Objective To establish an analytical method for determining γ-amino butyric acid content in foods of plant origin by high performance liquid chromatography. Method Foods samples were pre-column derivatized with 4-dimethylamino-azobenzene 4-sulfonyl chloride, orthogonal experiments were designed and methodological verification was carried out based on extraction solvent, solid-liquid ratio, extraction method and extraction time. The results of γ-amino butyric acid were analyzed by detecting different plant-derived foods and comparing with instruments. Results The results showed that the optimal conditions were determined as 60% ethanol solution, which was extracted by water bath (40 ℃) or ultrasonic for 30 min at 1:25 (g:mL) solid-liquid ratio. The separation of γ-amino butyric acid was achieved on C₁₈ column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) using acetonitrile+sodium acetate solution (20:80, V:V) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The absorption wavelength of γ-amino butyric acid was 436 nm and column temperature was set at 30 ℃, respectively. The linear range of γ-amino butyric acid was 1.092-131.064 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation of γ-amino butyric acid was all less than 5.0% in pitaya (white heart), tomato, and malt. The average recovery rate of γ-amino butyric acid was between 95.80%-104.36%, indicating that the method had good precisions and high recoveries. Conclusion The method established in this study has good repeatability and high accuracy, and can accurately quantify the content of γ-amino butyric acid in foods of plant origin.

Objective To screen the crop varieties with low accumulation of heavy metal Cd suitable for cultivation in Qinghai and evaluate of their agricultural product safety. Methods Through field experiments, 9 crops, including barley, oilseed rape and broad bean, were planted in heavy metal-contaminated arable land in a field trial to analyze the Cd content in the roots, plants, seeds and corresponding soils of different crops. Cd content of different crop samples was measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) after digestion in a graphite furnace. The enrichment capacity of each tissue and organ of the crop was analyzed by the enrichment coefficient method, and the non-carcinogenic health risk of Cd in crop seeds was evaluated by the target hazard quotient (THQ) method. Results The soil Cd content of barley and wheat exceeded the standard, but the seed Cd content of all crops met the national standard; the Cd enrichment capacity of wheat roots and plants was lower than that of the other crops, and the lowest soil Cd enrichment capacity of crop seeds was found in oats and wheat; there was no health risk for adults due to the intake of Cd from the edible parts of the 6 kinds of crops, and there was a health risk for children due to the intake of Cd from the edible parts of barley and potatoes. Conclusion Oilseed rape and oats is a kind of Cd low-accumulating crop suitable for local cultivation, which can ensure the safe utilization of local farmland. Therefore, this study can provide a scientific basis for screening crop varieties with low Cd accumulation and applying them on a large scale to polluted croplands in Qinghai.

Bamboo shoot shells, which constitute approximately 60% of the total mass of the bamboo shoot, represent a significant byproduct of bamboo shoot processing. Currently, issues such as low utilization rates and resource wastage persist. To enhance the comprehensive utilization of bamboo shoot shells, this study summarized the key nutrients (including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and active compounds (including flavonoids, polyphenols, sterols, and polysaccharides) found in bamboo shoot shells, based on a review of both domestic and international literature. Additionally, it outlined the extraction and processing technologies for these active substances, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. It also discussed the development and utilization prospects of bamboo shoot shells in various fields such as food, textiles, edible fungus cultivation, animal feed, and liquid fuel. Furthermore, it provided insights into future development directions of the processing and utilization of bamboo shoot shells, aiming to serve as a reference for enhancing the added value and effective utilization of bamboo shoot shells.

Food safety is a major strategic content related to people's livelihoods and achievement of the modernization of national governance. After the extensive scientific research and regulatory practice, many iconic academic achievements have been achieved, and the relatively systematic theoretical systems, methodological standards and regulatory strategies for food safety have been established. The traditional food safety mainly relies on the methodological development, safety detection and risk monitoring, depends on the laws, regulations, and standards as regulatory basis, utilizes propaganda, education, service and popularization of science as auxiliary means, and combine the rectification and improvement. Due to the complex interactions between humans and food, there are many characteristics involved in food safety like uncertainty, relativity and regionalism. At present, the connection between the food safety research and regulation is not close enough, and the food safety work still needs a lot of innovative exploration, practice and the new quality productivity empowerment. Based on the author's recent research, teaching, investigation, and regulatory practices in food safety, this paper started from the root causes of food safety issues, summarized and discussed the main challenges faced in the current food safety work from the perspective of the risk prevention and control throughout the entire process, and proposed the directions that could be focused on the food safety research, teaching and regulation in future, which would help achieving the precise prevention and control of food safety across the entire region.

