmission route showed that homosexual transmission accounted for 58.3% in the <25-year-old group and 63.4% in the 25-44-year-old group. In the 45-59-year-old group, heterosexual transmission accounted for 50.2%. In the ≥60-year-old group, heterosexual transmission accounted for 51.1% (χ²=50.583, P<0.001). Stratified analysis by CD4⁺T level showed that the proportions of patients with CD4⁺T <200 cells/μl in the ≥60-year-old group (67.4%) and the 45-59-year-old group (66.2%) were significantly higher than the proportion in the <25-year-old group (20.8%) (χ²=39.320, P<0.001). Regarding transmission routes, the proportion of CD4⁺T <200 cells/μl in the homosexual transmission group (66.5%) showed no statistically significant difference from that in the heterosexual transmission group (60.1%) (χ²=11.092, P=0.086). Stratified by sample source, the highest proportion of CD4⁺T <200 cells/μl was found in the group tested among other patients (77.9%), while the proportion in the testing and counseling group was 54.3% (χ²=83.910, P<0.001).

The untreated HIV/AIDS patients in Jilin Province were predominantly middle-aged and elderly, with low educational levels and late diagnosis. However, the proportions of young and middle-aged adults, those with high educational levels, and those infected through homosexual transmission have increased in recent years. Two distinct subgroups exist within the untreated population: the middle-aged and elderly group,predominantly infected through heterosexual transmission and with more severe immune damage, and the young and middle-aged group, predominantly infected through homosexual transmission. Differentiated intervention strategies are needed for the two groups to increase the proportion receiving treatment.

To construct an influenza composite index for Guizhou Province and predict the epidemic threshold and graded thresholds for influenza.

Winter-spring influenza surveillance data from the 2017/2018 to 2024/2025 influenza seasons in Guizhou Province were selected. The influenza composite index was constructed using three indicators: the influenza-like illness percentage, influenza nucleic acid positivity rate, and influenza-like illness outbreak count. The moving epidemic method (MEM) was applied to predict the epidemic threshold and graded thresholds for the 2025/2026 influenza season in Guizhou Province. The model performance was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, and the Youden index.

A total of six influenza seasons (2017/2018, 2018/2019, 2019/2020, 2021/2022, 2023/2024, and 2024/2025) were finally included for constructing the MEM model and conducting early warning analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index of the model were 0.90, 0.96, and 0.86, respectively. For the 2025/2026 influenza season, the pre-epidemic threshold was 0.73,the epidemic start week was week 45 of 2025, the end week was week 9 of 2026, and the estimated epidemic duration was 17 weeks.

The constructed influenza composite index demonstrates good performance in assessing influenza epidemic levels in Guizhou Province and can provide a scientific basis for influenza surveillance and early warning in the region.

To explore the implementation effect and influencing factors of low-end venue female sex workers promoting and distributing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) urine test kits to clients and mobilizing them for self-testing,providing references for the formulation of intervention strategies for both groups.

From April to June 2023, 100 female sex workers were recruited in a city in Guangxi. They were asked to invite clients to participate in a brief survey,distribute HIV urine test kits, and encourage the clients to perform self-testing. Data from the survey and tests were collected and analyzed to identify factors influencing the promotion of HIV testing.

A total of 66 (66.0%) female sex workers participated in the promotion of testing. There were differences between the promotion group and the non-promotion group in terms of household registration, educational level, number of clients served daily, and age of clients (P<0.05). A total of 504 clients accepted urine test kits for HIV transmission testing, among which 403 people voluntarily accepted self-testing and 101 were tested by peer volunteers. Two cases were positive for HIV antibodies, with a positive rate of 0.40%. The results of the multivariable unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that, among the client population, those who had received commercial sexual services for more than one year (OR=5.601, 95% CI: 2.815-11.144), sought commercial sexual services outside massage parlors (OR=4.301, 95% CI: 1.576-11.737), used condoms during commercial sexual activities (OR=3.794,95% CI: 1.456-9.889), and regularly underwent HIV testing (OR=6.699, 95% CI: 2.279-19.690) were more willing to accept the HIV transmission testing model. The results of the willingness survey showed that 89 female sex workers (89.0%) were willing to proactively offer HIV test kits to their clients, and 336 clients (66.7%) believed that the model of HIV transmission testing was effective and worth promoting.

