Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is widely distributed in plant genomes, which is one of the most abundant form of DNA variation. The molecular markers based on single nucleotide polymorphism are considered to be of great application prospect. Penta-primer amplification re-fractory mutation system (PARMS) is a kind of new genotyping system based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) which has the advantages of high throughput, high accuracy, low cost and short time consuming. The establishment of the PARMS system of pineapple is significant in germplasm identification, gene mapping and marker-assisted selection of pineapple. In this study, three germplasms of significant difference in phenotypes were used as the materials. A specific primer SNP31 was designed based on the resequencing data of 130 germplasm resources. The result revealed SNP31 could effectively group the pineapple germplasm resources, and be used for the subsequent optimization of the system. Reaction volume,primer concentration, method of DNA extracting and template DNA amount were optimized. The results showed that reaction volume, primer concentration and template DNA amount could affect the fluorescence signal value of the genotype signal point. The fluorescence signal value of genotypic signal point decreased when the reaction volume was larger or smaller. The optimal reaction volume was 6 μL. When the concentration of primer and template DNA increased, the fluorescence signal value of genotype signal point increased. The optimal concentration of primer and template DNA was 100 μmol/L and 25 ng/μL, respectively. In addition, different methods of genomic DNA extraction could group well the PARMS-SNP for the three germplasms of pineapple. The optimal PARMS reaction system was as follows:total volume 6 μL, containing 1 μL template DNA (25 ng), 3 μL PARMS mix (2×), 0.45 μL primer mix (100 μmol/L) and 1.55 μL ddH₂O. With the optimal PARMS reaction system, high quality results of PARMS-SNP genotyping was produced on sixty-five pineapple germplasm resources, which indicated that the reaction system was accurate and stable. The establishment of the optimized PARMS genotyping system could provide a basis for the genetic diversity analysis, genetic linkage map construction, gene mapping and marker-assisted selection of pineapple in this study.

Pokkah boeng disease (PBD) caused by Fusarium complex is one of the major diseases in sugarcane with great impact on the sugarcane industry worldwide. F. sacchari is the prevalent species responsible for PBD in Guangxi. Albeit of a long history of study on the disease, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of the pathogen are still far from clear. To tackle this challenge, we generated an insertional mutant library by transformation of the conidial spores from F. sacchari strain FF001 via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT). A total of 3018 hygromycin B-resistant transformants were obtained. Among 12 transformants randomly selected, nine out of 12 transformants carried a single copy of T-DNA, as verified by PCR and Southern blot analysis. The mutants were further screened for virulence variation on detached leaves and 30 mutants with obvious changes in virulence were obtained, including 21 mutants with significantly attenuated and 9 mutants with enhanced virulence. The sites of insertion were determined by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR) and sequence alignment to the genome sequence of F. sacchari. The majority of the insertions were found in coding regions or promotor regions, with a few in terminator or intergenic regions. It was observed that a few insertions were accompanied with genome fragment deletion, resulting in more than one genes being disrupted in a single insertion. Among the 22 mutated genes with annotated functions were those encoding alpha-mannosidase, neutral amino acid permease, oligomeric Golgi complex component 4, oligopeptide transporter 2, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase, carbonic anhydrase, Bud 10 protein, kinesin-related protein bimC, zinc finger protein ASD 4, transcription initiation factor TFIID, cutinase G-box binding protein, acriflavine sensitivity control protein ACR-2, nuclear VCP-like protein, heat shock protein 30, thioredoxin, type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C), exoribonuclease, selenoprotein, DNA polymerase eta, survival factor 1, and aldehyde dehydrogenase, several of which, such as zinc finger protein ASD4 in Magnaporthe oryzae, cutinase G-box binding protein in Ustilaginoidea virens, oligopeptide transporter in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, PP2C in Fusarium oxysporum, have been implicated as pathogenicity genes. The availability of the diversified pathogenic mutants lay a new foundation for further study on the molecular pathogenic mechanisms of F. sacchari.

Agave spp. is main resource of hard fiber. Zebra disease, caused by the pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae, is one of the most devastating sisal oomycete diseases. RXLR effector proteins are important cytoplasmic effectors of oomycete and more than 300 RXLR effector genes were identified in the genomes of P. nicotianae. RXLR effectors have the ability to manipulate or suppress host immunity by directly binding host proteins. A typical RXLR effector (named PnRXLR5863) that induced programmed cell death (PCD) was identified from P. nicotianae, but the targets in Agave were still unknown. This study aims to obtain the host plant proteins that are interacting with PnRXLR5863 in A. hybrid No.11648. A normalized cDNA library was constructed by combining Switching Mechanism at 5′ end of RNA Transcript (SMART) and Duplex-Specific Nuclease (DSN) technology. The capacity of cDNA library was 5.32×10⁷ CFU/ml, the independent clones was 1.064×10⁸ CFU, and the lengths of inserts ranged from 0.5 kb to 3.0 kb, with the recombination rate of 100%. A total of 23 proteins interacting with PnRXLR5863 were obtained by sequencing and homology analysis. Some of target proteins involve several physiological events, such as ubiquitination, protein synthesis, protein translation and protein translation, suggesting that PnRXLR5863 effector may act on protein metabolism of Agave spp. This research would lay a foundation for further study of the pathogenic mechanism of PnRXLR5863.

