Objective To investigate the protective effects of Matricarla chamomilla L. extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice and explore the mechanism by which Matricarla chamomilla L. extract alleviates ALI. Methods Forty-eight male SPF Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group, LPS group, dexamethasone (DEX) group, and low, middle and high doses of Matricarla chamomilla L. extract groups. The mice in each group were first continuously administered by gastric gavage for 7 days, and dexamethasone was administered intraperitoneally in the dexamethasone group 5 mg/kg. Matricarla chamomilla L. extract was administered 85, 170 and 340 mg/(kg·d) for gastric lavage in the low, medium and high dose groups, respectively. Mice of all groups, except those of control group, were induced into ALI mouse model by intratracheal instillation of LPS. Subsequently, the mice were subjected to the determination of their levels of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and perform Giemsa staining and white blood cell count on the BALF sediment. The content and activities of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum were detected. Lung tissue was taken and the pathological morphology of the inferior lobes of the right lung was observed. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), recombinant myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in lung tissue were detected. Results Compared with the blank group, the alveolar lavage fluid of LPS model group mice TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, White blood cell count and serum MDA content significantly increased (P<0.05), serum SOD significantly decreased (P<0.05), HE staining showed severe interstitial inflammation infiltration in the lungs, structural damage and abnormal morphology of lung tissue, protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κBp65 in lung tissue of mices increased (P<0.05). Compared with the LPS model, the levels in mice of each treatment group TNF-α, white blood cell count, and serum MDA contents were significantly reduced (P<0.05), while serum SOD content was significantly increased (P<0.05). HE staining showed a decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration in mouse lung tissue, clearer alveolar spaces, more complete lung tissue morphology, and protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κBp65 in lung tissue of mice decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion Matricarla chamomilla L. extract can alleviate LPS induced pulmonary inflammation and overactivation of oxidative stress, thereby alleviating ALI in mice. Among them, a dose of 170 mg/(kg·d) has a better effect, and pathway such as TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB.

Objective To establish a vegetable safety risk prediction model based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the stacked generalization (Stacking) model, and to predict the sampling results of fenthion in vegetables sold in Shanghai. Methods Based on the sampling data of fenthion in vegetables sold in Shanghai from 2021 to 2023, task type, sampling area, sampling link, sampling place, sampling month, testing institution, and vegetable variety were selected as feature variables. The target variable was whether the sampling results for fenthion in vegetables were qualified. The PSO-Stacking prediction model was constructed using ten-fold cross-validation to select effective machine learning models and resampling methods and optimized the model parameters using the PSO algorithm. Results Fenthion-positive samples were found in 55 out of 3889 vegetable samples, with an overall failure rate of 1.4%. Bean vegetables had the highest rate at 2.3%, followed by eggplant and fruiting vegetables at 0.2%. The base models were obtained through screening, including Random Forest (RF), categorical boosting (CatBoost), gradient boosting (GB), extreme gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine (LGBM). The best resampling technique was adaptive synthetic sampling (ADASYN). The PSO-Stacking model achieved the highest precision (0.91), recall (0.83), F1 score (0.87), and area under the curve (AUC) value (0.91) on the test set. Conclusion The PSO-Stacking model effectively addresses imbalanced food safety sampling data, accurately predicts the unqualified fenthion samples in vegetables, and provides technical support for vegetable supervision, sampling and risk warning.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of biotin in formula food for special medical purposes by high performance liquid chromatography-post column derivatization. Methods The biotin in the sample was dissolved in water and extracted by enzymatic hydrolysis with amylase and papain at 60 ℃ for 1 hour in a water bath. Using Zorbax SB-AQ chromatographic column separation and entering the post column reaction device, the biotin was derived from fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled avidin. Derivatives were detected using a fluorescence detector with an excitation wavelength of 495 nm and an emission wavelength of 525 nm. The results were quantified by the external standard method. Results Under the optimized conditions, the biotin showed good (r²>0.999) linear relationships within the concentration range of 5.00‒75.00 ng/mL. The average recoveries were 97.5%‒100.1%, and the relative standard deviations were 0.86%‒2.9%. The limit of detection was 12 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 41 μg/kg. The relative standard deviations of the biotin standard solution and the sample solution to be tested within 24 h were 0.68% and 1.08%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the results of this method and GB 5009.256—2016 National food safety standard-Determination of biotin in food. Conclusion This method has simple pretreatment, high recovery, good sensitivity and precision, and can be used for the determination of biotin content in formula food for special medical purposes.

