Objective To analyze the food safety situation of edible oils, fats, and their products in China from 2019 to 2023. Methods Sampling results of edible oils, fats, and their products from the national safety supervision from 2019 to 2023 were summarized, and their overall, unqualified items and other information were analyzed. Results The results showed that the overall unqualified rate of edible oils, fats and their products showed a downward trend from 2019 to 2023; unqualified products were mainly produced in Xinjiang, Jilin, Anhui, Hubei, Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi and other regions; rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, and soybean oil were the main unqualified edible oil varieties in the sampling inspection from 2019 to 2023; the detected unqualified items mainly include benzo [a] pyrene, acid value (calculated as KOH), peroxide value, and solvent residue. Conclusion The governments and relevant departments in Xinjiang, Jilin, Anhui and other provinces with high disqualification rates shall strengthen source control, promote large-scale planting and standardized storage, upgrade production technology and supervision, strengthen sampling inspection and traceability mechanism, strengthen market supervision on production, processing and transportation, and improve the traceability system of edible oil, fat and its products, strictly follow the production process standards, store reasonably, and improve the quality of edible oil; strengthen the sampling inspection of products with high unqualified rates, such as rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, etc.

Objective To explore the effects of nine steaming and nine processing methods on the characteristics, microstructure, and effective components of Polygonatum sibiricum, and provide relevant basis for the processing technology of Polygonatum sibiricum. Methods Jiuhuangjing was prepared using the nine steaming and nine preparation method, and its characteristics, microstructure, and active ingredients were evaluated as quality control indicators for evaluation. Results After six steaming and six processing, the appearance of Polygonatum sibiricum basically meets the requirements of the Chinese pharmacopoeia. The surface of Polygonatum sibiricum after nine steaming and nine processing was black, oily, and smooth, with a uniform and glossy color. The interior was black with red inside and black inside, with a honeycomb like structure. The structure of calcium oxalate was broken, the content of polysaccharides and the water-soluble components were reduced, and the alcohol soluble components were increased. This suggested that after nine steaming and nine processing, the irritants of Polygonatum sibiricum gradually decrease, the polysaccharides undergo hydrolysis, and gradually decompose into monosaccharides, and the taste changes from sour to sweet without a tingling sensation. Conclusion This experiment establishes a scoring standard for the characteristics of nine steamed and nine processed Polygonatum sibiricum, in order to provide a basis for the quality identification and construction of quality standards for nine steamed and nine processed Polygonatum sibiricum.

Objective To investigate the content of tea polyphenols, catechins, and caffeine in novel-tea beverages available on the market. Methods This study collected and analyzed total of 46 samples from 17 different brands in the market. These products were categorized and compared into 3 types: Novel-milk tea beverages, novel-blended tea beverages and novel-pure tea beverages. Results The findings revealed that the average volume of these was 566 mL per cup. Comparison of average prices of 3 different kinds of new tea drinks was as follows: Novel-milk tea beverages>novel-blended tea beverages>novel-pure tea beverages. In terms of chemical composition, the content of tea polyphenols, catechins, and caffeine in novel-milk tea beverages were significantly lower compared to those in novel-blended tea beverages and novel-pure tea beverages. Notably, the content of tea polyphenols and catechins were influenced by the type of tea base used in the novel-tea beverages. In this study, green tea bases were characterized by tea polyphenols content exceeding 1000 mg/kg and catechins content exceeding 400 mg/kg. Conclusion This research can enable consumers to understand the specifications, prices and tea component content of novel-tea beverages on the market, and also provide assistance for product research and development of novel-tea beverages.

As the cornerstone of the global food system, wheat flour, a derivative product of limited wheat in various countries, is not only an important component of human daily diet, but also a key element in maintaining global food security. However, in recent years, the frequent contamination of fungal toxins in wheat flour has become a major challenge in the field of food safety, posing a significant threat to food safety and human health. The main types of fungal toxins in wheat flour include deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin, zearalenone, etc. The contamination of deoxynivalenol is the most prominent, but there are certain differences in the relevant limit standards at home and abroad. This study aimed to comprehensively review the types and contamination status of major fungal toxins in wheat flour. By comparing relevant limit standards at home and abroad, it could be found that different countries and regions had different assessment and management strategies for food safety risks. Based on the analysis and discussion of the above content, a comprehensive prevention and control strategy is proposed, aiming to provide scientific guidance and technical support for the safe production, processing, and consumption of wheat flour.

Objective To analyze the characteristics and differences of volatile components in Wuliangye liquor based on non targeted metabonomics technology. Methods The characteristics and differences of volatile components of 5 series of liquor including Wuliangye, Wuliangye alcohol, Wuliangchun, Wuliangtequ and Wuliangtouqu liquor was analyzed by non targeted metabonomics technology. Results A total of 900 kinds of compounds were detected in 5 series of liquor, including 26 kinds of amines, 86 kinds of alcohols, 51 kinds of aromatics, 18 kinds of phenols, 11 kinds of nitrogenous compounds, 11 kinds of sulfur compounds, 3 kinds of halogenated hydrocarbons, 4 kinds of ethers, 47 kinds of aldehydes, 28 kinds of acids, 143 kinds of terpenes, 78 kinds of hydrocarbons, 79 kinds of ketones, 139 kinds of heterocyclic compounds, 172 kinds of esters, and 4 kinds of others. The number and composition of compounds detected in different Wuliangye liquor were different. The number of compounds with significant differences in Wuliangye was significantly higher than that in Wuliangye alcohol, Wuliangchun, Wuliangtequ and Wuliangtouqu. Conclusion The difference of composition and content in different Wuliangye series liquor is an important factor reflecting the quality of liquor. Non targeted metabonomics technology has good application in the analysis and identification of liquor characteristic components, providing reliable data support for scientific differentiation of Wuliangye series liquor.