Macadamia nuts contain abundant source of unsaturated fat acid (UFA), but the molecular mechanism of biosynthesis of UFA remains to be further analyzed. Stearoyl acyl-carrier- protein desaturase catalyses the insertion of a double bond into saturated fatty acid bound in saturated acyl chains bound to ACP in higher plant, which is the key enzyme in unsaturated fatty acid biological synthesis pathway. The Macadamia intergrifolia plant as research object, the full-length gDNA and cDNA of SAD gene encoding stearoyl acyl-carrier- protein desaturase were isolated from M. integrifolia using PCR technique. The structure, function and expression pattern of MiSAD were preliminarily studied. The gDNA of SAD was 6947 bp and contained 3 exons and 2 introns. The open reading frame was 1191 bp and encoded 396 amino acids which was highly consistent with the public MtSAD sequence, and SAD was a water soluble enzyme with a total predicted molecular mass of 45.22 kDa and isoelectric point (pI) 5.93 located in chloroplast or plasmids stroma. The amino acid sequences of SAD involved in active site showed highly conserved and significant difference in N-end and C-end. The highly conserved region contained 2 central motifs of E-X-X-H iron atoms which formed the active site of this enzyme. The α-helix and random curl were predominate in the secondary structure. The helix-turning-helix was found in the prediction of tertiary structure for formation of fatty acyl chain binding site. Derived amino acid sequence showed the highest homology 94.2% with Telopea speciosissima, and the homology is above 80%in other species of SAD, close to Nelumbo nucifera in phylogentic tree. The SAD gene expression trends were basically identical by qRT-PCR. The SAD expression were found in root, stem, leaf, flower and macadamia nut, and the highest level was in nut. The expression of SAD gene increased about 90days after and reached the highest level at 100 days, then declined gradually in the following days during the macadamia nut maturation and presenting a normal distribution trend. This study would build a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of MiSAD in biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid in macadamia.

Codon bias is an important factor affecting gene expression, and it is also one of the key clues to reflect gene evolution. Orchidaceae plants are the "flagship" group in plant protection, and most species have medicinal and ornamental values, but seeds are not easy to germinate. ABI3 (abscisic acid insensitive 3) gene is the central regulator of ABA signal transduction, involved in seed development and dormancy processes, and is the key factor to regulate plant seed germination. Therefore, in-depth study of codon bias of orchid ABI3 gene can lay a foundation for analyzing the function of the gene and optimizing the codon composition. Using Arabidopsis thaliana ABI3 gene as a probe, 45 Orchidaceae ABI3 genes were screened from the public database (NCBI), and the codon use patterns and preferences were analyzed by bioinformatics programs such as CodonW, SPSS and MEGA. The ENC (effective number of codon) value of the genes ranged from 40.84 to 58.46, of which 82.2% was greater than 52. The average value of CAI (codon adaptation index) was 0.203, far less than 1, indicating that the codon usage bias of ABI3 gene was relatively weak. Neutral plot analysis showed that the slope of the regression curve between GC₁₂ and GC₃ was 0.6103, R²=0.7928 (P<0.05), indicating that the base composition has an important influence on codon bias. In ENC plot analysis, the ENC value of all genes was lower than the expected value, but the difference was small, indicating that the codon of orchid ABI3 gene is mainly affected by base mutation and other factors such as selection pressure. Parity preference analysis showed that most genes were distributed in the right region of the plan, and the use frequency of A/T (U) at codon 3 was higher than that of G/C. Through RSCU and ΔRSCU analysis, 26 optimal codons were identified, including 14 codons ending in A/T (U) and 10 codons ending in T (U), indicating that ABI3 gene of orchid plants relatively prefers to use codons ending in A/T (U), especially codons ending in T (U), which is different from that of most monocotyledonous plants. This study may provide a theoretical basis for the phylogenetic and functional elucidation of ABI3 genes in Orchidaceae and for improving ABI3 gene expression efficiency, as well as facilitating codon biology in plants and the improvement of exogenous genes.

