Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. Food is highly susceptible to fungal contamination, leading to the production of various mycotoxins, which pose significant threats to food safety and human health. Given the diversity of food types and the complexity of their matrices, direct detection of mycotoxins in food is often affected by matrix effects. Therefore, establishing rapid and sensitive detection methods to monitor and control mycotoxin levels in food is of great importance. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a type of porous organic material characterized by their large specific surface area, excellent stability, adjustable pore size and ease of functionalization, making them superior adsorbent materials. In recent years, COFs have become a popular material in the research of mycotoxin detection. This article categorized the synthesis methods of COFs materials and reviewed their research progress in the field of mycotoxin detection, aiming to provide a reference for the application of covalent organic framework materials in mycotoxin detection research.

Objective To study the accuracy and feasibility of colloidal gold immunochromatography for the detection of animal-derived components in meat products. Methods The rapid detection kit was used to detect the animal-derived components in meat products. The sensitivity, specificity, adulteration simulation, false positive rate and false negative rate of 8 kinds of animal-derived components were tested, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) was used as a reference. Results The limits of detection of the rapid detection kit could reach 0.1% for cattle, chicken, duck and goose, and 0.01% for pig, sheep, horse and donkey. The limits of detection of pig, cattle, sheep, chicken, duck, goose, horse and donkey in the adulterated simulation could reach 0.5%, and there was no cross-reaction with other non-species channel detection, and the specificity was good. Conclusion The colloidal gold immunochromatography method established in this study is suitable for the rapid screening and detection of animal origin in meat products.

Objective To investigate the pollution of 5 kinds of heavy metals in 4 types of food in Hubei Province from 2022 to 2023, and to assess the health risks caused by heavy metal intake in the population. Methods From 2022 to 2023, a total of 316 samples of 4 types 6 kinds of food (soybean, peanut, mushroom, dictyophora, rice and wheat) were randomly collected in Hubei Province. The content of 5 kinds of heavy metals were detected by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the contamination of food was analyzed by single factor pollution index (P_i) and comprehensive factor pollution index (P_M). According to the health risk assessment model recommended by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the target hazard quotient (THQ) and target cancer risk assessment (TCR) were used to assess the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks caused by heavy metal exposure in the population. Results The overall qualified rate of food was close to 95%, the detection rate of Cd in heavy metals was the highest (100.0%, 14.2%). There were statistically significant differences in the detection rate and excess rate of the 5 kinds of heavy metals (χ²=179.320, 21.849, P<0.001). The 6 kinds of food contamination levels were dictyophora(severe), shiitake mushroom (mild), soybean (safe), peanut (safe), rice (safe), and wheat (safe). The individual heavy metal THQ of different regions and different genders was less than 1, but the comprehensive heavy metal THQ was greater than 1, and the carcinogenic risk of heavy metal in different regions and different genders was greater than 10^-4. In Hubei, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks caused by dietary heavy metals intake were higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and higher in women than in men. Non-carcinogenic health risks mainly come from Cd and Cr, while carcinogenic health risks mainly come from Cr. Conclusion There is a certain degree of contamination of edible fungi in the four types of food sold in Hubei Province from 2022 to 2023, especially the heavy pollution of dictyophora. The non-carcinogenic health risk caused by the intake of heavy metals through dietary means is high, and the carcinogenic risk is within the acceptable range. Relevant departments should strengthen supervision and pay attention to the health risks of Cd and Cr exposure.

Objective To investigate the neurobehavioral effects of fumonisin and hydrolyzed fumonisin in zebrafish under sub-lethal concentrations (9-270 mg/L). Methods Using Danio rerio as test organism, their spontaneous swimming distance and speed, and their locomotor activity under light-dark stimulation, as well as their distribution in different color areas of the cross maze were recorded by a behavioral toxicity recorder, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results The spontaneous locomotor activity of Danio rerio was significantly decreased after exposure in high concentration of fumonisin (79 mg/L), with a decrease of 70% in total movement distance and average swimming speed. In contrast, after exposure in low concentration of hydrolyzed fumonisin (30 mg/L), the spontaneous locomotor activity was significantly enhanced, with an increase of 130% or more of respective indicators. Fumonisin at subacute concentrations did not significantly affect the light-dark response ability of Danio rerio, but the hydrolyzed form of fumonisin showed a promoting effect at low concentrations and an inhibitory effect at high concentrations. After exposure to fumonisin or its hydrolyzed form, the preference of Danio rerio for blue and their avoidance of yellow and green were both weakened. Conclusion The neurobehavior of Danio rerio is more sensitive to hydrolyzed fumonisin than to its prototype. Using low amount of test compounds, and being fast and visual, neurobehavioral study of Danio rerio is a suitable tool for the early stage toxicity screening of emerging toxicants (e.g. masked mycotoxins).

