Mongolia is a country where animal husbandry serves as the primary economic sector,with dairy cattle being one of its key livestock breeds,and dairy products constituting a major part of the local diet. Over the past decade,Mongolia's dairy cow inventory has shown steady growth. The main processed dairy products include liquid milk (skimmed milk) and yogurt,with per capita apparent dairy consumption comparable to that of developed countries such as the United States and Germany,significantly exceeding the global average. In terms of trade,Mongolia is a net importer of dairy products,though its import volume remains relatively small. The primary imported categories are whole milk powder and skimmed milk powder,mainly sourced from Belarus,New Zealand,Russia,and Germany. Dairy trade cooperation between Mongolia and China has been limited,with Mongolia beginning to import a certain quantity of whole milk powder from China in 2022. Historically,China and Mongolia have maintained long-standing trade relations in livestock products. The two countries possess absolute geographical proximity and relative price competitiveness in dairy trade,indicating significant potential for future cooperation,particularly in whole milk powder and fresh milk.

Indonesia is a major agricultural country,but its dairy industry remains underdeveloped,primarily relying on smallholder farming （average herd size below 5 cows）,with over 70% of raw milk supplied by dairy cooperatives and a low proportion of modern dairy farms. In 2023,the national dairy cattle inventory stood at 258 800 heads,with milk production reaching 672 000 tons—only 2.42 kg per capita annually,far below international standards. Consequently,Indonesia heavily depends on dairy imports,which have shown an overall upward trend over the past decade,while exports remain low （25 000~52 000 tons）,resulting in a significant trade deficit. Milk powder is the primary imported category,accounting for 27.33% （261 500 tons） in 2023,New Zealand,the U.S.,Australia,and three other countries dominating the stable trade structure. Dairy trade between Indonesia and China has been limited,with infant formula being the main import from China in recent years. Considering trade policies,Indonesia’s Free Nutritious Meal Program,and dairy price competitiveness,China hold geographical and cost advantages in dairy exporting,indicating notable cooperation potential.

With the accelerating development of globalization and informatization,consumers are increasingly focusing on enterprises' corporate social responsibility （CSR）performance in addition to product quality and price when making brand choices. This study explored the impact of CSR on consumer brand choice behavior in the dairy industry. Employing a questionnaire survey method and various statistical analysis techniques,including descriptive statistics,reliability analysis,factor analysis,and structural equation modeling （SEM）—the research conducts an in-depth analysis of the application of CSR in dairy enterprises and its influence on consumer behavior. A hypothetical model is designed to provide empirical support for revealing the mechanism of CSR in consumer brand selection.The results indicated that different dimensions of CSR exert a significant impact on brand trust and brand advocacy,with environmental protection responsibility and social support responsibility demonstrating particularly notable effects on brand behavioral intentions. To be specific,consumers' perceived CSR has a significant positive impact on brand support： when consumers perceive a company actively fulfilling its social responsibilities,they tend to support the brand more.Fulfilling social responsibilities helps companies boost brand reputation,which in turn strengthens consumers' admiration for the brand.Notably,if consumers believe a company's CSR efforts are driven by genuine altruism,this perception will further amplify the positive effect of CSR on brand admiration. These findings offer important theoretical implications for dairy enterprises in formulating CSR strategies.

This paper employed the SWOT analysis method to systematically investigate the internal and external environment for the high-quality development of the dairy industry in Dongying City,Shandong Province. The analysis first identified internal strengths,including high milk yield per cow,a high degree of scale in farming,good quality of milk sources,and strong policy support. It also points out existing weaknesses,such as weak local processing capacity,insufficient market competitiveness,and a fragile interest linkage between farmers and dairy enterprises. Regarding the external environment,the study identified opportunities from growing consumption potential and policy support,as well as threats from intensified resource and environmental constraints,impact from imported dairy products,and a sluggish market. Based on this analysis,four strategic combinations—SO,WO,ST,and WT—were constructed,with the SO strategy,leveraging strengths and seizing opportunities to promote integrated development of the entire dairy industry chain,recommended. Finally,specific countermeasures and suggestions were proposed to promote the high-quality development of Dongying's dairy industry,focusing on areas such as enhancing breeding capacity,improving quality and efficiency,extending the industry chain,promoting green and sustainable development,and strengthening interest linkage mechanisms.