Objective To investigate the differences in amino acid content and nutritional value of Elaeagnus angustifolia from different regions in Xinjiang. Methods The amino acid content in the pulp of 18 Elaeagnus angustifolia samples from 9 different counties in Xinjiang were evaluated by automatic amino acid analyzer at wavelengths of 570 nm and 440 nm by post-column derivative ion exchange chromatography, and by comparing with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) amino acid pattern spectrum and ideal protein standard, the amino acid ratio (RAA), ratio coefficient of amino acid (RC) and score of ratio coefficient (SRC) were calculated. The nutritional value of amino acids in the pulp of Elaeagnus angustifolia was evaluated. Results There were 17 kinds of amino acids in the pulp of 18 Elaeagnus angustifolia samples. The essential amino acids accounted for 13.87%-21.96%, and the pharmacodynamic amino acids accounted for 73.03%-80.21%. The amino acid composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia were quite different among regions, and the content of total amino acids, essential amino acids and pharmacodynamic amino acids were all the highest in Qira Country, with values of 3.69, 2.73, and 0.81 g/100 g, respectively. According to the comparison of FAO/WHO amino acid pattern spectrum and whole egg reference standard, Elaeagnus angustifolia in Yen gisar County had the highest SRC of 66.92% and 72.27%, respectively. Conclusion As a plant-based food source, Elaeagnus angustifolia pulp is rich in amino acids and has high medicinal value. The amino acid content of them sold in different regions of Xinjiang is different, so the subsequent study can further explore the breeding and processing of the dominant varieties of Elaeagnus angustifolia.

Hydroxycinnamic acid is a type of natural phenolic acid with cinnamic acid as the basic chemical structure and extensively distributed in plants. It has a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, regulation of blood sugar and lipid levels, while also having the functions of adjusting food flavor, food preservation, inhibiting bacteria, anti-corrosion, and preventing the degradation of other bioactive compounds in food. Therefore, it is used in the food industry as a flavoring agent, preservative, antimicrobial agent, and nutrient supplement, etc. This article reviewed the recent years research achievements of hydroxycinnamic acid compounds including extraction methods, biological functions, and applications, with the aim of providing reference and basis for further developing relevant products and expanding the application scope of hydroxycinnamic acid compounds.

Objective To establish a rapid identification model for 5 different types of vegetable oils (Camellia oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil and peanut oil) and adulterated Camellia oil, using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and chemometrics methods such as cluster discriminant analysis. Methods The 99 samples of 5 different types of vegetable oils, including Camellia oil, soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil, and peanut oil were collected. According to the mass percentage of 5%-95%, soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, corn oil, 1:1 corn soybean oil, and palm oil was mixed into the Camellia oil, and 196 samples of the adulterated Camellia oil were obtained. Their infrared spectrum were collected in 600‒4000 cm^‒1 region. The models for partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), principal component analysis discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and data driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA) were established and compared to determine the optimal recognition model. Results The infrared spectra of each sample group had similar characteristic peaks, peak positions, and peak shapeswere with slight differences. The discriminant model established by DD-SIMCA could completely separate Camellia oil samples from those of other types of vegetable oil. By comparison of PLS-DA, PCA-LDA, and KNN models, it was found that the predicted values of each sample in the training and testing sets of the classification of 5 types of edible vegetable oils samples using PLS-DA and PCA-LDA models were accurate and reliable. Except for peanut oil, the recognition and prediction accuracy of the training and testing sets of other edible vegetable oils were both 100.0%. The quantitative analysis of Camellia oil adulteration using ATR-FTIR combined with PLS could be accurately carried out, which could be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of adulterated soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil, etc. The results were reliable, and the lowest limit of detection could reach 5%. Conclusion Adulterated Camellia oil can be determined accurately and efficiently based on ATR-FTIR combined with chemometric methods.

