To investigate the effects of the betA and betB genes on stress resistance and virulence of Cronobacter.

Using Cronobacter sakazakii as the experimental subject, this study emplored betA, betB,and betAB gene knockout and restoration strains to invesitage the effects of betA and betB on biofilm formation ability, stress resistance and cellular virulence of Cronobacter.

The biofilm formation ability of each strain was detected, and found that deletion of betA and betB led to a decrease of biofilm formation. It was speculated that betA and betB promote biofilm formation in Cronobacter by controlling betaine synthesis. The effects of different temperatures and pH on Cronobacter were examined using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The results showed that under high temperature and acidic conditions, the survival rates of all Cronobacter strains decreased.Specifically, survival rates at pH 7 and pH 9 were significantly higher than at pH 5 (P<0.05), and survival rates at 48 ℃ were significantly lower than at 25 ℃ and 37 ℃ (P<0.05). The assessment of Cronobacter virullence in cell infection revealed that bacterial infection was led to changes in the levels of tight junction proteins within cells, for the CS 34, ΔbetB, ΔbetAB, cpbetA, cpbetB and cpbetAB strains caused significantly greater damage to cells after drying treatment compared to before drying, resulting in a decrease in cell viability and leading to a significant decrease in tight junction-associated proteins (P<0.01). When the betA gene was deleted, desiccated Cronobacter did not cause a significant decrease in cell viability compared to non-desiccated bacteria.

This study finds that deletion of the betA and betB genes weakens the biofilm formation ability of Cronobacter and reduces its tolerance to acid and high temperature. It is also observed that when the betA gene is present, bacteria that survive under desiccated conditions tend to have stronger virulence and cause greater cellular damage.

To assess the applicability of the MicroFast® Staphylococcus aureus test strips method for microbiological testing of food products.

This study presented a comprehensive validation of the test chart method, followed the performance specifications set out in the International Organization for Standardization ISO 16140—2: 2016. The validation covered its inclusiveness, exclusiveness and consistency with the test results of the current national standards. The results of both methods were statistically analyzed using t-test and Bland-Altman.

All 30 Staphylococcus aureus target strains showed typical purple colony characteristics on MicroFast test slices; 3 of the 30 non-target strains had atypical blue colonies, and no colony growth was observed colony growth on 27 strains the test slices. After correlation analysis, the MicroFast® Staphylococcus aureus test piece method showed a significant positive correlation with the results of the second method of GB 4789.10—2016 Food safety national standard-Food microbiological test-Staphylococcus aureus test, with a correlation coefficient (r) value of more than 0.976. The suitability of the test slices was also evaluated for a variety of food types, and the calculated β-expected tolerance intervals were all within ±0.5 logarithmic range.

MicroFast® Staphylococcus aureus test pieces have good inclusiveness and exclusivity, consistency and equivalence with current national standard methods, and are suitable for the quantitative detection of Staphylococcus aureus in food.

To establish a recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow (RPA-LF) detection method for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in dairy products, targeting the species-specific 16S rRNA gene and the hemolysin-encoding gene hly.

Primers and probes suitable for RPA-LF were designed based on the conserved fragments of the target sequence, and the optimal primer-probe combination was selected, the corresponding detection method was established, and its reaction conditions were optimized.

Under optimized conditions, the total reaction time of the RPA-LF assay was only 20 min, and the results could be observed visually by the naked eye. The method showed no cross-reactivity with 8 kinds of common foodborne pathogenic microorganisms, demonstrating good specificity. It could also distinguish Listeria monocytogenes from other Listeria species, indicating good anti-interference ability against bacteria from the same genus. The limit of detection was as low as 82 fg/μL, corresponding to approximately 1.8×10² CFU/mL, demonstrating high sensitivity. Furthermore,when used for routine sample detection, the method yielded results consistent with those obtained by traditional microbiological methods.

The RPA-LF method targeting the hemolysin gene of Listeria monocytogenes established in this study has several advantages, including low instrument dependency, simple operation, high sensitivity, good specificity and direct visual readout. It provides a new approach for the rapid on-site detection and screening diagnosis of this pathogen.

To analyze the genomic epidemiological characteristics, antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and cross-sector transmission risks of the Salmonella Kentucky ST198 lineage in Yangzhou from 2019 to 2025 based on the “One Health” framework.

Salmonella Kentucky isolates were recovered from clinical patients, retail foods, healthy food handlers and sewage in Yangzhou. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed. Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools were utilized to identify ST, resistance genes and plasmid structures. A phylogenetic tree based on core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms was constructed to evaluate the genetic relationships among isolates from different sources.