In the third quarter,as consumption entered the off-season,milk prices continued to decline slightly,hitting a new low for the year. Boosted by the Mid-Autumn Festival and National Day holidays,milk prices experienced a slight rebound at the end of the quarter. The semi-annual reports of dairy companies were released,showing revenue declines but profit growth for most,reflecting a cautious approach to market investment during the industry's downward cycle. This paper analyzed the dairy market in the third quarter from a third-party perspective,aiming to provide reference value for dairy companies to understand the current industry situation. The main contents of this paper include：the fundamental industry situation in Q3,an interpretation of the 2025 semi-annual reports of listed dairy companies,an analysis of industry/company dynamics in Q3,and an analysis of key new product launches in Q3.

As a core course in Animal Science,Animal Breeding plays a vital role in supporting the development of New Agriculture and serving the national strategy of Seed Industry Revitalization.To address the challenges of fragmented and superficial ideological and political education in traditional teaching,this study draws on curriculum reform practices at Hunan Agricultural University to construct a three-in-one ideological and political education framework integrating knowledge transmission,competence cultivation,and value guidance. The framework emphasizes a five-dimensional educational philosophy of cultural inheritance,confidence building,rooted development,security awareness,and innovation promotion. Through restructuring teaching objectives,optimizing knowledge systems,and embedding ideological elements in a modular manner,a closed-loop teaching mechanism of curriculum knowledge points-ideological elements-teaching tasks was established. Participatory teaching approaches such as flipped classrooms,project-based learning,and case discussions were systematically implemented. In combination with virtual simulation and university-enterprise collaborative practice,the course content was closely aligned with industry needs and national strategic goals. A multidimensional assessment system was employed,highlighting students’ ideological expression,problem-solving ability,and sense of social responsibility. Results indicate that this approach effectively enhances students’ professional competence and value identification,forming a replicable and scalable model for ideological and political integration in animal science education.

This study focused on the application of appeasing pheromones during the weaning process of calves. It elaborated on the current status of weaning stress in calves,including the causes of weaning stress and its adverse effects on calf physiology and behavior,such as the release of stress hormones like cortisol,which lead to growth retardation and immune suppression. The mechanism of action of appeasing pheromones was detailed,explaining how they are recognized by the vomeronasal organ in the nasal cavity,transmit signals to the hypothalamus,and influence animal emotions and hormone secretion,thereby alleviating weaning stress in calves. Through multiple practical research cases,the application effects of appeasing pheromones in calf weaning were thoroughly analyzed,including the reduction of stress indicators,improvement in daily weight gain,and decreased disease incidence. The optimal application methods and future development prospects of appeasing pheromones were also discussed,providing comprehensive and scientific references for weaning stress management in calves and contributing to the healthy development of the beef and dairy cattle farming industries.

Aflatoxins（AF）are secondary metabolites produced by fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Under favorable conditions,they can contaminate food and animal feed,posing health risks to both humans and animals. Dairy cows exposed to aflatoxin B₁（AFB₁）excrete its metabolite aflatoxin M₁（AFM₁）into milk,compromising milk safety. This review systematically summarized the effects of AF on dairy cow production performance,rumen fermentation,and reproductive function,and outlines recent advances in the physical,chemical,and biological methods for aflatoxin degradation. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the risks of AF in dairy production.

[Objective] Corn silage is a silage with high annual demand in dairy farms in Northeast China. Rapid and accurate evaluation of its nutritional indexes provides strong data support for the formulation of precise feeding formulas. [Method] In this study,120 corn silage samples were selected as the calibration set,and 30 as the validation set. Based on the previously established prediction models for dry matter （DM）and starch of fermented corn silage in different sample states （wet base, dried and crushed）,the database was further maintained. Meanwhile,near-infrared prediction models for crude protein （CP）,neutral detergent fiber （NDF）,and acid detergent fiber （ADF） of fermented corn silage in different sample states were established for the daily nutritional detection of fermented corn silage in dairy farms in Northeast China. [Result]（1）The established prediction models for CP,NDF,and ADF of fermented corn silage in different sample states could all predict the nutrition of fermented corn silage,and the actual prediction effect of CP was better than that of other nutritional indexes.（2）The prediction model for nutritional components of fermented corn silage after drying and crushing had better actual prediction effect than that of wet-based fermented corn silage.The NDF prediction model for wet-based fermented corn silage needed further data collection and optimization. [Conclusion] The near-infrared prediction models for CP,NDF,and ADF of fermented corn silage established in this study can be applied to the practical prediction of daily fermented corn silage in dairy farms in Northeast China,and the prediction model for dried and crushed samples is more effective.