Mercury is a global environmental pollutant that poses potential threats to ecosystems and human health. Among the various chemical forms of mercury, methylmercury is of particularly concern due to its neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The consumption of aquatic products is a significant source of human exposure to mercury. To ensure food safety, stringent regulations have been established by different countries and regions, specifying the maximum allowable levels of mercury species such as total mercury and methylmercury in aquatic products, as well as the corresponding detection methods. This paper provided a comprehensive summary of the current international regulations on the maximum allowable levels of total mercury and methylmercury in aquatic products, and compared the standard detection methods for methylmercury in different countries. Through comparative analysis, investigated the characteristics of various extraction methods, including acidic, organic reagent, and distillation methods in depth. Additionally, this paper evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of common separation techniques, such as liquid and gas chromatography, summarized the performance of various detection methods, including liquid chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LC-AFS), liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS). These analyses not only revealed the limitations of existing detection methods but also provided a scientific basis and reference for the development and standardization of future methylmercury analytical techniques. This article further outlined the future direction of methylmercury determination in seafood, with the goal of enhancing the precision, accuracy, and sensitivity of detection methods to better support food safety.

Objective To study the Morchella eohespera mycelium extracellular polysaccharides (MEP), purify MEP-H and MEP-N by DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column chromatography, and analyze their physicochemical properties, hypoglycemic activities, and antioxidant activities in vitro. Methods The physicochemical properties of MEP-H and MEP-N were studied by carbohydrate content determination, analysis of ultraviolet scanning, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The hypoglycemic activities and antioxidant activities of MEP-H and MEP-N were evaluated by α-amylase inhibition rate, α-glucosidase inhibition rate, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ammonium salt (ABTS) cationic free radical scavenging ability, reducing power and superoxide anion scavenging ability. Results The carbohydrate content of MEP-H and MEP-N was (78.12±0.14)% and (77.37±0.03)%, respectively. Hypoglycemic studies showed that at a mass concentration of 0.75 mg/mL, MEP-H and MEP-N had the highest α-amylase inhibition rates, which were (8.06±1.93)% and (11.08±1.05)%, respectively; at a mass concentration of 0.50 mg/mL, MEP-H and MEP-N had the highest α-glucosidase inhibition rates, which were (74.93±2.72)% and (69.48±2.97)%, respectively. Antioxidant studies showed that MEP-H and MEP-N achieved the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity at mass concentrations of 4 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, with scavenging rates of (47.54±10.88)% and (47.16±6.91)%, respectively; at a mass concentration of 8 mg/mL, the maximum ABTS cationic free radical scavenging rates of MEP-H and MEP-N were (8.67±0.53)% and (17.00±4.21)%, respectively, the maximum reducing power absorbance values were 0.13±0.004 and 0.17±0.008 respectively, and the maximum superoxide anion scavenging rates were (40.95±6.02)% and (29.87±3.18)%, respectively. Conclusion Both MEP-H and MEP-N, the extracellular polysaccharides from the mycelium of Morchella eohespera, exhibit hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research on liquid fermentation of Morchella eohespera.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 11 kinds of residues of benzimidazole drugs in freshwater fish and shrimp by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were first extracted by acetonitrile twice, purified by mixed strong cationic solid phase extraction column, then separated by Waters C₁₈ column, detected by UPLC-MS/MS, and the internal standard method was adopted for quantitative analysis. Results The 11 kinds of benzimidazole drugs showed good linear relationships at 1.0-50.0 μg/L, with correlation coefficients (r²) greater than 0.99. The ranges of spiked recovery rates for 3 concentrations of blank fish samples were between 78.4% and 104.3%, and the relative standard deviations of the recovery rates for 3 concentrations were between 2.0% and 8.8%; the recovery rates of 3 concentrations of shrimp meat blank samples ranged from 73.3% to 107.5%, with relative standard deviations between 1.5% and 8.7%. The limit of detection of the method in this study was 0.5 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification of the method was 2.0 μg/kg. Conclusion The method has good purification effect, stable reproducibility and recovery, and is suitable for the determination of 11 kinds of benzimidazole residues in freshwater fish and shrimp.

