Objective To analyze the overall situation of national food safety supervision and sampling inspection from 2021 to 2023 and the main food safety issues. Methods The food safety supervision and sampling inspection data of the national market regulation departments from 2021 to 2023 were summarized, and the categories of food, unqualified project categories, as well as specific unqualified project were analyzed. Results In the past 3 years from 2021 to 2023, market regulation departments at all levels in China had completed a total of 34 food categories and over 20 million batches of supervision and sampling inspection, with an overall unqualified rate of 2.76%. From the sampling batches, the sampling batches for edible agricultural products and catering food were relatively high, accounting for a total of 51.50%. From the unqualified rate, catering food had the highest unqualified rate of 7.20%, mainly due to the high unqualified rate of catering utensils. The unqualified rate of edible agricultural products (3.44%), vegetable products (3.10%), roasted seeds and nuts products (2.72%) was also relatively high. The analysis results of unqualified project categories showed that in recent years, the main problems had been excessive pesticide residues, microbial contamination, and excessive use of food additives, with a total of 64.78% of unqualified samples. Pesticide residues were mainly found in edible agricultural products such as cowpeas, chives, and celery, etc. The main unqualified projects were imidacloprid, fungicide, chlorpyrifos, etc. The main food categories involved in microbial contamination were instant foods, aquatic products, pastries, fruit products, etc. The main unqualified projects were the total number of colonies, molds, and coliforms. The main food categories with the excessive use of food additives were fruit products, catering food, grain processing products, and seasonings. The main unqualified projects were pigments, aluminum containing additives, preservatives, and seasonings exceed the standard. Conclusion The state should continue to pay attention to key categories in food safety sampling, such as edible agricultural products, catering food, vegetable products, roasted seeds and nuts products, as well as issues such as excessive residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs, microbial contamination, and excessive use of food additives in key projects. The country not only needs to increase sampling efforts, but also strengthens supervision of various links such as production and sales, and strives to ensure food safety.

Objective To achieve rapid and non-destructive determination of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) content in Triticum aestivum L. kernels by establishing a quantitative prediction model based on near-infrared spectroscopy technology. Methods The reflectance spectra of Triticum aestivum L. samples in the wavelength range of 900-1700 nm were collected, and the AFB₁ content in Triticum aestivum L. was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The raw spectral data of the Triticum aestivum L. samples were subjected to preprocessing, and the feature wavelengths were extracted in order to establish a prediction model. A model for predicting the AFB₁ content was developed using a back propagation neural network (BPNN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM), the results of this model were compared with those of a full-wavelength modelling approach. Results The SVM model constructed following the application of multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) processing demonstrates superior performance compared to the other models and the full-band modelling model. Conclusion The combination of the CARS algorithm and the MSC-CARS-SVM model allows for the rapid and non-destructive detection of AFB₁ content. The feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of AFB₁ content has been demonstrated, and this approach can be employed to assess the quality of Triticum aestivum L. during storage.

Objective To explore the effect of stir-frying and ultramicro grinding on the quality of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel. Methods The Crataegus pinnatifida kernels produced and processed by the enterprise were used as the test materials, and the Crataegus pinnatifida kernels were treated by ordinary grinding, frying-ordinary grinding and frying-ultrafine grinding combined treatment technology, and the physical properties of surface color, surface structure, water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and the changes of oxidation resistance and flavonoid release were determined. Results The Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder treated by frying and ultrafine grinding had an increased binding capacity to water, a solubility of 35.63%, an expansion force of 3.71 mL/g, and an oil-holding capacity of 2.61 g/g. The angle of repose and slip angle were reduced to 37.12° and 43.63°, respectively. The flavonoid release rate of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder increased from 60.47% to 71.48%, and the oxidant resistance increased by nearly 20%, which was manifested by a increase in the scavenging rates of 2,2-diazine-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) cationic radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and hydroxyl radicals. Conclusion Therefore, the combined treatment technology of frying and ultrafine grinding is a feasible processing method for Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder. This technology can effectively improve the physicochemical properties of Crataegus pinnatifida kernel powder and increase the total flavonoid release rate. The results of this study are helpful to enhance the market value of Crataegus pinnatifida nuclear powder and promote the sustainable development of Crataegus pinnatifida industry.