The intervention model in which female sex workers provide HIV transmission testing to clients is feasible. Clients with a higher awareness of AIDS prevention and a habit of regular testing are more likely to accept the intervention form of transmission tests. Comprehensive intervention and transmission testing for highly active clients who have purchased commercial sexual services over a long period, together with strengthened training to improve the mobilization ability of female sex workers, can be regarded as an innovative strategy to prevent HIV transmission through commercial heterosexual contact.

To investigate the therapeutic effect of Hanfangji formula on silica particle-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice and to explore its potential mechanisms.

A mouse model of silicosis was established by a single intratracheal instillation of silica suspension. Seventy C57 mice were randomly divided into a blank control group, exposure group, low-,medium-, and high-dose Hanfangji groups, drug safety group, and positive control group (nintedanib). Mice were administered drugs by gavage for 56 days after exposure. Body weight, lung weight coefficient, and peripheral blood leukocyte counts were measured. Flow cytometry was used to determine the proportion of CD86⁺ macrophages in lung and spleen tissues. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of α-SMA and GSDMD-NT proteins in lung tissues. Histopathological changes and collagen deposition were assessed by HE staining and Masson staining.

Following silica exposure, the Ashcroft score of lung tissue in mice increased from 0.48±0.20 points in the control group to 6.72±0.28 points (P<0.01). The proportion of CD86⁺macrophages increased from 17.0%±1.6% to 40.2%±5.0% (P<0.001), accompanied by significant upregulation of α-SMA and GSDMD-NT protein expression. After intervention with Hanfangji Formula, all of the above indicators were markedly improved.Among them, the Ashcroft score in the medium-dose group decreased to 1.68±0.24 points(P<0.01).

Hanfangji formula can alleviate silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, which may be associated with inhibition of inflammatory responses, regulation of macrophage polarization, and reduction of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis.

To analyse the epidemiological trends, influencing factors, and dynamic changes of central obesity among adults in Guizhou Province from 2004 to 2023, providing evidence for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies.

Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were selected for Guizhou Province in 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2018, and 2023. A stratified cluster random sampling method was employed, selecting adult residents aged≥18 years as study subjects. Central obesity was defined according to the WS/T 428-2013 standard (waist circumference ≥90 cm for males, ≥85 cm for females). The χ² test was employed to compare rates between groups, while the Cochran-Armitage trend test analysed trends in central obesity rates across years and age groups. To examine changes in influencing factors, the study period has been divided into an early phase (2004-2011) and a recent phase (2015—2023), and multivariate logistic regression models have been constructed for each phase for comparison.

A total of 6 101 survey subjects was included. The central obesity rate increased from 16.55% in 2004 to 39.15% in 2023（χ²=237.663, P<0.001). Period-specific multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed significant changes in the influencing factors: 2004-2011 (OR=1.46, 95%CI:1.23-1.74), whereas excessive cereal and tuber consumption became the dominant risk factor during 2015-2023 (OR=1.23, 95%CI:1.01-1.49) and alcohol consumption (OR=1.39, 95%CI: 1.10-1.77) became predominant risk factors. Concurrently, the risk among individuals with lower educational attainment increased significantly in recent years (OR=1.56, 95%CI:1.06-2.30).

Between 2004 and 2023, the prevalence of central obesity among adults in Guizhou Province rose sharply, with the primary risk factors shifting from excessive consumption of animal-based foods in the early years to an unbalanced staple food diet, alcohol consumption and low educational attainment in recent years. Prevention and control strategies need to be dynamically adjusted; in the immediate term, the focus should be on optimising the composition of staple foods, restricting alcohol consumption and strengthening health interventions targeting people with low educational attainment.