In order to assess the breeding value of HoCP series sugarcane germplasms introduced from USA, 12 HoCP sugarcane clones (HoCP00-1142, HoCP01-517, HoCP01-564, HoCP02-610, HoCP02-623, HoCP03-704, HoCP03-708, HoCP03-716, HoCP05-902, HoCP07-613, HoCP07-617 and HoCP92-648) were used as core parents in 73 sugarcane cross combinations. The effect on combining ability, economic breeding values of height, diameter, effective stem number, sugar content and cane yield for the 11 HoCP sugarcane parents and 73 F₁ population were estimated using the family test method. Significant differences were found for height among HoCP males and cross combinations, whereas no significant differences were detected for height among HoCP females, suggesting that the plant height was affected by only male and cross combination. For the stem diameter, effective stem number, sugar content and cane yield, there were significant differences existed among different HoCP female, male and cross combination, indicating that the four characters were affected by female, male and cross combination. Among the 12 clones, the highest general combining ability for height, diameter, effective stem number, sugar content and cane yield appeared in HoCP03-704, HoCP02-623, HoCP02-610, HoCP07-617, and HoCP92-648 as female, respectively, while HoCP03-704, HoCP02-623, HoCP07-617, HoCP03-708 and HoCP02-623 as male possessed the highest general combining ability for height, diameter, effective stem number, sugar content and cane yield, respectively. The better economy breeding value (EBV) and general combining ability (GCA) in cane yield and sugar content were detected in HoCP02-623, HoCP03-708 and HoCP92-648 as the female, and HoCP01-517and HoCP07-617 as the male, which indicated that the clones could be used as excellent female and male with high-yield and hight-sugar, respectively. Among the 73 cross combinations, the highest special combining ability for height, diameter, effective stem number, sugar content and cane yield appeared in HoCP03-704×'Neijiang 03-218', 'Yuetang 00-236'×HoCP00-1142, 'Yacheng 07-71'×HoCP05-902, 'Yuetang 00-236'×HoCP03-708, HoCP01-564×'Guitang 92-66', respectively. A total of 38 cross combinations showed possitive EBV. The combinations 'Yuetang 94-128'×HoCP01-517, HoCP01-564×'Guitang 92-66', 'Guitang 02-467'×HoCP01-564 had better special combining ability in cane yield, sugar content and EBV than the others, which could be considered as the most important productive families in future breeding program. However, HoCP03-716×'Funong 02-6404', 'Yuetang 99-66'×HoCP01-564 and 'Yuenong 73-204'×HoCP01-564 showed lower special combining ability in five characters and lower EBV than other combinations, suggesting that the combinations did not suit for using as productive families in future breeding program. Therefore, the results would provide helpful information for using HoCP sugarcane parents in cross combination.

Tribe Vandeae belongs to Orchidaceae and is distributed at low altitudes in southern and southeastern Tibet. Due to the limited transportation conditions in the past, understanding of tribe Vandeae species in Tibet was poor. We reporte a less known species of orchids from China: Papilionanthe uniflora (Lindl.) Garay. It was originally only recorded in the Flora of Tibet, but was not included in the Flora of China due to the lack of important features such as flowers. This article provides detailed information about the anatomy of this species for future supplement and revision. The following 12 new recorded species are reported in Tibet: Aerides rosea Lodd. ex Lindl. & Paxton, Cleisostoma aspersum (Rchb. f.) Garay, Cleisostoma linearilobatum (Seidenf. & Smitin.) Garay, Cleisostoma racemiferum (Lindl.) Garay, Cleisostoma simondii (Gagnep.) Seidenf., Gastrochilus affinis (King & Pantl.) Schltr., Gastrochilus prionophyllus H. Jiang, D. P. Ye & Q. Liu, Gastrochilus pseudodistichus (King et Pantl.) Schltr., Phalaenopsis lobbii (Rchb. f.) H. R. Sweet, Taeniophyllum glandulosum Blume, Uncifera obtusifolia Lindl. and Vanda concolor Blume, Uncifera Lindl. is a new recorded genus in Tibet. We providedetailed descriptions of morphological identification and pictures. Mos Vandeae species have important ornamental value, such as Phalaenopsis and Vanda. The findings not only expand orchid resources in Tibet, but also provide basic information for the utilization of ornamental orchids in Tibet.

Exocarpium Citrus Grandis (ECG) is a medicinal plant of Citrus in Rutaceae. It is a medicine that has great effects. To distinguish the 'Zhengmao' and 'Non-zhengmao' germlplasms, 13ECG germplasms were selected, including 'Zhengmao' germplasms ('Dahe huangrong', 'Dahe miye', 'Pingding huangrong', 'Pingding miye', 'Pingding hongrou', 'Shanche zhengmao' and 'Shiwan zhengmao') and 'Non Zhengmao' germplasms ('Shanche fengwei', 'Shanche fumao', 'Shanche jiaxiyang', 'Shanche guangqing', 'Pingding jinqiandu', 'Pingding shishengli'). The botanical morphological traits were measured, active substances were analyzed, and molecular markers were carried by the ISSR and SRAP for distinguishing analysis. There were significant differences in length of leaf, leaf shape index, L^*, a^* and b^*. The leaves of 'Zhengmao' germplasms were slenderer than those of 'Non-zhengmao', the whole leaf was whiter, greener and yellower. There were significant differences in fruit shape and the fruit shape index between 'Zhengmao' germplasms and 'Non-Zhengmao' germplasms. The content of rhubarb glycoside in most 'Zhengmao' germplasms was higher than that of 'Non-zhengmao' samples, except the 'Shanche fumao'. The content of alcohol soluble extract was also significantly different between the germplasms. The clustering results of ISSR and SRAP showed that when the genetic distance of the two molecular markers was 15 cM, the 13 germplasms could be divided into one 'Zhengmao' and three 'Non Zhengmao' groups. The correlation analysis between germplasm botany and medicinal components showed that, when P<0.05, only the fruit shape and fruit shape index were significantly correlated with the content of wild rhubarb glycoside and naringin, the water-soluble extract was significantly positively correlated with L^*. To conclude, when combined with the three identification results, the molecular marker is the most reliable to distinguish the germplasm of ECG, the plant morphology (petal length, fruit shape and fruit shape index) or medicinal components (content of wild rhubarb glycoside and alcohol extract) can also distinguish these germplasm to a certain extent.

