During acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs, the pulmonary vasoconstriction increased pulmonary vascular resistance, led to pulmonary arterial hypertension and excessive right ventricular afterload, followed by acute corpulmonale(ACP), aggravated right ventricular function damage, bring about pulmonary edema and hypoxemia, those are the important causes lead to patient death. Healthy people exposed to chronic hypoxia at high altitude for a long period prone to physiological pulmonary hypertension and change of blood viscosity, thus aggravating the severity of ARDS at high altitude. Therefore, the pathophysiological changes of ARDS are different in plateau to that in plain areas, and the diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations and severity of the disease are also different. In present paper, the factors affecting the aggravation of right heart damage were discussed from a pathophysiological point, and a proposal was made that monitoring and protection of right ventricular function should be paid more attention in plateau and hypoxia environment for ARDS patient, optimizing respiratory support therapy, pulmonary vasodilation therapy and anticoagulant therapy for reducing the iatrogenic injury in treatment and improving the survival rate of ARDS patients.

Objective To screen key targets modulating the progression of Rickettsia heilongjiang infection using a mouse infection model by profiling the transcription expression dynamics of immune-related genes. Methods A total of 20 female C3H/HeN mice were randomized into 4 groups (5 mice/group): 0 hpi (hours post-infection), 3 hpi, 3 dpi (days post-infection), and 6 dpi. Animals were infected with 5×10⁶ CFU Rickettsia heilongjiangensis intravenously. We harvested and extracted total RNA from spleens of animals at the indicated time points. After sequencing the total RNA, we further analyzed the sequencing results by GO annotation, R language enrichment, and KEGG visualization function analysis. Results A total of 19 930 mRNAs were specifically transcribed in the spleen post-infection. Using GO annotation and enrichment, we identified three types of immune-related genes with significant changes: first, 35 innate immune-related genes, among which the transcription of irg1 and gbp10 genes involved in the IFN-γ signaling pathway rises most significantly (P<0.05); second, 31 acquired immune-related genes, among which the transcription of gzmb gene involved in the apoptosis pathway rises most significantly (P<0.05); third, 41 inflammatory responses related genes, among which the transcription of ccl4 gene involved in cytokine and cytokine receptor signaling pathway rises most significantly (P<0.05). Conclusions The irg1 and gbp10 genes involved in the IFN-γ signaling pathway, the gzmb gene involved in the apoptosis pathway, and the ccl4 gene involved in the cytokine and cytokine receptor signaling pathway affect the pathogenesis of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis infection.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of salvianolic acid B (SB) on proliferation and apoptosis of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts. Methods Human RA synovial fibroblasts MH7A cells were treated with different concentrations of SB (0, 1, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μmol/L). MTT method was used to detect cell proliferation and flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis, and the optimal concentration of SB was selected. MH7A cells were set as control group(normal cultured cells), SB group (cells cultured with 50 μmol/L SB) and SB+3-MA group (cells cultured with 50 μmol/L SB and 5 mmol/L autophagy inhibitor 3-MA). MTT and flow cytometry were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis, qRT-PCR was used to measure the relative expression level of caspase-3 mRNA. Western blotting was used to detect the relative expression levels of caspase-3, LC3-Ⅰ, LC3-Ⅱ, Beclin-1 and p62 protein. Results Compared with 0 μmol/L SB group, the proliferation rate decreased obviously (P<0.05) and the apoptosis rate increased significantly (P<0.05) of MH7A cells treated with 30, 40 and 50 μmol/L SB and 50 μmol/L SB was used for follow-up experiments. Compared with control group, the cell proliferation rate and the relative expression level of p62 protein in SB group decreased significantly, while the apoptosis rate, the relative expression levels of caspase-3 mRNA and protein, as well as the relative expression levels of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ and Beclin-1 protein increased (P<0.05). Compared with SB group, the proliferation rate and the relative expression level of p62 protein increased obviously (63.47%±1.94% vs.51.33%±4.67%; 0.97±0.06 vs. 0.20±0.02) in SB+3-mA group, and the apoptosis rate (21.4%±1.8% vs. 30.4%±0.6%), the relative expression levels of caspase-3 mRNA (0.83±0.06 vs. 1.27±0.15) and protein (0.64±0.05 vs. 1.10±0.09), as well as the relative expression levels of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ (0.29±0.07 vs. 1.23±0.21) and Beclin-1 protein (0.36±0.05 vs. 1.05±0.08) decreased(P<0.05). Conclusion SB might inhibit the proliferation and promote apoptosis of human RA synovial fibroblast by inducing autophagy.

