Objective To analyze the contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products in the Dalian Region and assess the acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON to the consuming population. Methods From 2019 to 2023, 287 samples of Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products were collected from Dalian. DON levels were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Combined with the 2018 Dalian City dietary consumption survey data, acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON were assessed in different age groups using point estimation and simple distribution methods. Results DON was detected in 77.0% of the Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products, with a 3.5% over-standard rate. The average DON level was 263.62 µg/kg. Acute exposure assessment indicated that DON exposure levels in all age groups did not exceed the acute reference dose. Chronic exposure assessment revealed that 3.85%, 7.30%, 1.44%, and 0.12% of consuming populations in the 3-5, 6-10, 11-17 and 18-64 age groups, exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, respectively. Triticum and its products were the primary dietary sources of DON exposure for all age groups. Conclusion DON contamination is prevalent in Triticum, Zea mays and their products in Dalian City. Acute dietary exposure of DON does not exceed the threshold values. However, chronic exposure risks are shown in low age groups. Enhanced monitoring of DON contamination in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products is recommended, along with a focus on the health risks for high-risk populations.

Objective To screen risk markers in the storage process of pork using ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) combined with chemometrics. Methods After sample pretreatment, UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS was employed to detect metabolites in pork, obtaining high precision chromatographic and mass spectrometric data. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for dimensionality reduction to explore the distribution characteristics among samples. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was then used to screen differential metabolites with a variable importance factor (VIP)>1.0. The statistical significance of the differences was further evaluated using T-tests (P<0.05), and the final key metabolites were confirmed by combining fold change analysis (fold change, FC>2 or FC<0.5). Results PCA revealed that storage temperature significantly influenced metabolite distribution in different pork cuts (loin, belly, and ham), with samples under different temperatures showing clear separation in the principal component space (total variance R²=0.861, predictive ability Q²=0.478). The OPLS-DA model further optimized the separation of intergroup differences (R²=0.811, Q²=0.653), making the impact of storage temperature on metabolite abundance and type more evident. The R² and Q² values of the real model were significantly higher than those of the permutation model, confirming the reliability of the analysis. Through screening conditions (VIP>1, P<0.05, FC>2 or FC<0.5) and structural verification, N-acetylputrescine and 6-methylquinoline were identified as risk markers. Conclusion UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS combined with chemometrics effectively screens risk markers in pork during storage.

Objective To analyze the characteristics and differences of volatile components in Wuliangye liquor based on non targeted metabonomics technology. Methods The characteristics and differences of volatile components of 5 series of liquor including Wuliangye, Wuliangye alcohol, Wuliangchun, Wuliangtequ and Wuliangtouqu liquor was analyzed by non targeted metabonomics technology. Results A total of 900 kinds of compounds were detected in 5 series of liquor, including 26 kinds of amines, 86 kinds of alcohols, 51 kinds of aromatics, 18 kinds of phenols, 11 kinds of nitrogenous compounds, 11 kinds of sulfur compounds, 3 kinds of halogenated hydrocarbons, 4 kinds of ethers, 47 kinds of aldehydes, 28 kinds of acids, 143 kinds of terpenes, 78 kinds of hydrocarbons, 79 kinds of ketones, 139 kinds of heterocyclic compounds, 172 kinds of esters, and 4 kinds of others. The number and composition of compounds detected in different Wuliangye liquor were different. The number of compounds with significant differences in Wuliangye was significantly higher than that in Wuliangye alcohol, Wuliangchun, Wuliangtequ and Wuliangtouqu. Conclusion The difference of composition and content in different Wuliangye series liquor is an important factor reflecting the quality of liquor. Non targeted metabonomics technology has good application in the analysis and identification of liquor characteristic components, providing reliable data support for scientific differentiation of Wuliangye series liquor.