Objective To establish a qualitative screening method for 29 kinds of mycotoxins in grains based on QuEChERS dSPE EMR-Lipid and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry. Methods The sample was extracted by 20 mL 70% acetonitrile (containing 1% formic acid), purified by modified QuEChERS method, electrospray ionization, positive ion sweeping, sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra. Results The established method included a database of primary precision mass, secondary mass spectrometry, and retention time. This method enabled rapid screening of 29 kinds of mycotoxins in soybean, corn, rice, and wheat. The screening limits of detection of ranged from 0.005 to 0.050 mg/kg. The method met the basic screening requirements. Conclusion The method is simple, specific, stable and reliable. The method enables the processing and qualitative screening of large volumes of samples from soyabean, corn, rice and wheat in a short time. It has high application value.

The safety problem caused by the illegal addition of non edible substances to food has become a major threat to public health. However, there are still some significant limitations in the existing detection technology system, such as blind areas and a lack of detection ability. With the advantages of high-throughput screening and identification of unknown substances, non targeted detection technology has made great progress in the fields of emerging contaminants, multi-residue detection of agricultural and veterinary drugs and among others. This paper introduced the detection techniques of non-edible substances such as spectrum, chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry. The principle and application of non targeted detection technology and the application and limitation of non targeted detection screening based on database, mass spectrometry splitting characteristics and metabonomics were described in detail. The problems and challenges of non targeted detection technology in practical application were discussed. And innovatively put forward suggestions to promote the practical transformation of non targeted detection technology and the optimization path based on the fusion of non targeted detection technology analysis strategy and big data algorithm. The purpose of this paper was to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of an efficient, accurate and green methodology system for non targeted detection of non-edible substances in food.

Food mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, etc.) are contaminants that pose a serious threat to food safety and public health. With the increasing global demand for food and the complexity of the supply chain, rapid and sensitive detection of contaminants is essential to maintain public health and well-being. In recent years, the rapid development of nanotechnology has provided new ideas for the detection of mycotoxins in food. Among them, quantum dots, as a new type of fluorescent nanomaterials, are favored in the field of biosensing due to their excellent optical properties and high sensitivity. Taking quantum dots as a starting point, this paper briefly reviewed the basic properties, synthesis, modification and functionalization of quantum dots, focused on their application in the detection of food mycotoxins, discussed the advantages and challenges of quantum dots in food mycotoxins detection, with the aim of providing new ideas for food safety detection and on-site real-time detection, and safeguarding food safety and human health.

Silicon is an essential trace element for the human body and generally exists in mineral water in the form of metasilicic acid. The accurate detection of metasilicic acid, a crucial boundary indicator for natural mineral water, is essential for determining compliance within quality standards. The GB 8538—2022 China national food safety standard—Testing methods for natural mineral drinking water specifies 2 kinds of spectrophotometric techniques, the silicomolybdic yellow method and the silicomolybdic blue method, for the detection of metasilicic acid. However, due to factors such as the stability of colorimetric solutions in spectroscopic analysis and differences in absorption wavelengths, the application of these 2 kinds of methods in metasilicic acid detection still presents issues that require further improvement. Researchers have also reported a number of determination methods for metasilicic acid based on different technologies, such as flow injection (FI), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ion chromatography (IC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This article compared the advantages and existing problems of these methods, so as to provide references for the improvement of existing methods and the development of new methods for metasilicic acid determination.

The microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals exhibite diverse characteristics, with microbial communities residing in different ecological niches displaying distinct spatial differences, often characterize by high host specificity. In addition to the compositional differences observe along the longitudinal axis of the gastrointestinal tract, microbes also form discrete characteristic communities within specific microenvironments. This review explored how the physical environment of the gastrointestinal tract affaceded the spatial formation and maintenance of microbial communities, the role of diet in shaping the spatial distribution of gut microbiota, and the importance of this spatial heterogeneity in maintaining organismal health. Focusing on the spatial heterogeneity of gastrointestinal microbiota enables a more comprehensive understanding of the adaptive strategies and biological functions of microbes in different locations and local environments in the gastrointestinal tract. This approach contributed to a better understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in health and disease, providing new theoretical foundations for maintaining gut health, preventing and treating diseases, and developing personalized medical strategies.

With the rapid development of the Chinese economy, coffee consumption in China has rapidly expanded, and the processing scale of coffee and related products in China has grown significantly in recent years. However, many food safety risks caused by non-standard processing in the industry have also been exposed as the industry grows. Among them, risks such as excessive use of food additives beyond the scope, excessive mold contamination caused by poor initial processing hygiene conditions, and extreme emphasis on flavor and neglect of acrylamide contamination in baking are more prominent. These risks will be amplified with the surge in consumption. Therefore, it is urgent to introduce normative documents to effectively guide the industry to control non-standard work. At present, China has not yet issued national standards or other authoritative documents on risk control measures for coffee processing exposure, which is significantly different from international standards. This article focused on the main food safety risks currently present in the coffee processing industry, and provided some perspectives and suggestions for future regulatory documents on coffee processing. The significance of this article is to standardize the processing of the coffee industry, ensure effective supervision, strictly control illegal additives, and suppress fraudulent behavior, providing standard support for improving the rate of high-quality coffee.