Extruded rice noodles are made from rice as raw material, ground and blended to a certain moisture content, extruded and matured, and dried. The traditional production process of rice noodles is laborious and time-consuming, which lead to uneven product quality during the multi-step rice noodle production process. By comparison, extrusion technology is a food processing technique that integrates mixing, heating, sterilization, and shaping. Applying extrusion technology to rice noodle processing has the advantages of less loss of nutrients, fewer opportunities for microbial contamination, shorter production time, higher production efficiency, and easier operation. Therefore, in the production of rice noodle processing industry in China, automated mechanical processing is gradually replacing traditional manual workshops. The quality of extruded rice noodles is mainly affected by the raw materials, processing technology, and extrusion parameters during the production process of extruded rice noodles. Therefore, this paper elaborated on the processing technology and forming mechanism of extruded rice noodles, summarized the influence of raw materials and extrusion parameters on the quality of extruded rice noodles, in order to provide theoretical basis for the control of the processing technology and key points of extruded rice noodles.

Objective To compare the differences in the quality indicators for ediable and medicinal of different strains of Polygonatum kingianum, and conduct a comprehensive evaluation. Methods The rhizome of 3 strains of Polygonatum kingianum, including the strain of Polygonatum kingianum with white flower and green stem (PKW), the strain of Polygonatum kingianum with purple flower and green stem (PKP) and the strain of Polygonatum kingianum with red flower and purple stem (PKR), were used as experiments materials. The differences of the content of nutrient, mineral elements and the main active ingredients was analyzed, the study on comprehensive quality evaluation research was conducted based on the membership function and principal component analysis methods. Results There were significant differences in 19 quality indicators between different strains of Polygonatum kingianum. PKW had the highest content of crude protein, total starch, crude fat, Na, polysaccharides and total flavonoids, PKP had the highest content of 10 kinds of mineral elements (K, P, Ca, Mg, Al, Mn, Fe, Zn, B and Cu) and total phenols, PKR had the highest content of moisture and total saponins. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that active ingredients showed a significant correlation with mineral elements and nutrient (P<0.05 or P<0.01); however, there was no significant correlation between nutrient and mineral elements. The analysis results were obtained by using the membership function method suggested that the highest scores of food and medicinal values were PKP and PKW respectively. The principal component analysis of 19 quality indicators were carried out, and the cumulative contribution of the 3 principal components was 96.41%. The evaluation results showed that PKP had the highest comprehensive score. Conclusion The medicinal value of PKW is the highest. PKP has comprehensive high quality, is suitable for both ediable and medicinal.

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous detection of hypoxanthine, guanine, xanthine, and adenine in edible fungi by high performance liquid chromatography, and use this method to the analysis of commercially available edible fungi. Methods The purines (hypoxanthine, guanine, xanthine, and adenine) from edible fungi were extracted by using acid hydrolysis. The chromatographic column was selected based on the resolution and peak shape of the 4 kinds of purines. Detection conditions, including the mobile phase ratio, flow rate, column temperature, and injection volume, were optimized, and the methodology was validated. Results The results showed that using Insert Sustain AQ-C₁₈ column with a mobile phase consisting of 50 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution (pH 4.0) and methanol (V:V=97:3), at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and the column temperature of 30 ℃, with an injection volume of 10 μL and detected at 254 nm, the 4 kinds of purines could be completely separated with good peak shapes. And the methodological validation results showed that this method exhibited a good linear relationship within the detected range. Conclusion A high performance liquid chromatography method is established through the optimization of detection conditions, which effectively differentiates and simultaneously detects the 4 kinds of purines in edible fungi. The content of hypoxanthine and xanthine (uric acid precursor substances) are very low or undetectable in the detected edible fungi. Based on the purine intake guidelines in the Encyclopedia of Chinese nutritional science, the dietary intake of the currently available commercial edible mushrooms is determined.