In order to understand the characteristics of the wild seed plant system in Nanning and provide a scientific basis for the conservation and rational development and utilization of biodiversity in the region, the author investigated and analyzed its plant resources, compiled a list of wild seed plants in Nanning using statistical methods of literature collection, line survey and sample survey, judged their affinities with 15 neighboring areas using cluster analysis and principal component analysis, and analyzed their systemic characteristics, the results show that: there are 3574 species of wild seed plants in 197 families and 1114 genera in the region, 24 species of 14 genera in 8 families of gymnosperms and 3552 species of 1100 genera in 189 families of angiosperms. The ratio of the number of seed plant families, genera and species in Guangxi is 77.87%, 60.02% and 42.90% respectively, indicating that the wild seed plants in Nanning are rich and diverse. The ratio of large families is 27.41%, and the number of species contained is 78.44%, which is the main component of the system. Monospecific and oligospecific genera accounted for 85.28% of the total number of genera, but the number of species contained in medium and multiple genera accounted for 51.65% of the total number of species, indicating that the family is rich in species but less differentiated. There are 14 genus-level distribution area types in the region, with rich and complex geographical components, among which tropical components account for 69.55% of the total number of genera and temperate components account for 22.16%, showing obvious tropical attributes and some temperate attributes. 223 rare and endangered plants in the region, rich in species, including Orchidaceae, Camellia petelotii and other endemic plant species, the regional characteristics of Guangxi plants are obvious, and the protection value is high. The system belongs to the Beibu Gulf region and the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi region, and its R/T value (3.08) is in the middle compared with the neighboring regions, similar to the R/T value (2.32) of the six counties on the border of Qian-Guizhou, and the largest difference from the R/T value (8.80) of the coastal zone of Beibu Gulf, and the R/T value is negatively correlated with latitude. In terms of genus-level phytogeographic composition, Nanning was the most similar and closely related to Hainan and Xichu, and the most distant from Murray. Overall, the wild seed flora of Nanning is rich in species, ancient in relics, with more rare and endangered plants, showing a tropical and subtropical transitional nature, reflecting the characteristics of the Beibu Gulf and Yunnan-Guizhou-Guizhou flora.

Laticifer cells present in aging calli of Hevea brasiliensis. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and jasmonic acid (JA) belong to jasmonates (JAs). However, the effect of MeJA on laticifer cell differentiation of the rubber tree anther calli is unclear. In the present paper, the effect of MeJA on laticifer cell differentiation of anther calli was systematically studied. MeJA added to media in the range of 0-1 mg/L did not influence the growth of anther calli, while higher concentration of MeJA in media in the range of 2-3 mg/L severely inhibited callus growth. MeJA concentration in media was negatively correlated with callus growth. Histochemical sections showed that low concentration of MeJA in media greatly promoted the differentiation of callus laticifer cells and remarkably increased the occurring frequency, while high concentration of MeJA in media gravely impeded callus laticifer cell differentiation and strikingly decreased the occurring frequency. Among them, 1 mg/L MeJA in media was the optimal concentration to improve the differentiation of laticifer cells in calli. qPCR results showed that when the media were supplemented with MeJA, the change trend of the expression level of genes that was essential in latex biosynthesis, such as small rubber particle protein (SRPP), rubber elongation factor (REF), and cis-prenyl transferase (CPT), was basically consistent with that of the occurring frequency of callus laticifer cells, which further confirmed that MeJA promoted the differentiation of callus laticifer cells. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that callus laticifer cells contained some specific organelles, such as rubber particles and lutoids. The results of this paper are of great significance for promoting the application of rubber tree callus in the study of laticifer differentiation, and for developing rubber tree novel yield-increasing reagents.

Dendrobium is a class of ornamental plants native to tropical regions, suitable for cultivation in high temperature and high humidity environment, and susceptible to low temperature stress. To investigate the physiological response and cold tolerance of Dendrobium to low temperature stress, Dendrobium 'Sonia Hiasakul' mature (SH) were treated in temperature 15 ℃, 10 ℃ and 5 ℃ for 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and the physiological indexes and morphological changes of SH were surveyed 1 d, 2 d, 4 d, 8 d and 16 d after. The changes of physiological indexes included soluble protein, soluble sugar, free proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), chlorophyll content, electrical conductivity and the defoliation rate of the treated plants. Based on the relative conductivity of different temperature treatments, a Logistic equation was fitted to calculate the half-lethal temperature (LT₅₀) of SH, and a correlation analysis between the half-lethal temperature at low temperature (LT₅₀) and the physiological indexes of cold resistance was conducted, with the aim to investigate the morphological and physiological response characteristics of SH under different low temperature environment and to understand the pattern of its growth and development. The electrical conductivity, free proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the defoliation rate of SH increased significantly with the extension of the stress time and the soluble protein and soluble sugar content fluctuated continuously, in a state of rising, falling, then rising again. The chlorophyll content decreased gradually, reaching the lowest 0.2534 mg/g treated at 5 ℃ for 16 d. Correlation analysis revealed that the free proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), defoliation rate and semi-lethal temperature were all highly significantly correlated and chlorophyll content and semi-lethal temperature were significantly correlated, and it was speculated that the content of the physiological indicators was related to the cold resistance characteristics of SH. The study would provide a theoretical basis for determining the cold tolerance identification index and dealing with cold damage in SH, and lay a foundation for further research on the resistance of Dendrobium hybrids to low temperature damage.