Objective To investigate the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and ZSM-5 nano molecular sieve blended polyethylene (PE) film on the quality and oxidative stress of Prunus persica during cold storage. Methods The 4 kinds of treatments were set up: PE packaging (P), PE packaging combined with 1-MCP (PM), PE film blended with ZSM-5 Nano molecular sieve blended polyethylene film (PN), and the combination of ZSM-5 and 1-MCP (PMN). Samples were stored at 0-2 °C for 35 days with sampling every 7 days. Texture, chromatic indexes, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, electrical conductivity, and the activities or content of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Results 1-MCP and the nano molecular sieve blended polyethylene film effectively inhibited fruit softening, color change and fibrosis. On day 21, the fruit hardness in the PM and PMN groups was significantly higher than in other groups (P<0.01), while the cohesiveness of the PMN group was significantly lower than the P group on day 27 (P<0.01). Color analysis showed that the redness and yellowness changes in other treated groups were significantly reduced compared to the P group (P<0.05). Although the PMN group's fruit appeared more yellow by day 35, the over-ripening process was suppressed. In terms of physicochemical indicators, the PM and PMN groups exhibited significantly lower electrical conductivity ratio and titratable acidity lose than the P group (P<0.01), indicating that 1-MCP and the nano molecular sieve blended polyethylene film effectively slowed down the increase in cell membrane permeability and the decrease in flavor and nutrients. Physiological measurements showed that by day 35, the MDA level in the PMN group was significantly lower than in the P group (P<0.01), with delayed peak POD and PPO activities. The PMN group's PPO activity was significantly lower than the P group (P<0.01). Conclusion The combination of 1-MCP and ZSM-5 nano molecular sieve blended polyethylene film significantly alleviates color change, over-ripening, and oxidative stress in Prunus persica during cold storage, demonstrating promising application potential.

Objective To establish the detection of 172 kinds of pesticide residues in brown sugar by QuEChERS-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were fully dissolved in ultrapure water and extracted by high-speed homogenization of n-hexane, nitrogen blowing and concentration, and purified by QuEChERS method, and the data was collected in selective reaction monitoring mode by GC-MS/MS detection technology, and quantitatively detected by matrix curve and solvent curve. Results The 172 kinds of pesticides had a good linear relationship in the linear range of 10-200 ng/mL, and the linear correlation coefficient was between 0.9962 and 0.9999, the limit of quantification of the method was 0.01 mg/kg, performed 6 repeated spiked experiments at concentrations 1, 2, and 10 times the limit of quantification each, the recovery rate of spikes was between 71.0%-113.0%, and the relative standard deviation (n=6) was 0.49%-17.00%. Conclusion This method can detect hundreds of pesticides in one injection, which is fast, simple, high-throughput and economical, and is suitable for the detection of a variety of pesticide residues in brown sugar.

Objective To study the beef quality characteristics of Pingliang red cattle. Methods The 12-13 thoracic intercostal eye muscles of A3 grade Pingliang red cattle were taken. The nutritional characteristics, tenderness and water retention of Pingliang red cattle were analyzed by measuring the protein, fat, moisture content, amino acid and fat composition, as well as the shear force and cooking loss. The sensory evaluation of raw and fried steak and rinsed meat slices were carried out respectively. The meat quality of A3 grade imported snowflake beef was compared, and the meat quality of Pingliang red cattle was comprehensively analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in crude protein, moisture and total fat content between Pingliang red cattle and imported snowflake beef (P>0.05); Pingliang red beef was rich in amino acids, and the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids was 0.45±0.05, which was higher than that of A3 grade imported snowflake beef (0.42±0.00); Pingliang red cattle had the advantages of low saturated fatty acid and high unsaturated fatty acid content. The fatty acid content of Pingliang red cattle was lower than that of imported snowflake beef, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05); the shear force of Pingliang red beef was (4219.10±225.29) g, which was significantly higher than that of imported snowflake beef (P<0.05). Sensory evaluation results showed that fresh Pingliang red beef was slightly lower than imported snowflake beef, but cooked Pingliang red beef scored higher, especially chewing elasticity, juiciness and aftertaste were significantly higher than imported snowflake beef (P<0.05). Conclution Pingliang red cattle A3 grade snowflakes beef can completely reach the quality level of imported snowflake beef, but the content and distribution of functional fatty acid needs to be regulated.