Objective To clear the developing characteristics of airway Club cells in mice model. Methods The lung tissues and serum were collected from neonatal (1-week-old), infant (3-week-old) and adult (6-week-old) BALB/c mice. The immunofluorescence method was performed to detect the distribution and expression abundance of Club cells in main bronchi and bronchioles. The flow cytometry was used to determine the quantity proportion and proliferation ability, and ELISA was used to detect the levels of Club cell secreted protein (CC16) in lung homogenate and serum. Results The Club cells unevenly distributed in main bronchus of all ages of mice, while was relatively flat and uniform in bronchioles in BALB/c mice model. With increasing of mice age, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Club cells decreased in main bronchus accompanied by an increase in bronchioles with significant difference (main bronchus: 0.73±0.12, 0.43±0.05, 0.26±0.08, respectively, P<0.05; bronchioles:0.49±0.07, 0.73±0.08, 1.02±0.19, respectively, P<0.05). The proportion of Club cells in airway epithelium was significantly lower in neonatal (9.49%±2.38%) than those in infant (15.45%±3.86%) and adult (17.23%±4.82%) (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the proliferative ability of Ki67 in Club cells was significantly higher in neonatal (6.12%±1.89%) than those in infant (2.36%±0.98%)and adult (1.94%±0.75%) (P<0.01). The CC16 levels in lung homogenates and serum had a statistically significant increase in infant [(89.31±5.41) ng/ml, (25.77±4.68) ng/ml] and adult [(95.74±3.31) ng/ml, (28.02±3.99) ng/ml] than those in neonatal [(64.02±12.70) ng/ml, (13.91±3.36) ng/ml] (P<0.01). Conclusion Small airway is the prominent area for Club cells developing after birth, and neonatal is the critical period for Club cells proliferating and secreting CC16.

Objective To explore the antiviral effects of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on human infection induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and its possible mechanism. Methods Male 3-week-old BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (10 each): control group, RSV group, APS low-, medium- and high-dose groups, and ribavirin group. Mice in control group were given 50 μl normal saline through nasal drip after mild anesthesia, those in other groups were given 50 μl RSV-long virus solution [containing 6.8×10⁶ plaque forming units (pfu)] by nasal drip for 2 hours to establish the model. In addition, mice in APS low, medium and high groups were given 100, 200 and 300 mg/(kg.d) APS by gavage once a day for 5 days; and in ribavirin group were given 46 mg/(kg.d) ribavirin by gavage once a day for 5 days. Mice in control group and RSV group were given equal volume of normal saline by gavage. The changes of body weight and lung index were measured and calculated before and after infection. The virus replication was detected by plaque reduction test. The T cell subset levels in peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry.ELISA was performed to detect the levels of inflammatory factors interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18 and IL-33. Colorimetry was used to detect the oxidative and antioxidant indexes of lung tissue including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and Western blotting was performed to detect the protein expression of lung tissue. Results Compared with the control group, the body weight decreased (P<0.05), lung index increased (P<0.05), the expression levels of of IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-33 in serum and the lung tissue oxidation index MDA increased (P<0.05), while the expression of antioxidant index SOD and GSH decreased (P<0.05) in RSV group and APS low-, medium- and high-dose groups. In addition, RSV infection increased the proportion of CD4⁺ cells in peripheral blood, decreased the proportion of CD8⁺ cells and increased the ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ (P<0.05),and increased the expression levels of Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein, and promoted the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) (P<0.05) in RSV group, APS low-, medium- and high-dose groups and ribavirin group. While compared with RSV group, APS medium- and high-dose groups and ribavirin group could reverse the above changes (P<0.05). Conclusion APS could inhibit RSV replication, regulate immune response, reduce inflammation and oxidative reaction induced by RSV, and this effect may be related to the inhibition of TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB pathway activation.