Neosporosis caused by Neospora caninum is a protozoan disease that can affect a variety domestic animals and is distributed worldwide. Dogs are the definitive hosts,and some animals such as cattle,sheep,and horses can be intermediate hosts. This disease is particularly harmful to cattle,mainly causing decline in meat quality,abortion,stillbirth,and neurological diseases in newborns,bringing severe economic losses to the global cattle industry every year. The routes of transmission for Neospora caninum include vertical and horizontal transmission,vertical transmission is the main route of transmission,which can make Neospora caninum maintain multiple generations in cattle populations. For preventing the vertical transmission of bovine neosporosis,first of all requires preventing pregnant cows from being infected with Neospora caninum,in addition,requires strictly controlling and managing dogs on the farm and taking biosecurity measures to control horizontal transmission. The aim of this paper was to discuss the mechanism of vertical transmission of bovine neosporosis,the harm of vertical transmission,as well as the control measures,to provide a reference basis for the prevention and control of bovine neosporosis in production practice.

[Objective] To understand the epidemic status of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis （IBR） in large-scale dairy cattle farms in Shanghai from 2020 to 2024,and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of IBR in this region. [Method] From 2020 to 2024,2 520 bovine serum samples were collected from cattle not vaccinated against IBR in 5 large-scale dairy farms located in 5 districts of Shanghai. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect IBR gE antibodies and IBR gB antibodies in the serum. SPSS 27.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the test results,and the Chi-square test was applied to analyze the significance of differences in IBR virus antibody detection results among large-scale dairy farms in different districts. [Results] From 2020 to 2024,the overall positive rate for IBR gE antibodies in the tested serum samples was 25.7%,and the overall positive rate for IBR gB antibodies was 27.3%. Over the five years,the overall positive rates for both IBR gE and IBR gB antibodies showed a fluctuating upward trend. There were highly significant differences （P<0.01） in the positive rates of IBR antibodies among dairy farms in different districts. Chongming District had the highest positive rates for both IBR gE antibodies （57.2%）and IBR gB antibodies（74.4%）. Among cattle of different ages,adult cattle had the highest positive rates for IBR gE antibodies （36.2%） and IBR gB antibodies （32.9%）,while calves had the lowest positive rates for IBR gE antibodies（14.1%） and IBR gB antibodies（16.0%）. [Conclusion] From 2020 to 2024,IBR was prevalent to varying degrees in large-scale dairy cattle farms in Shanghai. Monitoring and control measures for IBR should be further strengthened,especially in high-infection-rate areas such as Chongming District and Jinshan District,where differentiated prevention and control strategies need to be adopted to effectively control the transmission and prevalence of IBR.

[Objective]The particle size distribution of yogurt significantly affects its taste,stability,and digestibility,while the measurement results of laser particle size analyzers are susceptible to sample pretreatment conditions.[Method]This study systematically investigated the effects of different dilution ratios（1︰1~1︰20） and obscuration levels（0%~25%） on yogurt particle size measurement,aiming to establish a standardized detection method.[Result]The results showed that at a dilution ratio of 1︰10,the D50 average value was closest to the true value（20.766 μm）,with the smallest relative standard deviation（RSD=1.52%） and the most concentrated particle size distribution（D90/D10=2.28）.When the obscuration level was within 5%~10%,the measurement precision was optimal（RSD=1.50%）.Based on these findings,a standardized operation protocol is recommended,including sample homogenization by glass rod stirring,a 1︰10 dilution ratio,and an obscuration level of 5%~10%.[Conclusion]This study provided a reliable methodological reference for quality control in dairy enterprises and academic research.