Objective To analyze the contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products in the Dalian Region and assess the acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON to the consuming population. Methods From 2019 to 2023, 287 samples of Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products were collected from Dalian. DON levels were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Combined with the 2018 Dalian City dietary consumption survey data, acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON were assessed in different age groups using point estimation and simple distribution methods. Results DON was detected in 77.0% of the Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products, with a 3.5% over-standard rate. The average DON level was 263.62 µg/kg. Acute exposure assessment indicated that DON exposure levels in all age groups did not exceed the acute reference dose. Chronic exposure assessment revealed that 3.85%, 7.30%, 1.44%, and 0.12% of consuming populations in the 3-5, 6-10, 11-17 and 18-64 age groups, exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, respectively. Triticum and its products were the primary dietary sources of DON exposure for all age groups. Conclusion DON contamination is prevalent in Triticum, Zea mays and their products in Dalian City. Acute dietary exposure of DON does not exceed the threshold values. However, chronic exposure risks are shown in low age groups. Enhanced monitoring of DON contamination in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products is recommended, along with a focus on the health risks for high-risk populations.

Sulforaphane and sulforaphene, as 2 kinds of naturally occurring bioactive compounds belonging to the same class of isothiocyanates, are widely distributed in cruciferous plants. They not only exhibit highly similar structural characteristics but also share multiple biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-obesity effects. In recent years, groundbreaking research has been conducted on their metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Initially, the conversion mechanisms of their glucosinolate precursors within plants are elucidated, followed by a systematic investigation of their in vivo metabolic pathways, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties. Moreover, organ and tissue distribution studies have facilitated the construction of their metabolic maps. Notably, while sulforaphane has garnered increasing scientific attention, its structurally similar counterpart, sulforaphene, has yet to attract comparable research interest. Currently, there remains a significant gap in the systematic metabolic studies of isothiocyanate compounds within the domestic academic community, particularly concerning comprehensive reviews on metabolic pathways and key biomarkers. This study integrated cutting-edge international research and systematically delineated the metabolic regulatory networks of sulforaphane and sulforaphene. By providing theoretical support for dietary development and clinical translation, it also proposes innovative research strategies to address the research bottlenecks of sulforaphene, aiming to drive breakthrough advancements in this field.

Objective Microorganisms are significant factors affecting food safety. Contamination of food by microorganisms can lead to spoilage and deterioration, resulting in substantial economic losses. Moreover, many microorganisms possess pathogenicity, and the toxins they secrete are the main cause of foodborne diseases. Therefore, microbiological testing of food has important sanitary and social significance. With the development of the food industry, traditional plate separation methods, due to their long detection times and complex operations, are increasingly unable to meet the current demand for rapid testing. microbiological test tablets are a new type of detection tool, with the advantages of easy operation, no need for culture medium preparation, and space-saving in detection. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies on test tablets for different microorganisms. This article organizes these studies, thoroughly combs the composition and principles of test tablets, analyzes their advantages and existing problems, and has certain theoretical value and practical guidance significance. It is hoped to provide some ideas for the research of microbiological test tablets.

Objective To screen risk markers in the storage process of pork using ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) combined with chemometrics. Methods After sample pretreatment, UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS was employed to detect metabolites in pork, obtaining high precision chromatographic and mass spectrometric data. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for dimensionality reduction to explore the distribution characteristics among samples. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was then used to screen differential metabolites with a variable importance factor (VIP)>1.0. The statistical significance of the differences was further evaluated using T-tests (P<0.05), and the final key metabolites were confirmed by combining fold change analysis (fold change, FC>2 or FC<0.5). Results PCA revealed that storage temperature significantly influenced metabolite distribution in different pork cuts (loin, belly, and ham), with samples under different temperatures showing clear separation in the principal component space (total variance R²=0.861, predictive ability Q²=0.478). The OPLS-DA model further optimized the separation of intergroup differences (R²=0.811, Q²=0.653), making the impact of storage temperature on metabolite abundance and type more evident. The R² and Q² values of the real model were significantly higher than those of the permutation model, confirming the reliability of the analysis. Through screening conditions (VIP>1, P<0.05, FC>2 or FC<0.5) and structural verification, N-acetylputrescine and 6-methylquinoline were identified as risk markers. Conclusion UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS combined with chemometrics effectively screens risk markers in pork during storage.

Silicon is an essential trace element for the human body and generally exists in mineral water in the form of metasilicic acid. The accurate detection of metasilicic acid, a crucial boundary indicator for natural mineral water, is essential for determining compliance within quality standards. The GB 8538—2022 China national food safety standard—Testing methods for natural mineral drinking water specifies 2 kinds of spectrophotometric techniques, the silicomolybdic yellow method and the silicomolybdic blue method, for the detection of metasilicic acid. However, due to factors such as the stability of colorimetric solutions in spectroscopic analysis and differences in absorption wavelengths, the application of these 2 kinds of methods in metasilicic acid detection still presents issues that require further improvement. Researchers have also reported a number of determination methods for metasilicic acid based on different technologies, such as flow injection (FI), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ion chromatography (IC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This article compared the advantages and existing problems of these methods, so as to provide references for the improvement of existing methods and the development of new methods for metasilicic acid determination.