Soil salinization is one of the important factors limiting crop growth. Cultivating new salt-tolerant rice varieties is of great significance to expand rice planting area. In order to explore the change trend of growth and physiology of different varieties of rice seedlings and clarify the salt tolerance of different rice varieties at seedling stage, five rice varieties were used as the experimental materials. The effects of different concentrations of NaCl (0 mmol/L, 70 mmol/L, 140 mmol/L) on the growth and related physiological indexes were studied at rice seedlings using hydroponic method. The principal component analysis and membership function method were used to comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance of five rice seedlings. The results showed that under salt stress, salt inhibited the root length, root surface area, root volume, root tip number and root mean diameter of all rice varieties in general. The root growth index values of 'HH11' and 'Nipponbare' changed little. The root length, root volume, root surface area and root tip number of '9311' and 'JX99' were significantly inhibited. The average root tip number of 'HD961' was the largest among the five rice varieties. With the increase of NaCl concentration, the plant height and root activity of each variety showed a gradual downward trend, and the total chlorophyll content, relative conductivity, MDA content, proline content and Na⁺/K⁺ of root showed an overall upward trend, and the root Na⁺ and K⁺ contents showed a trend of first increase and then decrease. Among them, the relative electrical conductivity and proline content of '9311' and 'JX99' increased the most, the MDA and root Na⁺/K⁺ of 'Nipponbare' and 'HH11' increased the least, the plant height of Nipponbare decreased the least, and the root activity of 'HH11' decreased the least under salt stress. Principal component analysis showed that three independent comprehensive indexes explained 94.23% of the changes of 16 single indexes under salt stress. Among them, root length, root volume, root tip number, total chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde content and electrical conductivity could be used as the main factors to evaluate salt tolerance at seedling stage, and K⁺, Na⁺/K⁺ and plant height could be used as the secondary factors to evaluate salt tolerance at seedling stage. The results of membership function analysis showed that the salt tolerance of the five rice varieties from strong to weak was 'HH11'>'HD961'>'Nipponbare'>'9311'>'JX99'.

The leaf functional properties and eco stoichiometric characteristics of seven greening shrubs in the split green belt of University East Road in Nanning were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the selection and allocation of urban road greening plants and the construction of urban ecological engineering in similar environments. The average value of leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), dry matter content (LDMC), leaf water content (LWC) and chlorophyll content (Chl) of the seven shrubs was 15.68 cm², 136.33 cm²/g, 0.24 g/g, 76.42 % and 9.36 mg/g respectively. The average value of N, P, K, N∶P, N∶K and K∶P in the leaves was 21.23 mg/g, 0.39 mg/g, 9.37 mg/g, 55.48, 2.28 and 25.14 respectively. There were significant differences in leaf functional traits and eco stoichiometry among different shrub species. Correlation analysis showed that N, N∶P and N∶K in the leaves were significantly positively correlated with SLA and CHL, and P in the leaves was significantly positively correlated with LWC. In addition, K in the leaves was significantly positively correlated with LWC. Through redundancy analysis, it was found that the first and second ranking axes jointly explained 93.51% of the total variation of leaf eco stoichiometric characteristics. Among them, SLA, LWC and Chl were the leaf functional trait factors that have a significant impact on leaf eco stoichiometry. Principal component comprehensive analysis showed that the growth status and resource utilization efficiency of Forsythia suspensa, Hibiscus rosasinensis L. and Pittosporum pentandrum var. formosanum were better. In addition, the shrubs have better adaptability to the environment of the study area, so they are suitable to be used as important tree species for urban landscape planning.

In order to improve the technological process of industrial tissue culture speed propagation of Curcuma alismatifolia 'Majeo Impress Red', and provide a reference for the large-scale production, we used different organs as the explants to study the bud multiplication, proliferation, rooting culture and transplanting. Six different explants including corm, storage root, corm shoot, lateral bud, flower bud and tender leaves were employed in this study. Based on the MS medium with different concentration of 6-BA and NAA, the process of tissue culture speed propagation was optimized. The best explants were corm shoot and lateral bud. The best medium for induction culture was MS + 6-BA 3 mg/L +NAA 0.1 mg/L + sucrose 30 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. The best medium for proliferation was MS + 6-BA 3 mg/L +NAA 0.1 mg/L + sucrose 30 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. The best medium for rooting was 1/2 MS + NAA 0.1 mg/L +sucrose 20 g/L + carrageenans 7 g/L. When the seedlings were pluged in tray and transplanted in flowerpot, the optimum medium was tiny peat∶tiny coco coir = 1∶1 and the survival rate was over 95%. Eight EST-SSR markers were employed to amplified the maternal parent and 20 randomly selected tissue culture seedlings, which supported the obsence of DNA-level variations. We screened the most appropriate explants and culture medium for C. alismatifolia 'Majeo Impress Red', optimized the technological process and set up a technical system of industrial tissue culture speed propagation.