[Objective] Aiming at the problems of complex composition of cheese sticks,cumbersome operation of traditional detection methods,and easy introduction of harmful chemicals,this study aimed to optimize the detection method of aflatoxin M₁（AFM₁） in cheese sticks. The core goals were to reduce the use of harmful chemicals,simplify operation steps,and improve detection accuracy and efficiency. [Method] Methanol was used as the extraction medium instead of traditional dichloromethane. By optimizing the pretreatment process （sample weighing,extraction,concentration and reconstitution）,combined with the Prognosis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kit for detection; the recovery rate,relative error and operation efficiency of the method were systematically evaluated by verifying spiked samples with different concentrations such as limit of quantification （LOQ）,2-fold LOQ and 5-fold LOQ. [Result] In the optimized method,the recovery rate of AFM₁ was stably between 70% and 120%,which met the requirements of GB/T 33411—2016 General Rules for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits; the relative error was controlled within ±25%,which complied with the standard of SN/T 2775—2023 Evaluation Method for Commercial Food Detection Kits.The pretreatment time was shortened from 70 min of the traditional method to 25 min,and the operation steps were simplified from 4 steps to 2 steps. [Conclusion] The optimized methanol extraction-ELISA detection method has good extraction effect,detection accuracy and efficiency,can meet the batch detection needs of dairy enterprises,and provides accurate and reliable technical support for the detection of AFM₁ content in cheese sticks.

[Objective] This study aimed to optimize the pretreatment steps of the microbiological rapid detection method for coliforms in frozen desserts using the Soleris microbiological rapid detection system,with the results of the traditional national standard plate counting method for coliforms as the calibration dataset,and to establish a regression calibration curve for coliforms,providing efficient technical support for microbiological detection of frozen desserts.[Method] First,the pretreatment processes for dairy-containing and non-dairy frozen desserts were optimized and unified: 25 g of melted and mixed samples were placed in 225 mL of sterile diluent,and the pH was adjusted to 6.7±0.2 if necessary.Then,the Soleris microbiological rapid detection system and the traditional national standard plate counting method （GB 4789.3—2016） were used to simultaneously detect coliforms in frozen desserts,and the applicability of the Soleris system was verified by comparing the detection results of the two methods.[Result] The detection rate of the Soleris microbiological rapid detection system for 30 samples with different pollution levels reached 100%,with no false positive or false negative results. The regression calibration curve of the detection results was y=-0.405 3x+6.061 9 （R²=0.869 6）,indicating a significant negative correlation between the Soleris detection time and the number of coliforms. Repeatability verification showed that the maximum intra-group relative standard deviation was only 3.4%,indicating good system stability.[Conclusion] On the basis of maintaining the characteristic of "negative correlation between positive warning time and the number of target microorganisms",the optimized Soleris microbiological rapid detection system significantly shortens the detection cycle （warning time 7.2~11.9 h）,effectively reduces the detection workload and improves the detection efficiency,which can meet the needs of rapid quality control in the production process of frozen desserts.

[Objective]To establish an accurate and rapid detection method for sensory odor of raw milk and provide technical support for its quality control.[Method]Due to the wide application advantages of electronic nose technology in the fields of dairy adulteration detection,component analysis,and odor research on quality changes during processing and storage,this study adopted a comprehensive analysis strategy combining electronic nose technology with traditional instrumental analysis and sensory evaluation to carry out raw milk quality detection experiments.[Result]Electronic nose technology showed significant advantages in raw milk quality detection：it could quickly identify abnormal samples,effectively avoid errors caused by subjective human factors,and greatly improve the efficiency of practical detection operations.The detection data of 10,230 raw milk samples from pastures from March to December 2023 showed that the overall compliance rate reached 91.6%,and the non-compliant samples detected by electronic nose were verified by artificial sensory evaluation with a compliance rate of 100%.[Conclusion]A spectral model of normal raw milk was constructed through multiple experiments.By comparing with the spectral model of abnormal samples,the characteristic volatile compounds in abnormal raw milk（such as 3-ethyl-2-methylpyrazine in sour samples and ethanol in bean-flavored samples）were identified,providing a scientific and reliable detection basis for the sensory quality evaluation of raw milk.