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, short-term and long-term prognosis and influencing factors of patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection (TAAD) complicated with postoperative hypoxemia. Methods Seventy-three patients with TAAD confirmed by chest CT and (or) aortic CT angiography in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2017 to March 2021 were enrolled. According to whether the postoperative hypoxemia was complicated with, patients were divided into two groups: with hypoxemia group (n=36) and without hypoxemia group (n=37). The clinical characteristics of TAAD patients with hypoxemia were analyzed. Logistic regression model and Cox proportional risk model were used to analyze the effect of hypoxemia on the short-term and long-term all cause death of TAAD patients. Results The average age and BMI level were significantly higher in TAAD patients with hypoxemia group than those in without hypoxemia group, and the preoperative levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (ALB), serum creatinine(Scr), urinary microalbumin (mALB) and TNF-α, IL-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were also significantly higher in with hypoxemia group than those in without hypoxemia group (P<0.05). The short-term mortality was significantly higher in with hypoxemia group than that in without hypoxemia group [22.2% (8/36) vs. 5.4% (2/37); χ²=4.365, P=0.037], but no significant difference between the two groups of patients in the long-term mortality after discharge [13.9% (5/36) vs. 8.1% (3/7);χ²=0.625, P=0.429]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that complication with hypoxemia, age and TNF-α level were the independent risk factors for postoperative short-term hospitalization death in TAAD patients (P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age and hs-CRP level were the independent risk factors for death of TAAD patients during follow-up after discharge (P<0.05). While complication with hypoxemia was not an independent risk factor for death of TAAD patients during follow-up after discharge (P>0.05). Conclusion TAAD patients with postoperative hypoxemia have the clinical characteristics of old age, high BMI, high liver and kidney function index and high levels of inflammatory factors, and short-term postoperative death may increase.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected with the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2. Methods Retrospectively analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of 138 confirmed cases of COVID-19 infected with the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 from October 25, 2021 to November 19, 2021 in Yantan Branch of the Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou City. The epidemiological and demographic information, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, chest CT, treatment and prognosis data were collected, with a final follow-up date of November 27,2021. Results As of November 19, 2021, a total of 144 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported in Gansu Province, of which 138 cases [65 males (47.1%) and 73 females (52.9%), aged 2-87 (42.7±21.0) years old, with the clinical classification of mainly common type (48.6%, 67/138)] were concentrically treated in the Yantan Branch of the Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou City. The transmission mode of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 is mainly in confined spaces, with obvious tour group and family aggregation; screening the close contacts and community investigation are the main approaches of finding the infected persons; 86.2% (119/138) of confirmed patients have been vaccinated with the domestic inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. The most common clinical symptoms are cough (57.2%, 79/138), followed by sore throat (28.3%, 39/138), dry throat (24.6%, 34/138), and expectoration (21.0%, 29/138). Only 20.3% (28/138) of patients have fever, and 4 patients (2.9%) have decreased or lost sense of smell and taste. Laboratory tests showed that serum amyloid A and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly.The Ct value of SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab gene is 26.31±7.63, and N gene is 26.35±7.17. Chest CT fined that 71.3% (72/101) of confirmed patients showed bilateral lung lobes involvement, and the lesions are mostly located in the lower lobes of both lungs;the lesions are mainly flaky and patchy ground-glass opacities. All confirmed cases are treated with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, mainly prone position ventilation and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment. The TCM treatment rate is 100% for severe cases. On the basis of respiratory support, nutritional support and anticoagulation, immunotherapy such as neutralizing antibodies are combined. Conclusions The main clinical features of COVID-19 infected by the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in Gansu Province are low rate of fever, long time for viral nucleic acid turned to negative, low risk of severe illness after vaccination, the good therapeutic effect, no intubation, no extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and no deaths. "One person, one plan" personalized treatment with integrated Chinese and Western medicine can effectively control the progression of the disease and cure the disease.