To clarify the adaptability of Oligonychus biharensis in different main rubber varieties, the development and reproduction of O. biharensis in six rubber varieties, 'Reyan 73397' 'Reyan 72059' 'Reken 628' 'Dafeng 95' 'PR107' and 'RRIM600' were observed by biological methods, and the experimental population life table was established. Different rubber varieties had significant effects on the development and reproduction of O. biharensis. The whole generation duration of O. biharensis was the shortest in 'RRIM600' and the longest in 'PR107', which was 11.40 d and 12.07 d, respectively. The survival rate of all mite stage was the highest after feeding on 'Reken 628', which was 100%. The value was 75% when feeding on 'PR107'. The longevity of female O. biharensis mites was prolonged and O. biharensis had large number of fecundity per female when feeding on 'Reken 628' and 'RRIM600', which wase 12.23 d and 28.66 eggs, 10.31 d and 29.56 eggs, respectively. There was no significant difference in the sex ratio of F₁ generation of O. biharensis on different rubber varieties. According to the parameters of population life table, the net reproductive rate of O. biharensis was the largest in 'RRIM600' and 'Reken 628', which was 29.570 and 28.640, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase of O. biharensis were the lowest in 'PR107', which was 0.257 and 1.292. The mean generation time and double population time were the longest in 'PR107', which was 9.539 and 2.702, respectively. In a comprehensive view, it showed that O. biharensis had a good adaptability when feeding on 'RRIM600' and 'Reken 628', while it went against the population growth of O. biharensis in 'PR107'.

In order to screen healthy and excellent introduced sugarcane germplasm, enrich sugarcane hybrid parent resources and obtain excellent sugarcane varieties with direct popularization and application value, 41 foreign sugarcane germplasm materials from France, United States, Barbados, Belize, Jamaica, Romania, Guyana and other countries introduced through Visacane, CIRAD, France, responsible for introduction, export and quarantine of sugarcane germplasm from different countries, were planted in quarantine house for two sugarcane growth cycles. During the period, the quarantine disease such as sugarcane white stripe disease, Fiji disease and gummosis disease were monitored. After qualified quarantine, the natural disease occurrence, agronomic traits, cane yield and sugar content were investigated in field experiment. The 41 introduced foreign sugarcane germplasm entries had quarantine diseases and pests. In the field natural disease test, there were nine sugarcane germplasms B03-224, B03-876, FG08-057, FG08-757, FG09-128, FG09-331, FG09-367, FG09-538 and FR89-746 with good disease resistance, which could be used as disease resistant parents. Eight high sugar germplasms with high sugar content, B03-224, BBZ88-343, BJ99-32, BR08-004, CP04-1844, CP05-1526, FG06-691 and FG09-367, were evaluated as 1 grade, which could be used as high sugar parent. Five high-yield germplasms with high yield, BZ93-855, CP00-1446, FG09-124, FG09-346 and FR90-881, were evaluated as grade 1 and could be used as high-yield parents. Eleven germplasms, B03-224, BBZ93-855, BJ99-106, CP00-1446, CP05-1526, FG04-333, FG06-691, FG07-338, FG09-124, FG09-128 and FG09-367, with high-yield and excellent agronomic characters, entered the next round of comparative test to continue screening. In order to select sugarcane germplasms with high yield, high sugar and disease resistance that can adapt to the ecological environment of Guangxi for direct planting, four with excellent comprehensive performance, B03-224, FG09-128, FG09-367 and CP05-1526, were selected for the further variety comparison test. All sugarcane germplasms were kept in Nanning Sugarcane Germplasm Resources Nursery and Sanya Sugarcane Cross Breeding Base of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences for further evaluation of drought resistance, cold resistance, and subsequent cross utilization. This study could provide reference for the utilization of sugarcane germplasms introduced from abroad.

Rice blast is the major disease that threatens rice production in Fujian. Investigation of the variation of avrirulence genes (AVRs) in the field population of rice blast fungus could facilitate the release and rotation of the resistance varieties, and subsequently prevent the burst of rice blast disease caused by the loss of rice blast resistance. We firstly investigated the pathogenicity and genetic variation of a field population consisting of 113 Magnaporthe oryzae monoconidial strains isolated from three different major rice planting regions in Fujian province. For pathogenicity and virulence assays of the strains, spray inoculation was performed using 24 monogenic lines carrying 24 different major blast resistance genes. The results showed that the pathogenicity frequency of strains isolated from Jianyang, Ninghua and Shanghang were ranged from 12.50% to 95.83%, 29.17% to 100% and 4.55% to 86.36%, respectively. All strains showed strong pathogenicity toward the monogenic lines carrying Pik^s、Pib、Pi3 and Pi12, while strains isolated from Jianyang and Ninghua also showed strong pathogenicigy toward the monogenic lines carrying other 12 resistance genes, including Pia, Pii, Piz, Pita, Pit, Pis^h, Pi5, Pi7, Pi19, Pi20, Pita² and Pi11. To investigate the genetic variation of AVR genes in the above strains, we performed genotyping of 8 AVR genes: Avr-Pia, Avr-Pib, Avr-Pik, Avr-Piz-t, Avr-Pii, Avr-Pi9, Avr-Pi54, and Avr-Co39. As expected, Avr-Co39 was absent in all the strains, indicating that all the strains collected in the three regions of Fujian province did not carry the AVR gene. The frequency of Avr-Pib in the 113 strains was also very low (37.17%). However, the ratio was much higher than that of the functional Avr-Pib (4.32%), indicating some loss-of-function mutations of Avr-Pib in the Fujian field population. We compared the sequence of selected AVR genes amplified from some field isolates to the reference sequences, and found variation in the promoter region of Avr-Pib, as well as Avr-Pik and Avr-Piz-t. Besides, we also found mutations in the coding region of Avr-Pik and Avr-Pita amplified from some of the Fujian field isolates. Our results suggested that rice cultivars carrying Pi1, Piz⁵, Pi9, Pik, Pik^h and Pik^m still could be used in Fujian Province.