[Objective]Tibetan kefir grains（TKGs）,as a traditional fermented product with a long history in Tibet,China,hold a unique position in folk dietary culture.The aim of this study was to utilize metagenomic sequencing technology to analyze the microbial composition and probiotic functions of TKGs,providing a basis for their development and utilization.[Method]TKGs samples were collected from Linzhi,Tibet. After cultivation and DNA extraction,a metagenomic library was constructed by high-throughput sequencing,and bioinformatics analyses were performed using multiple databases.[Result]The sequencing data had high quality and the assembly was successful. Bacteria were the dominant microorganisms in TKGs,with the Lactobacillus group being predominant. Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens accounted for 54% of the total microorganisms,and there were also a small amounts of viruses,eukaryotes and archaea. Lactobacillus phage Llun1 accounted for 5% of the viruses,and Kazachstania exigua accounted for 68% of the fungi. Functional gene annotation revealed that the microbial strains exhibited vigorous metabolic activity,with 1477 genes related to carbohydrate metabolism pathways.The strains also demonstrated strong capabilities in environmental information processing,with 934 genes associated with membrane transport and 503 genes related to signal transduction pathways. While the proportion of genes related to bacterial infectious diseases was relatively low at 12,there were 265 genes associated with antimicrobial drug resistance.Annotations from the CAZy and eggNOG databases revealed that the strain had outstanding carbohydrate metabolism capabilities and overall high metabolic activity.[Conclusion]Metagenomic sequencing had revealed the microbial composition and probiotic functions of TKGs.This study not only emphasized the potential value of TKGs as a natural source of probiotics but also provided a scientific basis for the development and utilization of their probiotic functions.

With the rapid development of technology,the application of smart laboratories in the milk and dairy products industry is becoming increasingly widespread.Equipment data collection,as a core link of a smart laboratory,is of great significance for improving the quality of milk and dairy products,ensuring food safety,and promoting the development of the industry. This paper deeply explored the current situation and development of equipment data collection in smart laboratories for milk and dairy products,and elaborated in detail on the construction process of the data collection system,including the selection of sensors,the establishment of a data transmission network. At the same time,this study focused on the management and analysis of data collection,as well as how to apply the data to actual production and quality control. Through the analysis of relevant technologies and cases,this paper aimed to provide a reference for the construction of smart laboratories in the milk and dairy products industry,and to promote the digital transformation and upgrading of the entire industry.

[Objective]To investigate the changes in nutrientional components and sensory perception of different milk-based young children formula during the accelerated test period.[Method]Analyze the changes in nutritional components of young children formula based on cow's milk,goat's milk and sheep's milk under accelerated test conditions,and conduc sensory evaluation in accordance with the RHB 204-2004 Sensory Evaluation Details for Infant Formula Milk Powder.[Result]During the accelerated test period,the nutrientional components of young children formula based on cow's milk,goat's milk and sheep's milk showed almost no attenuation and had good stability. The attenuation rate of vitamin C only in cow's milk-based and sheep's milk-based young children formula was significantly greater than that in goat's milk-based young children formula（15.65%,14.28% vs 3.98%）.All three types of young children formula exhibited good dispersibility. After 6 months of accelerated test,the cow's milk-based young children formula developed a distinct fishy odor,while the goat's milk-based and sheep's milk-based young children formula showed distinct typical flavors of goat/sheep milk.[Conclusion]During the accelerated test period,the nutrientional components in different milk-based young children formula powders were stable. However,the differences in fatty acid content in different have certain impacts on the flavor and solubility of the products. To ensure the good sensory experience of young children formula during its shelf life,measures should be taken to reduce and control fatty acid oxidation and optimize the surface composition of young children formula,thereby enhancing the stability of the particles.

Exosomes are cell-derived membrane vesicles released by various types of cells and exist in almost all physiological fluids.Theycontain a variety of important biological molecules,such as proteins,lipids,DNA,mRNA,and microRNA.Milk exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles naturally secreted by mammary epithelial cells and naturally present in milk.Due to their special structure formed in synthetic secretion and low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility,milk exosomes have shown great potential and prospects in physiological regulation,diagnosis and treatment,and as drug delivery carriers as transporters of various molecules（such as proteins,lipids,mRNA and RNA）.This paper introduced the formation mechanism,separation method,modification and application value of exosomes in biological regulation,and introduced the application in cancer treatment and physiological regulation,in order to provide new ideas for the functional development and product development of exosomes.