Among 23 ST198 isolates,ST198.2-2 was identified as the predominant subtype. ST198.2-2 isolates typically harbored bla_CTX-M-55, tet(A),genes. Notably, a novel IncFIB(K) plasmid carrying 8 kinds of resistance genes, including qnrS2, was first identified in an ST198.2-1 isolate. Phylogenetic analysis that food isolates and clinical case strains were highly clustered at the core genomic level, suggesting the possibility of foodborne transmission. The rmtB gene was detected in strains derived from health practitioners, suggesting that this group mought constitute a hidden drug resistance pool.

The ST198.2-2 subtype has become the dominant lineage in Yangzhou, presenting severe drug fast challenges. Animal-derived food serves as the primary infection route, while occupational carriers and sewage facilitate the environmental dissemination of resistance determinants. An integrated surveillance system covering the“farm-to-fork” chain, with specific focus on healthy food handlers, is urgently recommended.

To establish a dual recombinase aided amplification (RAA) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas) technology for the rapid detection of Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes.

Using the gyrB gene and the listeriolysin virulence gene hly as detection targets, RAA primers and crRNAs were designed. Their sensitivity and specificity were analyzed and the positive detection rate of this method was evaluated using actual samples.

The dual RAA/CRISPR-Cas12a technology could detect 0.0001 ng/μL of Bacillus cereus genomic DNA and 0.001 ng/μL of Listeria monocytogenes genomic DNA within 40 minutes at 37 ℃, with no cross-reactivity against other foodborne pathogens (Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Vibrio parahaemolyticus). Using real-time polymerase chain reaction as a reference, 30 beef samples were tested. The RAA/CRISPR-Cas12a method detected 5 positive samples, achieving a positive detection rate of 100%, consistent with the real-time polymerase chain reaction method.

The dual RAA/CRISPR-Cas12a detection method established in this study offers rapid detection, high sensitivity, and high specificity, making it suitable for detecting Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes in food.

To investigate the contamination status of Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans in the Flammulina filiformis production chain, and evaluate its potential toxin-producing risk and actual toxin production situation.

A total of 110 samples collected from various links in the Flammulina filiformis production chain were subjected to the isolation, identification and toxin-producing gene detection of Burkholderia gladioli in accordance with the 2025 national manual for risk monitoring of food contaminants and hazardous factors.

The 2 strains of Burkholderia gladioli were isolated, with an overall detection rate of 1.82%. The results of toxin-producing gene detection showed that all isolated strains did not carry bon and lacked the ability to produce bongkrekic acid.

There is a risk of Burkholderia gladioli contamination in the Flammulina filiformis production chain. It is necessary to strengthen the whole-chain management system, and combine advanced detection technologies with prevention and control measures to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the Flammulina filiformis production industry chain.

To explore the contamination level, carrier status of drug resistance genes and virulence genes of strains and molecular characteristics of Bacillus cereus in food products in Tongchuan City from 2023 to 2025.

This study conducted a quantitative analysis of Bacillus cereus contamination levels in commercially ava ilable food products in Tongchuan City from 2023 to 2025. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 51 foodborne Bacillus cereus isolates following identification. The sequencing data were utilized for multilocus sequence typing (MLST), analysis of virulence gene and antimicrobial resistance gene carriage, and phylogenetic reconstruction based on single nucleotide polymorphism profiling.

Between 2023 and 2025, a total of 51 strains of Bacillus cereus were isolated from 384 commercial food samples across 11 categories in Tongchuan City, yielding an overall detection rate of 13.28%. The contamination levels ranged from 10 to 10³ CFU/g.Among the 51 foodborne Bacillus cereus strains, 43 distinct sequence types (ST) were identified. Among them,ST1667 (4 strains), ST22 (3 strains), ST1310 (2 strains), ST100 (2 strains) and ST1786 (2 strains), and the remaining types were represented by only one strain each. The virulence gene profiles of the isolates revealed 5 kinds of distinct patterns. Pattern II (comprising BAS3109, cytK, hblA, hblC, hblD, inhA, nheA, nheB, nheC) was the most prevalent,accounting for 58.80% of the strains. The carrying rate of non-hemolytic enterotoxin virulence genes nheABC in the 51 foodborne Bacillus cereus strains was 100.00%, the carrying rate of hemolysin virulence genes hblACD was 68.63%, and the carrying rate of cytotoxin virulence genes cytK was 82.35%. One isolate carried the emetic toxin gene cesB, concurrently harboring diarrheal enterotoxin genes. The strains exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial resistance gene carriage, including blaZ, fosB1, tet(45), fosB and fosX, with an overall resistance gene prevalence of 60.78%. Evolutionary analysis revealed that the 51 foodborne Bacillus cereus isolates were classified into 3 major evolutionary clades. Among them, the 4 strains of ST1667, 3 strains of ST1310 and 2 strains of ST22 exhibited high intra-type homogeneity within their respective sequence types.

