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To analyze the exposure levels and health risks of nine pollutants in urban and rural drinking water of Liaoning Province, and to provide a reference for ensuring drinking water safety.
Water samples from 28 large-scale water supply units were monitored in 2024. The indicators included bisphenol A (BPA), nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), vanadium (V), and chlorinated paraffins (CPs). The results were evaluated according to the standards for drinking water quality (GB 5749-2022), except for CPs. The comparison of concentration differences between the two groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, while the Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test was employed for comparisons among multiple groups. The χ2 test was used for the comparison of rates. Using the health risk assessment methods of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the technical guide for environmental health risk assessment of chemical exposure (WS/T 777-2021), the health risks to people through oral of drinking water were assessed.
A total of 112 water samples were collected and tested. The detection rates of the indicators, in descending order, were PFOA (36.61%)> NDMA (25.89%)> PFOS (16.07%)> DBP (15.18%)> BPA (4.46%)>CPs (2.67%). DEHA, DEP, and V were not detected. Except for CPs, the compliance rate for DBP was 99.96%, while all other indicators reached 100%. BPA and NDMA concentrations in wet season were higher than that in dry season, and the detection rate of NDMA was also higher in the wet season compared to the dry season; the NDMA concentration in the finished water was higher than that in the tap water, and all these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). In surface water sources for drinking water, the concentrations of NDMA and DBP were higher than those in groundwater (P<0.05); the detection rates of DBP and PFOA in surface water were higher than those in groundwater (P<0.05). The hazard quotient (HQ) for PFOA is greater than 1, indicating a high non-carcinogenic risk; the carcinogenic risk values (CR) of NDMA, PFOA of male and female, and PFOS are all between 1.0×10-6 to 1.0×10-4, indicating a certain risk.
In Liaoning Province, there is exposure to BPA, NDMA, DBP, PFOA, PFOS and CPs in drinking water samples. NDMA, PFOA and PFOS carry a certain level of potential carcinogenic risks, but all are within the acceptable range. PFOA presents a certain non-carcinogenic risk and requires attention.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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