Science popularization is a shared responsibility of the entire society. The revised Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology clearly outlines the development direction that integrates the public welfare nature of science popularization services with market-oriented approaches，providing legal support for forming a collaborative effort in science popularization among the government，society，and the market. This study，in light of the relevant provisions of the revised Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology，examines the issue from two perspectives：market mechanisms and market failures. And the study comprehensively applies economic theories such as the“invisible hand，”transaction costs，public goods，and externalities，while drawing on practical experiences from both domestic and international science popularization efforts，to demonstrate the theoretical and practical logic behind promoting the joint efforts of the government，society，and the market in advancing the cause of science popularization. The paper then analyzes the prominent issues facing science popularization in China from four aspects：the government’s ability to supply public science popularization products and services，the involvement and participation of social forces in science popularization efforts，the marketization of science popularization，and institutional safeguards. Based on this analysis，targeted thoughts and recommendations are put forward to strengthen the“Big Science Popularization”framework. This study aims to provide research support for the implementation of he revised Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology and to accelerate the creation of a new collaborative framework for advancing science popularization involving the government，society，and the market.

In 2023，the Regulations of Zhejiang Province on Popularization of Science and Technology were promulgated，making as the first local legislation of science popularization implemented following the issuance of the Guidelines on Strengthening Science Popularization in the New Era. This regulation emphasizes pioneering experimentation and embodies distinct regional characteristics. By benchmarking against the revised Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology，this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the legislative features and existing challenges of the Regulations of Zhejiang Province on Popularization of Science and Technology. Key legislative experiences are summarized：Upholding the Party’s leadership in legislation to ensure full implementation of national strategies；Proactive legislative responses to unleash scientific innovation potential；Inclusive and consensus-driven legislation integrating whole-process public participation；Effectiveness-oriented legislation to promote the healthy development of science popularization in the new era. These insights aim to provide references for localized science popularization legislation tailored to regional contexts.

The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology，promulgated in 2002，is an important milestone in the legal construction of science popularization in China，promoting historic achievements in science popularization. The new era of science popularization is confronted with new situations and challenges，which necessitate the revision and improvement of relevant policies and practices. This paper employs methods such as literature review，questionnaire surveys，and in-depth interviews. conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the implementation of the Law. The paper found that the Law has achieved remarkable results，fully realized the legislative objectives of serving the national strategy. The evaluation also found that the current problems such as the relevant provisions are not adapted to the high-quality development requirements of science popularization in the new era. The conclusions and recommendations of this evaluation study have been adopted and implemented in the revised Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology in December 2024，which has condensed and solidified the good experience in the development of science popularization，and responded to the existing problems and new requirements of the development of China. On this basis，this study puts forward directional suggestions for further implementing the revised law from several aspects，like deepening the institutional arrangements of the two wings are equally important，achieving a higher level of socialized collaboration in science popularization，improving the supply of science popularization products and services，achieving a more solid basic support capacity for science popularization，and promoting the improvement of the policies and regulations on science popularization for industries and local governments.

Professional talents team of science popularization is the key factor in the development of high-quality science popularization and an important force in facilitating scientific and technological innovation. The revised Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology dedicates an independent chapter to science popularization personnel，stipulating provisions to encourage scientific and technical workers’participation in public outreach and cultivate professional science communicators，while setting requirements for the professional development of science popularization talents team. Through analysis of relevant legal policies，research literature，and statistical data on science popularization，this paper examines the distribution patterns and existing challenges of science popularization talents team in China. It identifies strategic directions for talents training，cultivation，and team building，ultimately proposing actionable recommendations to expand the science popularization talents team and achieve professionalization of science popularization personnel，including four areas：integrated and collaborative promotion of science and education human resources allocation to science popularization，systematized training to enhance science popularization competence，disciplinization of talents cultivation to elevate the professional level of science popularization and pragmatic evaluation to ensure the stable development of the talents pool.

Universities are not only the main positions for cultivating scientific and technological innovation talents，but also shoulder the important mission of improving the scientific literacy of college students. The science and technology general education curriculum is an important vehicle for universities to fulfill their responsibility of popularizing science and achieving the goal of educating people. The revision and implementation of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology has further provided clear requirements and guidance for the science and technology general education curriculum in universities. In this context，based on the interpretation of the revised Law of the People’s Republic of China on Popularization of Science and Technology and the analysis of 10 representative colleges and universities in China，it was found that there were the following problems in the construction of the science and technology general education curriculum in Chinese universities：the positioning of the curriculum was not clear enough，the function of popularising science had not been sufficiently highlighted，and the targets for scientific literacy were not precisely defined；module settings were inconsistent，curriculum types tended to be homogeneous，and a pronounced tendency towards knowledge-centric course content was evident; teaching methods were somewhat uniform，and teaching resources were somewhat scarce；insufficient attention was paid to the evaluation of the learning process，course quality monitoring and management were relatively weak，and there was an insufficient response to the development needs of students. In order to better respond to the requirements of the current science and technology policy and the educational needs of the development of the times，Chinese universities should enhance the science popularisation function of science and technology general education curriculum，establish multi-dimensional course objectives aimed at enhancing students’scientific literacy；reinforce the responsibility for science popularization，enhance the overall planning and optimize the structure of the categories of science and technology general education curriculum；concentrate on scientific concepts and perspectives with universal value，and promote the integration of science and technology curriculum content，the diversification of teaching methods and the diversification of learning evaluation methods; enhance the management，monitoring，and support for science and technology general education curriculum，and effectively reflect the unique function of science and technology general courses to enhance the scientific literacy of college students.