The contamination level of Bacillus cereus in Tongchuan City from 2023 to 2025 is relatively low; however, the carriage rate of diarrheal enterotoxin virulence genes is exceptionally high. Moreover, ready-to-eat foods constitute a significant proportion of the sources.These findings indicate that the risk associated with foodborne Bacillus cereus cannot be overlooked and warrants further investigation and attention.

To investigate the prevalence distribution and antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens in diarrhea outpatient clinic in Qingpu District, Shanghai, from 2023 to 2025.

Rectal swabs and case data were collected from eligible diarrhea outpatients at 3 hospitals and 8 community health service centers in Qingpu District. Foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and 5 kinds of categories of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, were isolated and identified by laboratory diagnosis. The antimicrobial susceptibility to 17 kinds of antibiotics of 10 classes was determined using the broth microdilution method. Epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of the pathogens were statistically analyzed with SPSS 27.0.

A total of 110 strains of foodborne pathogens were detected from 974 anal swab samples of diarrhea cases during 2023—2025, including 56 strains of 5 categories of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, 30 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and 24 strains of Salmonella. The annual detection rates were 6.46% (34/526), 15.29% (26/170)and 17.99% (50/278), respectively, showing a statistically significant difference (χ²=27.39, P<0.001). The detection rate was 11.60% (61/526) in males and 10.94% (49/447) in females, with no statistically significant difference(χ²=0.105, P=0.746>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in detection rates among different seasons(χ²=65.324, P<0.001), with the highest detection rate in the third quarter (summer) (21.65%, 63/291). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on the 110 strains mentioned above. Marked differences were observed in the antimicrobial resistance profiles among different foodborne pathogens, and multidrug resistance was found in Salmonella strains. Among the 5 kinds of pathotypes of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, the highest antimicrobial resistance rate was detected against ampicillin (a penicillin), reaching 76.79%. The resistance rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to polymyxin E showed an upward trend over the three-year period, with annual resistance rates of 0%, 8.00% and 46.15%, respectively. The difference in resistance rates among the 3 years was statistically significant(χ²=81.843, P<0.05). Salmonella strains exhibited high resistance rates to cotrimoxazole (100.00%),ampicillin/sulbactam (54.17%), tetracycline (58.33%) and streptomycin (54.17%). Salmonella strains showed high resistance rates to cotrimoxazole (100.00%), ampicillin/sulbactam (54.17%), tetracycline (58.33%) and streptomycin(54.17%). The proportion of multidrug-resistant strains (defined as resistance to 3 or more classes of antibiotics)increased annually, and multidrug-resistant strains accounted for 58.3% of all resistant isolates in 2025.

From 2023 to 2025, foodborne pathogens in Qingpu District, Shanghai are mainly prevalent in summer, and the annual positive detection rate increased year by year, indicating that more attention should be paid to food hygiene and health. The drug resistance profiles varied significantly among different foodborne pathogens. Clinicians should select sensitive and appropriate antibiotics based on diarrhea symptoms, combine with the characteristics and drug resistance of different pathogens. Meanwhile, strengthening food hygiene supervision and health education is necessary to control and reduce the incidence of foodborne pathogen-induced diarrhea.

To establish a method for the determination of nitrite and multiple phosphates including phosphate, pyrophosphate, triphosphate and trimetaphosphate in ham sausage by ion chromatography.

The samples were ultrasonically extracted, deproteinized with chloroform, purified by ion chromatography-reversed phase solid phase extraction column, and then detected by ion chromatography.

There was a good linear relationship in the range of 0.01–4.00 mg/L for nitrite, and 0.10–40.00 mg/L for phosphate, pyrophosphate,triphosphate and trimetaphosphate, and the correlation coefficients were all over 0.999. The limits of detection were 0.06–0.60 mg/kg and the limits of quantitation were 0.20–2.00 mg/kg. The recoveries were between 89.4%–103.5%,and the relative standard deviations were between 1.4%–6.1%.

This method is highly sensitive,accurate and reliable, with simple operation, making it suitable for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and various phosphates in ham sausage.

To establish an analytical method for the determination of zearalenone (ZEN) in Triticum aestivum L powder by molecularly imprinted solid-phase column purification-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).