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the expressions of TGFβR2 and microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, and the relationship between the two protein molecules and clinicopathological parameters. Methods The CRC and adjacent tissues of 184 patients with CRC pathologically diagnosed in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019 were collected, the expression of MSI was detected by capillary electrophoresis (CE), and the expressions of MMR and TGFβR2 proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Kappa consistency test was used to analyze the consistency of IHC and CE MSI results. The relative TGFβR2 mRNA expression was detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Rank sum test was used to analyze the correlation between TGFβR2 gene mutation and MSI, and the relationship between TGFβR2 mRNA relative expression level and clinicopathological parameters. Results Among 184 CRC tissue samples, 152 cases (82.6%,152/184) were microsatellite instability low-frequency (MSI-L)/microsatellite stability (MSS) and 32 cases (17.4%, 32/184) were microsatellite instability high-frequency (MSI-H). The main results of MSI detected by CE and IHC were highly consistent, and the Kappa consistency coefficient was 0.922 (P<0.001). Compared with MSI-L/MSS, MSI-H mostly occurred in patients with stagesⅠ-Ⅱ colon cancer without lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The protein and mRNA expression levels of TGFβR2 in CRC tissues were higher than those in the adjacent tissues (P<0.01). The mutation rate of TGFβR2 gene in MSI-H CRC was higher than that in MSI-L/MSS CRC [93.3%(28/30) vs. 14.9%(23/154), P<0.01]. The relative expression of TGFβR2 mRNA in MSI-H group was higher than that in MSI-L/MSS group (7.93±0.36 vs. 4.47±1.31, P<0.01), was higher in para-cancer tissues than in CRC tissues(9.38±0.82 vs. 4.76±1.63, P<0.01). The relative expressions of TGFβR2 mRNA in colon, tumors without metastasis, lymph node without metastasis and TNM Ⅰ-Ⅱ stages CRC tissues were higher (P<0.05). Conclusion The expressions of MSI and TGFβR2 are consistent and synergistic in tumor site, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) and complicated with pathogen-positive and -negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods A total of 98 ESRD patients complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis, admitted in the Tuberculosis Department and undergone MHD at the Blood Purification Center of the 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from July 2012 to February 2022, were collected,and divided into pathogen-positive group (n=34) and pathogen-negative group (n=64) according to the results of sputum smear, sputum culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and molecular biological diagnosis. The clinical characteristics, therapeutic effect and prognosis of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results Both the pathogen-positive and -negative pulmonary tuberculosis groups were mainly the males (85.3% and 76.6%, respectively) and middle-aged and elderly people [(56.4±15.6) years old and (55.8±15.0) years old, respectively]. The proportion of patients with non-primary glomerulonephritis as main underlying kidney disease, and with cough and sputum as the first manifested symptom, were both higher in pathogen-positive group than in pathogen-negative group (38.2% vs. 17.2% and 91.2% vs. 50.0%, respectively) (P<0.05). The laboratory results showed that the leukocyte, neutrophil, monocyte count,neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and C-reactive protein level were higher, while the lymphocyte count was lower in pathogen-positive group than in pathogen-negative group (P<0.05). The chest CT found that the proportion of pleural thickened and cavity formation was higher (P<0.05), while of strip shadow was lower (P<0.05) in pathogen-positive group than in pathogen-negative group. The efficacy of anti-tuberculosis treatment was better in the both groups (94.1% vs. 95.3%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that cough and sputum (OR=12.572, 95%CI 2.609-60.581), MLR (OR=8.226, 95%CI 2.479-27.298),pleural thickening (OR=4.740, 95%CI 1.043-21.541) and cavitation (OR=8.462, 95%CI 2.423-29.555) were the risk factors for patients complicated with pathogen-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusions Significant differences of clinical characteristics existed between the pathogen-positive and -negative tuberculosis patients with ESRD on MHD. Cough and sputum as the first symptom, MLR,pleural thickening and cavitation are the risk factors for the pathogen-positive tuberculosis.