To construct a predictive model for frailty risk among older adults living alone, identify key influencing factors, and provide scientific evidence for early screening and intervention of frailty.

Using data from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, 1 758 individuals aged 60 years and older living alone were enrolled. The dataset was divided into a training set (n=1 230) and a validation set (n=528) at a 7:3 ratio. The Frailty Index was constructed to assess frailty. Predictor variables were identified using a health ecology model, and LASSO regression and multivariable logistic regression were employed to select predictors influencing frailty in older adults living alone, thereby constructing a risk prediction model. Model performance was evaluated using metrics such as the area under the ROC curve, calibration curves and decision-making analysis curves.

The frailty detection rate among older adults living alone was 24.6%. LASSO regression identified six potential predictors. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that advanced age, female gender, and poor sleep quality were risk factors for frailty among older adults living alone, while exercise and social engagement served as protective factors. In model validation, the area under the ROC curve was 0.822 for the training set and 0.767 for the validation set, and Hosmer-Lemeshow test value P > 0.05. Decision curve analysis indicated that the model demonstrated significantly superior net benefit compared to extreme scenarios within the 0.1-0.75 interval.

The frailty risk prediction model developed for older adults living alone in this study exhibits good predictive performance and clinical applicability, providing a reference for primary healthcare workers to conduct frailty screening among key populations.

To investigate the causal relationship between plasma arginine (Arg) levels and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk using a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) approach, thereby providing genetic evidence for this association.

Based on publicly available large-scale Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) data, bidirectional MR analysis was conducted with Arg and CRC. In the forward analysis, genetic variants associated with plasma Arg levels were used as instrumental variables to estimate their causal effect on CRC risk. The reverse analysis assessed the effect of genetic predisposition to CRC on Arg levels. The primary causal estimate, derived via the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, was supplemented by the weighted median (WM) and MR-Egger approaches for sensitivity analyses. Robustness was evaluated through heterogeneity tests (Cochran Q), assessments of horizontal pleiotropy (MR-Egger intercept), and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses.

The forward MR analysis revealed an inverse causal association between genetically predicted plasma Arg levels and CRC risk (OR=0.762, 95%CI: 0.589-0.986, P=0.039). Sensitivity analyses showed no significant heterogeneity (Cochran QP=0.222) or evidence of horizontal pleiotropy (MR-Egger intercept P=0.991). In the reverse direction, MR analysis found no significant causal effect of genetic liability for CRC on plasma Arg levels (P>0.05).

Genetically elevated plasma arginine levels are causally associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer, suggesting a potential protective role. No reverse causal relationship was found. This provides genetic evidence for further exploration of the potential role of arginine in the prevention or intervention of colorectal cancer.

To identify a novel plasma protein biomarker panel for predicting mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using machine learning algorithms, and to provide evidence for early diagnosis of AD.

A total of 566 eligible participants were enrolled from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, and baseline plasma proteomic data were collected. Random forest, Lasso regression, and support vector machine were applied to screen plasma proteins that effectively discriminate MCI and AD. Correlation analyses with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cognitive scales, and Mendelian randomization analysis were conducted. The model was validated in the GEO and UK Biobank databases.

Ten core plasma biomarkers, including apolipoprotein AII, apolipoprotein E, transthyretin (TTR), were consistently identified by the three algorithms and showed strong correlations with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cognitive scores. Mendelian randomization indicated an inverse association between TTR and AD risk. The area under the curve (AUC) of the tenbiomarker panel was 0.929 for predicting MCI and 0.932 for AD. The panel achieved an AUC of 0.871 in the GEO dataset. When combined with age, sex and APOE ε4 status, the panel yielded an AUC of 0.856 for predicting incident AD over an average of 14 years in the UK Biobank.

The newly identified plasma protein panel can effectively predict the occurrence of MCI and AD, providing a noninvasive tool for early screening and prevention of AD.