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Passion fruit is an aromatic tropical fruit of the Passiflorat family Passiflora genus. The peel, accounting for 55% of the whole fresh fruit, is rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, anthocyanins, pectin and other active ingredients. The industrial utilization has high environmental value and commercial potential. To make full use of the waste passion fruit peel resources and improve the utilization rate of the active components of passion fruit peel, microwave-assisted, ultrasonic-assisted and microbial fermentation technologies were used to successively extract the effective components such as pectin, anthocyanins and dietary fiber from passion fruit peel, and the process conditions of each stage of co-production were optimized by the response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions for pectin from passion fruit peel were liquid to solid ratio of 65∶1 (mL/g), pH 2.5, microwave power of 450 W, and microwave time of 5.0 min. The optimal extraction condition for anthocyanins from the residue after extracted pectin were ethanol concentration 50%, liquid to material ratio 60∶1 (mL/g), pH 3.5, ultrasonic power 550 W, ultrasonic time 35 min. The optimal extraction condition for dietary fiber from the residue after extracted pectin and anthocyanin was liquid to material ratio 12.5∶1 (mL/g), inoculum amount 5.0%, the fermentation temperature was 35 ℃, and the fermentation time was 20 h. Under the process condition, the yield of pectin, anthocyanin and dietary fiber in passion fruit peel was 12.45%±0.06%, 1.21%±0.03% and 55.56%±0.05%, respectively. Compared with single producing, the yield of anthocyanins and dietary fiber from co-produce was reduced by 15.39% and 11.43%, but the material was economized by co-produce, and three products could be obtained through technology process at the same time. Compared with single producing pectin, anthocyanins and dietary fiber, the benefit of co-produce was approximately increased by 2.67, 14.99 and 0.31 times correspondingly. It reduces resources waste, environmental pollution, extractant consumption, and increase the income of farmers.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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