Objective Record and analyze the disease effects and aging effects of eye movement indicators of visual information processing system in target exploration mission through an infrared eye-movement assessment system, and explore the pathogenesis of the visual exploration disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods It is a cross-sectional study. A total of 32 patients with PD and normal cognition on dopaminergic drugs were recruited (PD group) from the Dyskinesia clinic of Dalian Friendship Hospital from October 2020 to June 2021; 33 age-, gender- and education-matched healthy volunteers with normal cognition were recruited (AMC group) from the medical center of our hospital, and 33 gender- and education-matched healthy young medical intern volunteers were recruited (YC group) from medical interns in our hospital during the same period. Behavioral and eye-movement indicators of all subjects were recorded with an infrared eye movement assessment system by testing to figure-matching tasks representing the visual information processing (clock-matching task and inverted clock-matching task) and saccade tasks representing the oculomotor function. The accuracy, saccade latency, and saccade size of saccade tasks, as well as the accuracy,the reaction time, the number of saccades visiting the sample area of interest (AOI), the number of saccades visiting array AOIs, and the de-efficiency score of clock matching tasks were analyzed. The PD group's clinical characteristics (disease duration, doses of anti-Parkinsonian medication, and Hoehn-Yahr grading) and eye movement indicators with disease effect were analyzed. Results In saccade tasks, there was no significant difference in all indicators between AMC group and YC group (P>0.05). Compared with the indicators of PD group, the saccade amplitude of anti-saccade task increased in AMC group (P=0.003) and the YC group (P<0.001)with statistically significant difference. In clock-matching tasks, compared with the YC group, the reaction time of the AMC group(clock-matching task: P=0.005; reverse clock-matching task: P=0.008) and PD group (clock-matching task: P=0.002; reverse clock-matching task: P<0.001) was significantly prolonged with statistically significant difference. Compared with the PD group, the saccade numbers of visiting sample AOI (AMC group: P=0.011; YC group: P<0.001), the saccade numbers of visiting array AOIs(AMC group: P=0.023; YC group: P<0.001) and the de-efficiency score (AMC group: P=0.017; YC group: P=0.003) decreased with statistically significant differences. No statistically significant difference existed in another indicators among each groups in clock matching tasks (P>0.05). There was no obvious correlation in saccade amplitude of anti-saccade task to the numbers of saccade visiting sample AOI (r=–0.014, P=0.785), the numbers of saccade visiting array AOIs (r=–0.025, P=0.837) and de-efficiency score(r=–0.031, P=0.576) in the reverse clock-matching task. None obvious correlation of the clinical characteristics of PD group to the saccade amplitude in anti-saccade task, the numbers of saccade visiting the sample AOI, the numbers of saccade visiting array AOIs,and de-efficiency score in the inverted clock-matching task (P>0.05). Conclusion The results based on the infrared eye movement system showed that the visual exploration disorder of PD patients may be due to the combined action of visual information processing dysfunction and oculomotor dysfunction; disease effect and aging effect have different influences on the process of visual exploration.

Objective To investigate the effect of intravenous omega-3 fish oil on the prognosis of patients with sepsis. Methods 1733 patients with sepsis were selected from the Department of Critical Care Medicine of Shenzhen People's Hospital from December 1, 2016 to June 30, 2019. According to the survival situation, these patients were divided into survival group(n=1351) and death group (n=382). The general information, infection site, complications, organ support measures and clinical outcomes were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed to evaluate the effect of intravenous supplementation of omega-3 fish oil on the prognosis of patients with sepsis. Results There were significant differences in gender, age, pulmonary infection, abdominal infection, blood infection,complication, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy and omega-3 fish oil intervention between survival group and death group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of biliary tract infection, urinary tract infection and other site infections between the two groups (P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that men, old age, bloodstream infection,mechanical ventilation support, and renal replacement therapy were risk factors for the survival status of patients with sepsis within 90 days, and intravenous omega-3 fish oil supplementation was a protective factor for sepsis. Survival analysis results show that intravenous supplementation of omega-3 fish oil can improve the 90-day survival rate of patients with sepsis. Conclusion Omega-3 fish oil intervention can improve the prognosis of patients with sepsis, and the clinical application feasibility is high.