Digital competency of civil servants serves as the microfoundation for digital government construction. Building upon a critical analysis of digital competence-related concepts，this study clarifies the conceptual connotation of civil servants’digital competency. It is conceptualized as the comprehensive capability of civil servants to implement digital administration and governance within the digital government context. Its essential attribute emerges as a psycho-behavioral complex constructed through the interplay of public service motivation，public values，and digital technology integration. Drawing inspiration from classic competency models，this study develops a digital competency analysis framework for civil servants，encompassing psychological and behavioral competencies. The framework includes four dimensions：digital spirit，digital qualities，digital professional skills，and digital administration and governance capacity，which can be further decomposed into 15 specific elements. Ultimately，this study constructs a comprehensive digital competency evaluation index system for civil servants based on the proposed analytical framework.

Science identity plays a critical role in fostering adolescents’scientific literacy and cultivating national scientific talent. Science identity，derived from the psychological concept of“identity，”refers to an individual’s possession of scientific capabilities，ability to work like a scientist，self-recognition as a“science person，”and acknowledgment by others as such. Science identity is conceptualized through four frameworks：the single-dimensional“recognition”framework，the two-dimensional“self-social”framework，the three-dimensional“recognition-competence-performance”framework，and the four-dimensional“recognition-competence-performance-interest”framework. As an ontological marker of adolescents’scientific literacy development，science identity functions as both a means of identifying and expressing scientific literacy ontologically and a framework for evaluating it. The practical pathway to enhancing adolescents’scientific literacy through the lens of science identity can be summarized in three steps. First，adolescents establish science identity standards during scientific learning to cultivate an ontological awareness of scientific literacy. Second，they“input”science identity through social interactions，thereby activating this ontological awareness. Third，they compare their science identity during scientific practice to validate this awareness，ultimately“outputting”a subjective understanding of scientific literacy.

Artificial intelligence is driving an unprecedented revolution in technological tools and fostering comprehensive innovation in science popularization services. Serving as a tool for inspiration，content generation，round-the-clock monitoring，scene construction，positioning，data collection，and data processing，artificial intelligence has redefined the processes of science popularization creation，review，dissemination，and evaluation. It has significantly enhanced the efficiency，quality，scope，accuracy，and scientific rigor of science popularization services. However，the limitations of technological tools also introduce risks. These include the potential undermining of the authority and agency of science popularization personnel，the erosion of the foundational principles of science popularization services，and challenges to reinforcing their value orientation. Therefore，in the context of science popularization services，it is essential to enhance the understanding and proficiency of science popularization personnel in using artificial intelligence，regulate its application boundaries，and integrate value-driven rationality alongside technical rationality.

In recent years，international open science policies have exhibited a marked shift toward citizen science. Understanding and advancing citizen science within the framework of open science policies are pivotal for fostering collaborative sharing and co-creation between science and society. This study employs a policy tool framework to analyze international open science policy texts，exploring policy designs across various types of institutions and offering relevant policy recommendations. The findings reveal that international open science policies have shifted their primary focus from traditional science popularization to active citizen science participation. Additionally，different types of institutions exhibit notable variations in their policy tool structures and specific policy designs. The study suggests that China could draw on international experiences when formulating future policies related to science and science popularization. This includes integrating open science and citizen science into policy design，reshaping research culture and the concept of science popularization，reforming research funding and evaluation systems，developing public service platforms，exploring new models of collaboration between science and society，fostering collaborative skills on both sides，and incorporating societal engagement throughout the entire research lifecycle. These measures aim to jointly advance collaborative sharing and co-creation between the scientific community and society.

The channels through which science and technology（S&T）information are disseminated represent a key element of science popularization. Drawing on the findings of the 13th National Civic Scientific Literacy Sampling Survey in 2023，this study describes the current status of channels through which Chinese citizens access S&T information. It highlights the pivotal role of the Internet in these channels and illustrates the evolving trends in citizens’usage of online platforms，including social media and specialized science popularization websites. This paper compares and analyzes the differences in channels for accessing S&T information across various demographic groups，including age，gender，educational background，and urban-rural divides. It further examines the relationships between S&T information dissemination channels and citizens’characteristics and needs within the context of digital development. Key insights are presented，including the necessity of bridging the digital divide，leveraging the supplementary role of alternative channels，and addressing citizens’needs through diverse communication channels. In response to new circumstances and demands，this paper proposes the following strategies：developing diversified S&T information dissemination channels that prioritize fairness and inclusiveness，enhancing digital and intelligent communication channels to boost efficiency，and improving citizens’digital literacy and skills to strengthen their ability to critically assess information. These measures aim to better align science popularization supply with public demand，ultimately contributing to the enhancement of citizens’scientific literacy and the construction of a scientifically advanced nation.