Objective To establish a detection method for 12 kinds of nicotine pesticides in fruits by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with cold induced liquid-liquid extraction. Methods Fruit samples were extracted using acetonitrile, and after salting out, shaking, and centrifugation, they were subjected to freeze induced liquid-liquid extraction using acetonitrile water solution for further enrichment and purification. Combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, data was collected using a multi reaction monitoring mode, and quantified using isotope internal standard method. Results The linear range of 12 kinds of nicotine compounds was 1-500 ng/mL, and the method showed good linearity (r²>0.999). The limits of detection were 2.15-3.60 μg/kg, and the method limits of quantification were 7.11-13.01 μg/kg. The recovery rates of 12 kinds of nicotine compounds were 73.1%-126.7%, and the relative standard deviations were 3.5%-13.3%. Conclusion This method is easy to operate, has high precision, and good stability, and is suitable for screening and detecting nicotine like compounds in fruit samples.

Objective To optimize the process of spray drying pomelo powder and the formula of compound pomelo tea powder. Methods This study focused on optimizing the de-bittering process of pomelo peel powder and the spray drying parameters of pomelo powder, using sensory evaluation as key indicators. Subsequently, compound pomelo tea powder was made using maltodextrin, spray-dried pomelo pulp powder, pomelo outer peel powder, anhydrous citric acid, white sugar, and jasmine tea powder as raw materials. The formulation and production process of the compound pomelo tea powder were optimized through single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments, with dispersibility and sensory evaluation serving as the key indicators. Results The optimal de-bittering process was achieved by treating pomelo peel in a water bath at 50 ℃ for 40 minutes with the addition of 1.8% β-cyclodextrin. The spray drying parameters were optimized with an inlet temperature of 160 ℃, an outlet temperature of 60 ℃, a feed flow rate of 2 mL/min, an air velocity of 3 m³/min, and an air pressure of 0.1 MPa. The final formulation of compound pomelo tea powder included 0.6% of pomelo pulp powder, 0.2% of pomelo outer peel powder, 0.1% of jasmine tea powder, 5% of sugar, 0.05% of anhydrous citric acid, and 0.4% of maltodextrin. The optimized product demonstrated excellent dispersibility 13.19 s, a high sensory evaluation score 76.3, and an overall score of 97.45, while retaining the distinct aroma of pomelo and the flavor of jasmine tea. Conclusion This process offers a promising approach for the industrial production of high-quality compound beverages.

Objective To establish a rapid detection method for the simultaneous determination of 24 kinds of veterinary drug residues in pork by QuEChERS technique combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were extracted with acidified acetonitrile, salted out by 3 g magnesium sulfate anhydrous and 2 g C₁₈ E, separated by Thermo-Fisher Hypersil GOLD aQ chromatographic column (50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) via gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution. The gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in aqueous solution was performed in the mode of electrospray positive ion scanning. Results The linear relationship of 24 kinds of veterinary drugs was good, and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.9910, and the detection limit ranged from 0.2-10.0 μg/kg. The spiked recoveries varied between 70.2%-110.3%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.2%-13.8%. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid, accurate, practical, and suitable for detection of multiple veterinary drug residues in pork.

Objective To analyze the characteristics and differences of volatile components in Wuliangye liquor based on non targeted metabonomics technology. Methods The characteristics and differences of volatile components of 5 series of liquor including Wuliangye, Wuliangye alcohol, Wuliangchun, Wuliangtequ and Wuliangtouqu liquor was analyzed by non targeted metabonomics technology. Results A total of 900 kinds of compounds were detected in 5 series of liquor, including 26 kinds of amines, 86 kinds of alcohols, 51 kinds of aromatics, 18 kinds of phenols, 11 kinds of nitrogenous compounds, 11 kinds of sulfur compounds, 3 kinds of halogenated hydrocarbons, 4 kinds of ethers, 47 kinds of aldehydes, 28 kinds of acids, 143 kinds of terpenes, 78 kinds of hydrocarbons, 79 kinds of ketones, 139 kinds of heterocyclic compounds, 172 kinds of esters, and 4 kinds of others. The number and composition of compounds detected in different Wuliangye liquor were different. The number of compounds with significant differences in Wuliangye was significantly higher than that in Wuliangye alcohol, Wuliangchun, Wuliangtequ and Wuliangtouqu. Conclusion The difference of composition and content in different Wuliangye series liquor is an important factor reflecting the quality of liquor. Non targeted metabonomics technology has good application in the analysis and identification of liquor characteristic components, providing reliable data support for scientific differentiation of Wuliangye series liquor.