Healthy skeletal muscle has a certain capacity for regeneration. Muscle regenerative response mainly rely on the action of myogenic stem cells, other structures of muscle tissue are reconstructed with the support of vascular and neural networks.However, endogenous self-regeneration is severely impaired in large muscle injuries or under pathological condition. Consequently,tissue engineering approaches are a promising means to regenerate skeletal muscle. The latest domestic and international research progress of tissue engineering technology in repairing skeletal muscle injury has been reviewed in present paper.

The pathological mechanism of celiac disease is not completely clear, and environmental factors may trigger the occurrence of intestinal inflammatory response in genetic susceptible individuals. Recent researches indicated that, due to the coordinated action of multiple factors such as abnormal intestinal mucosal barrier function and intestinal microbial changes, the homeostasis of intestinal environment is imbalanced, which aggravates the severity of the disease. Gluten-free diet combined with probiotics and other drugs would regulate intestinal microbiota and be conducive to resume intestinal mucosal barrier function,thereafter effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms of patients. However, both the composition of intestinal flora and its role in pathogenesis of the disease needs further consideration. To explore the pathological mechanism of celiac disease and targeted treatment for those factors will become a new perspective for precise prevention and treatment of celiac disease.

Neutrophil extracellular trap (NETs) is a kind of DNA-based skeleton released by neutrophils to the outside of the cell, in which a variety of granular proteins, proteolytic enzymes, antibacterial peptides, and other network structures are embedded.In recent years, studies have confirmed that NETs are highly expressed in a variety of tumors, and tumor microenvironment (TME)is a special environment for tumor cell survival and development, including cellular and non-cellular components. This article mainly explains that TME can stimulate the formation of NETs, and NETs can also promote tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis by affecting tumor cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts and extracellular matrix in TME. Finally, the clinical application prospects of NETs as tumor markers and potential therapeutic targets are discussed.

Bone stress injuries (BSI) is the most common musculoskeletal injuries in military training injuries, including stress injuries of different degrees of bone microstructure (grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ) and end-stage stress fractures (grade Ⅳ). It related to factors such as the gender of the injured and the patients, endocrine hormones in the body, calcium content, body mass index, and lower extremity mechanical structure. It has the characteristics of hidden onset and easy to be ignored in the early stage, which lead to non-combat attrition and sharp increase in treatment expenditures. In this review, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention protocols for the BSI are concluded and discussed in detail by systematically reviewing these latest literatures published worldwide,which has been aimed at improving the early diagnosis of BSI and providing the theoretical basis for the establishment of "all-round BSI prevention and treatment system".

Pancreatic cancer is one of the malignant tumors of digestive system with high malignancy and poor prognosis,so is called the "king of cancer" since resulting in an extremely high mortality rate. The death cases account for more than 90% of new cases in 2020, and there is still a lack of better treatments for pancreatic cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T)immunotherapy has achieved great success in hematological malignancies, with an overall remission rate reached more than 80%. At present, five CAR-T products have been approved by the US FDA for listing, which marks a new era of anti-cancer road. In recent years, many scientists have focused their attention on CAR-T therapy to treatment of pancreatic cancer and have made good progress.The recent progress was summarized in present article of CAR-T therapy in treatment of pancreatic cancer including the selection of CAR-T targets, existed early clinical research, safety assessment, existed problems and challenges, etc., aiming to provide new ideas for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy.