Objective To investigate the pollution of 5 kinds of heavy metals in 4 types of food in Hubei Province from 2022 to 2023, and to assess the health risks caused by heavy metal intake in the population. Methods From 2022 to 2023, a total of 316 samples of 4 types 6 kinds of food (soybean, peanut, mushroom, dictyophora, rice and wheat) were randomly collected in Hubei Province. The content of 5 kinds of heavy metals were detected by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the contamination of food was analyzed by single factor pollution index (P_i) and comprehensive factor pollution index (P_M). According to the health risk assessment model recommended by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the target hazard quotient (THQ) and target cancer risk assessment (TCR) were used to assess the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks caused by heavy metal exposure in the population. Results The overall qualified rate of food was close to 95%, the detection rate of Cd in heavy metals was the highest (100.0%, 14.2%). There were statistically significant differences in the detection rate and excess rate of the 5 kinds of heavy metals (χ²=179.320, 21.849, P<0.001). The 6 kinds of food contamination levels were dictyophora(severe), shiitake mushroom (mild), soybean (safe), peanut (safe), rice (safe), and wheat (safe). The individual heavy metal THQ of different regions and different genders was less than 1, but the comprehensive heavy metal THQ was greater than 1, and the carcinogenic risk of heavy metal in different regions and different genders was greater than 10^-4. In Hubei, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks caused by dietary heavy metals intake were higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and higher in women than in men. Non-carcinogenic health risks mainly come from Cd and Cr, while carcinogenic health risks mainly come from Cr. Conclusion There is a certain degree of contamination of edible fungi in the four types of food sold in Hubei Province from 2022 to 2023, especially the heavy pollution of dictyophora. The non-carcinogenic health risk caused by the intake of heavy metals through dietary means is high, and the carcinogenic risk is within the acceptable range. Relevant departments should strengthen supervision and pay attention to the health risks of Cd and Cr exposure.