Curdlan, a type of microbial extracellular polysaccharide, is widely utilized as a food additive due to its exceptional gelling, water-holding, thickening, and freeze-thaw stability properties within food systems. In recent years, the research on the regulation of the interaction between curdlan and biomacromolecules has become a research hotspot in the field of food science, aiming at optimizing the texture of food, enhancing the stability of food, and promoting the development of new healthy foods. However, a systematic summary of the interaction between curdlan and biological macromolecules, as well as their regulatory mechanisms is still insufficient at present. As a result, this review offered a comprehensive overview of recent research progress in the interaction between curdlan and biomacromolecules, particularly emphasized the interactions between curdlan and polysaccharides, proteins and other macromolecules in food applications. This review aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the precise design and innovative development of functional foods.

Objective To investigate the type and drug resistance characteristics and virulence gene carrying of some food-borne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureu (MRSA) in Ningxia. Methods MRSA isolates from some food risk monitoring in Ningxia were collected and subjected to drug susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole-genome sequencing analysis respectively. Results PFGE typing of 9 food-borne MRSA strains was divided into 3 clusters and 8 kinds of types, all of which were more than 85% provenance. ST typing of the whole genome sequencing results was divided into 4 kinds of ST types, 6 strains were ST59, and the other 3 strains were ST3355, ST7 and ST965, respectively. MRSA were all multi-drug resistant, which carrying different resistance genes and virulence genes, resulting in different drug resistance phenotypes. Conclusion Foodborne MRSA isolates have a large number of genes related to antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity, which pose a significant threat to human health. Therefore, it is of great importance to continuously monitor and take effective measures to reduce the contamination level of MRSA in food to ensure food safety.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum powder based on liquid-liquid microextraction with deep eutectic solvents (DES) combined with high performance liquid chromatography. Methods Sudan red I, Sudan red II, Sudan red III, Sudan red IV, Sudan red 7B and Sudan red G in Capsicum annuum powder were extracted by liquid-liquid microextraction. The extract was filtered through a microporous membrane and then determined by high performance liquid chromatography with external standard method for quantification. The effects of DES dilution ratio, DES molar ratio, DES addition amount, extraction time, and extraction method on the extraction efficiency of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes were investigated. Results The results showed that the optimal method conditions were: Dilution ratio of DES 5 times, molar ratio of DES 1:2.5, addition amount of DES 600 μL, extraction time 50 s, and extraction method was vortex extraction. Under these conditions, the established equation had a good linear relationship in the range of mass concentration 0.1-50.0 mg/L, the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.999, the limits of detection were 0.03-0.20 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitative were 0.10-1.00 mg/kg. The recovery rates of Sudan red G, Sudan red I, and Sudan red II were higher, ranging from 71.6% to 117.5%, with relative standard deviations of 0.6% to 4.7%. Conclusion The established method is simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly, and can be used for rapid detection of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum.

Objective To prepare colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips for the rapid detection of acetamiprid residues in vegetables. Methods The immunogen was obtained through hapten synthesis, and a highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody against acetamiprid was developed using animal immunization and hybridoma technology. Based on this antibody, parameters such as membrane-coating conditions were optimized to prepare immunocolloidal gold test strips. These test strips, combined with colorimetric analysis, were applied for the quantitative detection of acetamiprid residues in various vegetables. Results Under optimal working conditions, the established method achieved a limit of detection of 0.23 μg/kg for acetamiprid, with a linear range of 0.42-18.38 μg/kg. The recovery rates for actual sample detection ranged from 70.0% to 88.3%, and the coefficients of variation (CV) for intra-batch and inter-batch experiments were below 12.00% and 11.03%, respectively. Conclusion The rapid test strips can be directly applied for high-throughput on-site screening of acetamiprid residues in vegetables. Additionally, with the assistance of a colorimetric analyzer, quantitative acetamiprid detection can also be achieved.