The invasive plant Mexican sunflower has strong allelopathy to weeds and could be used for weed control. However, the allelopathy of Mexican sunflower on Leptochloa chinensis has not been reported. In order to clarify the allelopathy of Mexican sunflower on L. chinensis and find the control technology of L. chinensis, the roots, stems and leaves of L. chinensis were extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, absolute ethyl alcohol and distilled water. The allelopathy of extracts on the germination and growth of seeds of Mexican sunflower and its effect on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were evaluated. GC-MS was used to identify the chemical constituents in the extract of Mexican sunflower. The results showed that the effect of extracts from different tissue parts on the germination rate of Mexican sunflower was in the order of leaf > stem > root. Ethyl acetate and absolute ethanol extracts from the roots, stems and leaves of Mexican sunflower had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of the seedlings. The ethyl acetate extract from the root, stem and leaf, and the absolute ethanol extract from the leaf and root could significantly inhibit the SOD activity; the absolute ethanol extract from the stem could obviously inhibit the CAT activity; the ethyl acetate extracts from stems and roots could significantly inhibit the POD activity. GC-MS detection showed that the extract of Mexican sunflower contained terpenoids, phenols, amides, esters and hydrocarbons, among which terpenoids (α-pinene and phytol) and phenols (2,5-diacetyl-6-hy droxybenzofuran) were higher. The results showed that the extracts from the roots, stems and leaves of Mexican sunflower had strong allelopathic effects on L. chinensis, α-pinene, phytol and 2,5-diacetyl-6-hydroxybenzofuran may be the potential active components of Mexican sunflower for allelopathy, which can be used for the control of L. chinensis.

In this study, the soluble dietary fiber of coffee peel and other five commercially available soluble dietary fibers obtained from soybean, inulin, jujube, oat, and celery were used as experimental materials. The particle size distribution, monosaccharide composition, microstructure, physico-chemical properties, and functional characteristics were compared analyzed. Results indicated that the particle size distribution of soluble dietary fiber in coffee peel was wider, and the homogeneity was relatively poorer than that of the other five soluble dietary fibers, but its monosaccharide composition was relatively rich, and a total of 10 kinds of monosaccharides were detected. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed different samples had similar spectral characteristics, but a slightly different intensity response of characteristic bands. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that the crystalline of soluble dietary fiber from coffee peel was lower (38.84%) than that of other samples, but exhibited excellent thermal stability. The solubility and oil holding capacity of soluble dietary fiber in coffee peel was 90.9% and (2.18±0.03)mg/g, respectively. The nitrite absorption capacity of soluble dietary fiber in coffee peel was 7.93 mg/g, which was significant higher that of the other samples. This study could provide theoretical basis for high value utilization and product development of coffee peel resource.

Passion fruit is an aromatic tropical fruit of the Passiflorat family Passiflora genus. The peel, accounting for 55% of the whole fresh fruit, is rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, anthocyanins, pectin and other active ingredients. The industrial utilization has high environmental value and commercial potential. To make full use of the waste passion fruit peel resources and improve the utilization rate of the active components of passion fruit peel, microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted and microbial fermentation technologies were used to successively extract the effective components such as pectin, anthocyanins and dietary fiber from passion fruit peel, and the process conditions of each stage of co-production were optimized by the response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions for pectin from passion fruit peel were liquid to solid ratio of 65∶1 (mL/g), pH 2.5, microwave power of 450 W, and microwave time of 5.0 min. The optimal extraction condition for anthocyanins from the residue after extracted pectin were ethanol concentration 50%, liquid to material ratio 60∶1 (mL/g), pH 3.5, ultrasonic power 550 W, ultrasonic time 35 min. The optimal extraction condition for dietary fiber from the residue after extracted pectin and anthocyanin was liquid to material ratio 12.5∶1 (mL/g), inoculum amount 5.0%, the fermentation temperature was 35 ℃, and the fermentation time was 20 h. Under the process condition, the yield of pectin, anthocyanin and dietary fiber in passion fruit peel was 12.45%±0.06%, 1.21%±0.03% and 55.56%±0.05%, respectively. Compared with single producing, the yield of anthocyanins and dietary fiber from co-produce was reduced by 15.39% and 11.43%, but the material was economized by co-produce, and three products could be obtained through technology process at the same time. Compared with single producing pectin, anthocyanins and dietary fiber, the benefit of co-produce was approximately increased by 2.67, 14.99 and 0.31 times correspondingly. It reduces resources waste, environmental pollution, extractant consumption, and increase the income of farmers.