Objective Microorganisms are significant factors affecting food safety. Contamination of food by microorganisms can lead to spoilage and deterioration, resulting in substantial economic losses. Moreover, many microorganisms possess pathogenicity, and the toxins they secrete are the main cause of foodborne diseases. Therefore, microbiological testing of food has important sanitary and social significance. With the development of the food industry, traditional plate separation methods, due to their long detection times and complex operations, are increasingly unable to meet the current demand for rapid testing. microbiological test tablets are a new type of detection tool, with the advantages of easy operation, no need for culture medium preparation, and space-saving in detection. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies on test tablets for different microorganisms. This article organizes these studies, thoroughly combs the composition and principles of test tablets, analyzes their advantages and existing problems, and has certain theoretical value and practical guidance significance. It is hoped to provide some ideas for the research of microbiological test tablets.

Objective To evaluate the acute toxicity and genetic toxicity of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA). Methods Acute toxicity was evaluated by oral gavage of γ-PGA at 10000 mg/(kg·bw) to rats and mice using the limit test method, with observations of toxic signs and mortality; the 30 hour double gavage method followed by microscopic examination to quantify the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in mouse bone marrow was employed to detect the micronucleus induction of γ-PGA; the plate incorporation method was utilized to enumerate revertant colonies of Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535) to assess the mutagenic potential of γ-PGA; a continuous 5 day gavage followed by microscopic analysis was conducted to analyze the number and frequency of chromosomal structural aberrations in mouse spermatocytes to evaluate the chromosomal aberration induction of γ-PGA. Results The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of γ-PGA via acute oral administration to both male and female mice and rats was greater than 10000 mg/(kg·bw). At a dose of 5000 mg/(kg·bw), γ-PGA did not significantly increase micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of either male or female mice (P>0.05), nor did it induce chromosomal aberrations in primary spermatocytes of mice (P>0.05). Additionally, at a dose of 5000 μg per plate, no significant mutagenic activity was detected in the standard tested strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535), regardless of S₉ activation. Conclusion Under the experimental conditions of this study, γ-PGA is classified as practically non-toxic and non-genotoxic, providing a toxicological basis for its development and application in the food industry.

Sulforaphane and sulforaphene, as 2 kinds of naturally occurring bioactive compounds belonging to the same class of isothiocyanates, are widely distributed in cruciferous plants. They not only exhibit highly similar structural characteristics but also share multiple biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-obesity effects. In recent years, groundbreaking research has been conducted on their metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Initially, the conversion mechanisms of their glucosinolate precursors within plants are elucidated, followed by a systematic investigation of their in vivo metabolic pathways, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties. Moreover, organ and tissue distribution studies have facilitated the construction of their metabolic maps. Notably, while sulforaphane has garnered increasing scientific attention, its structurally similar counterpart, sulforaphene, has yet to attract comparable research interest. Currently, there remains a significant gap in the systematic metabolic studies of isothiocyanate compounds within the domestic academic community, particularly concerning comprehensive reviews on metabolic pathways and key biomarkers. This study integrated cutting-edge international research and systematically delineated the metabolic regulatory networks of sulforaphane and sulforaphene. By providing theoretical support for dietary development and clinical translation, it also proposes innovative research strategies to address the research bottlenecks of sulforaphene, aiming to drive breakthrough advancements in this field.

Food thermal processing is a crucial method for transforming raw materials into edible products suitable for long-term storage. However, while this process enhances the taste and extends the shelf life of food, it can also generate a range of chemical contaminants, including acrylamide, heterocyclic amines, furan, advanced glycation end-products, chloropropanols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines. These contaminants are believed to have carcinogenic, mutagenic and other toxic effects on human health. Metabolomics, as an emerging field of omics science, analyzes alterations in small molecules within cells and organisms to identify key metabolites and their associated pathways, thus providing valuable insights into the toxic mechanisms of food processing contaminants. This review first summarized the major contaminants produced during food thermal processing and their toxicological characteristics. It then discussed in detail the progress made in metabolomics in investigating the effects of these contaminants on the metabolic profiles of organisms and their associated toxic mechanisms. Additionally, the review addressed current challenges in metabolomics research, such as the complexity of metabolic products from food processing contaminants, difficulties in data analysis, and the lack of standardized experimental and analytical methods. Finally, the review highlights the future prospects of metabolomics in enhancing food safety assessments and identifying potential health risks, particularly through technological innovations and artificial intelligence to advance this field.

