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To conduct molecular surveillance and evolutionary analysis of avian influenza virus (AIV) in air samples collected from the live poultry wholesale market in Changsha, providing laboratory data for the prevention and control of human AIV infections.
Air samples were collected from poultry stalls in live poultry wholesale market in Changsha. AIV nucleic acid detection and nucleotide sequencing were performed. The sequencing results were analyzed using BLAST, key amino acid (aa) residue alignment, and nucleotide evolutionary analysis.
All 27 air samples from the live poultry wholesale market tested positive for AIV nucleic acid (100% positivity rate). Two AIV nucleotide sequences (CS17 and CS11) were obtained. For CS17, the HA and NA genes exhibited the highest nucleotide similarities to A/duck/Bangladesh/38285/2019(H11N3)(98.47%) and A/mallard/South Korea/JB21-58/2019 (H5N3) (98.94%), respectively. For CS11, the HA and NA genes showed the highest nucleotide similarities to A/environment/Fujian/EV01/2020(H11N3)(95.34%) and A/duck/Wenzhou/771/2013 (H7N3) (95.30%), respectively. Internal gene analysis revealed that CS17 originated from H3N8, H4N6, H3N2, and H6N1 viruses, while CS11 was derived from H7N9, H3N2, and related viruses. Both CS17 and CS11 were identified as H11N3 subtype AIV (abbreviated as H11N3-CS17 and H11N3-CS11, respectively).The H11N3-CS17, H11N3-CS11, and 101 H11N3 strains (retrieved from GISAID) exhibited conserved molecular features in their HA proteins. All strains retained a single basic amino acid (aa) at the HA cleavage site and preserved Q/G residues at the receptor-binding sites. No critical mutations were observed at R293K (NA protein), S31N (M2 protein), E627K, or D701N (PB2 protein), nor deletions in the 69-73 (NA protein) or 218-230 (NS1 protein) regions. Notably, specific mutations were identified: L89V (PB2 protein), and N30D and T215A (M1 protein). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HA and NA genes of both strains belonged to the Eurasian lineage. H11N3-CS17 clustered into a subclade with H11N3 viruses from ducks in Bangladesh and Japan, while H11N3-CS11 formed a subclade with H11N3 viruses from domestic ducks and live poultry market environments in China.
Two H11N3 subtype AIV strains were identified in air samples from the live poultry wholesale market in Changsha. These strains exhibited molecular features of low pathogenicity and avian receptor specificity but displayed distinct genetic reassortment and evolutionary subclades, warranting further surveillance.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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