The supply and demand of feed resources in China appear the phenomenon of lack of concentrate feed, protein feed, green feed and insufficient total resources, especially the serious shortage of protein feed. Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera, as two new and high quality woody protein feed resources, have high potential for feed production. In this study, C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera were taken as the experimental objects to determine the conventional nutrutional components, mineral elements and amino acid components. The comparison results were performed by t test and the feeding values of the two woody fodder plants were evaluated combined with relative feed value (RFV). The results of analysis showed that the crude protein (CP) content of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera was more than 20%, the crude fiber (CF) content was less than 15%, the mineral element content such as Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe and Zn was high. Among them, the Ca/P ratio of C. aconitifolius was 1.82∶1, which met the requirement of Ca/P ratio in general feed, while the Ca/P ratio of hybrid B. papyrifera was 8∶1, which was far greater than that in general feed. The essential amino acids (EAA)/non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and essential amino acids (EAA)/total amino acids (TAA) in both C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera was above 60% and 40%, respectively. The variety of limiting amino acid (LAA) and sulfur-containing amino acids was comprehensive and rich in content. The evaluation results of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera combined with the relative feed value (RFV) showed that C. aconitifolius was super grade forage material and hybrid B. papyrifera was senior grade forage material, both had good overall effect and high feeding value. The results of comparative analysis on nutritional value of C. aconitifolius and hybrid B. papyrifera showed that both belonged to high-quality woody feed raw materials rich in protein, minerals and amino acids, had high feeding value and development potential in livestock diets. In particular, C. aconitifolius had higher CP content, lower CF content, lower NDF content and more reasonable proportion of calcium-phosphorus ratio, which had better feeding value compared with hybrid B. papyrifera.

Old trees play important roles in maintaining biodiversity, ecological balance and environmental protection. To conserve the old tree community of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei in Liancheng county, Fujian province, the species composition and structure of the community were analyzed using the method of sample survey. There were 74 vascular plants belonging to 66 genera of 41 families, in which most were monotypic genus. Rosaceae, Gramineae, Hamamelidaceae and Lauraceae were the four families with the largest number of species in this community. There were 12 genus areal-types in the community, which was consistent with the location of the community with the ratio of tropical element to temperate element (T/R) 1.03. The important values of T. wallichiana var. mairei, Phyllostachys edulis, and Cunninghamia lanceolata in arbor layer of this community were relatively high, which was 50.76%, 14.33% and 6.61%, respectively, while those of Camellia fraternal, Loropetalum chinense and Photinia davidsoniae in shrub layer were relatively high, which was 4.07%, 3.91% and 3.60%, respectively. In herb layer, Stellaria media, Dicranopteris linearis, and Miscanthus sinensis were the top three with importance values 13.30%, 10.33% and 9.82%, respectively. The vertical structure of this old tree community was clear, and it could be divided into three layers for arbor, shrub, and herb layers within few interlayer plants. T. wallichiana var. mairei was the dominated species in the uppermost layer. The old tree community of T. wallichiana var. mairei in Liancheng had important conservation value; however, young trees and seedlings of T. wallichiana var. mairei were missing in this community due to the constraints of human interference and interspecific competition. It is a feasible strategy to protect this community by constructing a fengshui forest with T. wallichiana var. mairei as the main body based on the scientific management.

The technology of planting Sesuvium portulacastrum for ecological restoration has been widely used in Fujian and other places with remarkable results. It is worth discussing whether it can be applied in Hangzhou Bay with eutrophication. The rapid growth of S. portulacastrum can absorb large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus and remove excess nutrients from water. In this paper, the ecological adaptability of S. portulacastrum to different light intensity, salinity and temperature were studied, and the low temperature and high salinity stress and compound stress were studied further, which is to meet the actual restoration necessary of Hangzhou Bay wetland or water area using S. portulacastrum. S. portulacastrum had a wide tolerance to light intensity, with a light saturation point of 300 μmol/(m²·s), and was intolerant to high light irradiation, but the inhibition of high light on relative electron transfer efficiency was low. S. portulacastrum had a wide range of tolerance to salinity, which could grow in low salinity or fresh water, and the species can tolerate high salt stress more than 25. It grew better in salinity 15 than those of all treatment groups (P<0.05). Appropriate salt treatment could promote root growth and development. S. portulacastrum could tolerate a wide range of temperature expect for very low temperature. S. portulacastrum still maintained a high growth rate in high temperature, 25 ℃ was the best status for the species growth, and the growth rate was significantly higher than that of other treatment group (P<0.05) with accumulation of dry matter faster, plant height, root length grew rapidly and leaf number increased. Low temperature stress in 5 ℃ was reversible and the plant could grow when temperature roise. But the plant was completely dead under 0 ℃ in about 24 days. The plants in the fresh water group died at 5 ℃, but the survival rate of salinity 15 was 100% at 25 ℃, the survival rate of salinity 25 was 40% at 0 ℃, and all plants in the fresh water group died, indicating that salt stress may be beneficial to plant resistance to low temperature stress. Outdoor experiments showed that S. portulacastrum could adapt to Hangzhou Bay climate, but the effect of extreme weather needs to be considered. In conclusion, the ecological restoration technology of S. portulacastrum could be applied in Hangzhou Bay basically, and the study would provide a new idea for the ecological restoration of Hangzhou Bay.