Objective To study the effects of different packaging ways on the storage quality of chilled chicken, and to predict the shelf life of optimized chilled chicken. Methods The 817 chilled chicken were treated with different packaging ways such as oxygen permeable film packaging (group 1), air packaging of common polyethylene food bags (group 2), vacuum packaging of heavy-duty nylon food bags (group 3) and vacuum packaging of aluminum foil cooking bags (group 4). The effects of sensory evaluation, meat color, pH, inosine monophosphate (IMP) and free amino acids (FAA) on storage quality of chilled fresh chickens at 4 ℃ were studied. Results The vacuum group was superior to the non-vacuum group in maintaining brightness value (L^*), redness value (a^*), pH value, IMP and FAA, and had advantages in inhibiting the growth and reproduction of chilled chicken pustlessness bacteria, which increased the shelf life of ordinary packaging from 3-5 days to 7 days. Conclusion The vacuum packaging method of 4 ℃ refrigeration is a better storage method for 817 small white feathers chilled chicken, which can retain its quality and nutrients to the maximum extent, and extend the shelf life to 7 days.

Objective To investigate the characterization of potential pathogen and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from some commercially raw fruit and vegetables in Beijing, 2024, and explore their potential food safety risks. Methods In this study, the characterization and potential risks of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and potential pathogens were described by the combining high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR), 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing with bio-informatics and multivariate analysis. Results A total of 182 ARGs subtypes belonging to 9 antibiotic types and 9 MGEs subtypes were detected with the abundance of 6.08×10³-1.57×10⁸ copies/g and 3.77×10⁴-3.50×10⁸ copies/g, respectively. It was seen that the diversity and abundance of ARGs, MGEs and bacterial community in fruits were significantly lower than those in vegetables (P<0.05). Acinetobacter, Leuconostoc, Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas and Serratia were the main potential pathogens, with Enterobacterales and Acinetobacter johnsonii as signature potential pathogens in solanaceous and leafy vegetables, respectively. MGEs and multiple ARGs were carried by the most of potential pathogens with multiple antibiotic resistance, whose transmission among them were mainly drove by the horizontal gene transfer of MGEs carrying ARGs (57.56%). Conclusion There are various and abundant ARGs and potential pathogens in raw vegetables and fruits in Beijing, 2024, with multiple antibiotic resistance, whose transmission among bacterium are mainly drove by the horizontal gene transfer of MGEs carrying ARGs, which can threaten human health. High attention shall be attached.

Objective To analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristics, virulence gene profiles, and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) isolated from foodborne diseases patients in Dalian City, Liaoning Province. Methods A total of 63 VP clinical isolates were collected from Dalian City in 2023. The whole genome sequencing, multilocus sequence typing, virulence genes and drug resistance genes were analyzed, and the clinical epidemiological data were combined for comprehensive analysis. Results July-September was the main epidemic period of VP. The results of sequence type (ST) showed that ST3 was the main epidemic group. The 63 strains carried both tlh and vcrD, and the carrying rate of tdh and vcrD2 virulence genes was 95.24%. All strains carried blaCARB-47, CARB-20, tet (35), tet (34) and CRP resistance genes, and one ST3 strain also carried aminoglycosides, sulfonamides and other resistance genes. There was a certain correlation between virulence gene carrying type and ST type, but there was no obvious clustering feature in the distribution of drug resistance genes. All isolates from patients with systemic symptoms carried tdh and vcrD2. Conclusion ST3 is the main epidemic group of VP in Dalian, Liaoning Province, which is widely distributed and has a high proportion of virulence genes. Speical attention should be paid to the risk of drug resistance transmission of ST3. This study provides a molecular epidemiological basis for the prevention and control of VP.