Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM) is a naturally occurring protective membrane structure present in both human and bovine milk, which maintains the stability of milk emulsions by inhibiting fat aggregation and oxidation. The core components of MFGM are composed of a diverse array of polar lipids and functional proteins. Its specific composition is modulated by both endogenous physiological factors (including the dietary composition, breed, and health status of dairy cows) and exogenous production and processing factors, resulting in significant compositional heterogeneity among MFGM preparations from different sources. In recent years, with in-depth research on the physiological functions of MFGM and its benefits to human health, especially the gradual elucidation of its health-promoting effects on early-life brain development, cognitive function, skeletal muscle and cardiac metabolism, MFGM has emerged as a prominent research hotspot in the field of nutrition and food science. This review provided an in-depth discussion of the nutritional and functional properties of MFGM, highlighted the latest supporting clinical evidence, and offered an outlook on the development prospects and future application directions of MFGM as a core functional ingredient in functional foods.

Camel milk is gaining global attention as a natural functional food due to its unique nutritional components and bioactive substances. However, during transportation and storage, the quality of camel milk is significantly susceptible to various environmental factors. This review systematically analyzes the mechanisms by which factors such as temperature, time, microorganisms, freeze-thaw cycles, light, transportation oscillation, sanitary conditions, and transportation equipment affect camel milk quality. Existing studies indicate that improper temperature control accelerates microbial proliferation and physicochemical deterioration; prolonged storage time leads to a decrease in pH value, fat rising, and protein hydrolysis; psychrophilic bacteria and other microorganisms remain active under refrigeration conditions, causing fat and protein decomposition; repeated freeze-thaw cycles promote an increase in total bacterial count; light exposure induces fat oxidation and protein denaturation; transportation oscillation disrupts the emulsion system and activates lipase activity; and inadequate sanitary conditions and transportation equipment increase the risk of microbial contamination. Currently, standards for camel milk transportation and storage remain primarily at regional and industry levels, with no unified national standard established. Future research should strengthen studies on multi-factor synergistic effects, develop intelligent monitoring methods based on technologies such as the Internet of Things and big data, and optimize storage and transportation parameters as well as cold chain facilities, thereby providing a theoretical basis for ensuring camel milk quality, improving the standard system, and promoting the high-quality development of the camel milk industry.

Whey protein, characterized by a high branched-chain amino acid content, rapid gastrointestinal absorption, and multiple bioactive components, represents one of the most extensively studied protein sources in sports nutrition. This review systematically examined the molecular mechanisms, clinical evidence, and emerging research directions of whey protein in the context of sports nutrition. At the mechanistic level, whey protein stimulates muscle protein synthesis primarily through activation of the mTOR signaling pathway, attenuates central fatigue via modulation of the tryptophan-serotonin axis, and reinforces post-exercise immune function through the concerted actions of immunoglobulins and lactoferrin. Clinically, accumulating evidence supports its efficacy in promoting resistance training-induced hypertrophy, accelerating endurance recovery, facilitating body composition management, and sustaining immune homeostasis during intensive training. Recent advances include co-formulation with collagen to simultaneously target myofibrillar and connective tissue protein synthesis, nano-encapsulation for enhanced bioavailability, and genotype-informed supplementation strategies based on polymorphisms such as ACTN3. Concurrently, membrane filtration and precision fermentation technologies are expanding the sustainable production of functional whey proteins. As multi-omics profiling and artificial intelligence converge with nutritional science, individualized whey protein protocols calibrated to genotype, metabolic phenotype, and training load are becoming increasingly feasible.

This paper aimed to analyze the current development status and issues of the dairy industry chain in the Walloon region of Belgium, explore its optimization pathways, and summarize the implications for the development of China's dairy industry. By examining the characteristics of breeding, processing, circulation, and consumption in this industry chain, combined with relevant data analysis, it is found that although the dairy industry in the Walloon region is the core of the regional agricultural economy and has advantages in butter production, it still faces prominent problems such as the reduction of breeding entities, a single product structure, imbalanced channel bargaining power, and insufficient industry chain coordination. Finally, based on the actual development of China's dairy industry and the experience of the Walloon region's dairy industry development, development insights that are adaptable are drawn to provide a reference for the high-quality development of China's dairy industry.

Against the backdrop of a new stage in China's dairy industry characterized by the concurrent pursuit of structural adjustment and quality improvement, the industry faces dinternal and external challenges. Dairy development has transitioned from mere scale expansion to a new phase that equally emphasizes quality improvement, innovation-driven growth, and supply chain synergy. This implieman resource management in dairy enterprises must be adjusted, shifting the focus from cost control to quality and safety, technological innovation, and supply chain coordination, thereby placing higher demands on compensation incentivenisms. Based on value chain incentive and collaborative incentive theories, this paper analyzed the current incentive mechanism of Bright Dairy and finds issues such as a short-term performance orientation, insufficient differentiation in inces, and weak application of medium- and long-term incentive tools. To address these, the paper proposed adjusting the compensation system to combine short-, medium-, and long-term assessments, impld incentives, and explore long-term incentive mechanisms, providing references for the optimization of Bright Dairy's compensation incentive mechanism.