The ZEN from Triticum aestivum L powder samples were extracted with acetonitrile/water containing acetic acid, purified by a ZEN-specific molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction column method, eluted with the mobile phase of 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution and acetonitrile, separated on the Luna®Omega Polar C₁₈ column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 3 μm) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The analysis was conducted using UPLC-MS/MS and then analyzed in negative ion mode of electrospray ionization source with multiple reaction monitoring mode for qualitative and quantitative analysis.

In the range of 1.0–50.0 μg/L, the peak area of ZEN was linearly correlated with the content, and the determinationn coefficient (r²) was 0.9997. Meanwhile, the average recoveries of ZEN in Triticum aestivum L powder were 80.2%–95.8% with the maximum relative standard deviations of 7.6% at the spiked concentration of 3.00, 6.00 and 30.00 μg/kg. The limit of detection was 3.0 μg/kg.

This study establishes an efficient detection method for ZEN in Triticum aestivum L powder using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction purification. This method effectively removes matrix interference and enriches ZEN in the sample, demonstrating high precision and accuracy. The research results provide reliable technical support and experimental data for establishing detection standards and quality control guidelines for ZEN in Triticum aestivum L powder.

To establish a method for rapid determination of derquantel residues in 4 kinds of sheep edible tissues by dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Veterinary drug residues in samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and the extracts were purified via dispersive solid-phase extraction. Gradient elution was performed on a C₁₈ chromatographic column using 5 mmol/L ammonium formate solution-acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Detection was carried out in positive electrospray ionization mode, and quantification was achieved by matrix-matched external standard method.

The results showed that there were good linearity in the range of 0.01–20.00 μg/L for the 4 kinds of matrix-matched calibration curves, and the correlation coefficients were above 0.999. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.03 μg/kg and 0.10 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries ranged from 89.9% to 99.8%, with relative standard deviations below 10%.

This method is rapid and sensitive, and can be used for the practical determination of derquantel residues in sheep edible tissues.

To establish an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 25 kinds of mineral elements in Zhaotong Gastrodia elata Blume by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and evaluate and distinguish the differences in element content among Zhaotong Gastrodia elata Blume samples collected from different counties and districts.

The 39 samples of Zhaotong Gastrodia elata Blume collected from 8 districts in Zhaotong City were subjected to microwave digestion, and the concentrations of 25 kinds of elements were determined by ICP-MS. The validity of the method was verified through linear relationships, limits of detection,limits of quantitation, repeatability and spiked recovery rates. A fingerprint profile of mineral elements in Zhaotong Gastrodia elata Blume was established, and statistical software was used in conjunction with principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to perform origin analysis and identification.

The results showed that the method exhibited good linearity (r>0.995), high repeatability(relative standard deviation of 0.8%–7.1%), and high accuracy (spiked recovery of 93.2%–106.5%); the analytical results indicated that Zhaotong Gastrodia elata Blume was rich in mineral elements and exhibited distinct elemental characteristics of high potassium and low sodium. Through fingerprint analysis, elements such as K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Sr,Ba, and Al were identified as characteristic elements of Zhaotong Gastrodia elata Blume; PCA and OPLS-DA could be used to achieve preliminary differentiation among Zhaotong Gastrodia elata Blume from different counties, with 7 kinds of elements (Fe, Al, Mn, Sr, Ba, K and Zn) identified as playing a key role in classifying samples from different production areas.

The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method can simultaneously determine multiple metallic elements in Zhaotong Gastrodia elata Blume. By analyzing the content and variation patterns of mineral elements in Zhaotong Gastrodia elata Blume, this study provides a reference for the mineral nutritional evaluation and quality safety risk assessment of Zhaotong Gastrodia elata Blume, and offers data support for its diversified resource development and utilization, product promotion and traceability.

To establish an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 36 kinds of veterinary drug residues (including 19 kinds of sulfonamides, 13 kinds of quinolones and 4 kinds of tetracyclines) in sea duck eggs by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).

Sea duck egg samples were extracted with 0.2 mL of 10% potassium ferrocyanide solution and 0.2 mL of 20% zinc acetate solution, and purified using an Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction column. Separation of the target analytes was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ column using a gradient elution program. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid data acquisition for qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out in the positive electrospray ionization mode using multiple reaction monitoring, with quantification by the external standard method.

The linear correlations of sulfonamides, quinolones and tetracyclines were favorable in the concentration range of 5–250 μg/kg(r²≥0.9969). The average recoveries ranged from 87.8% to 101.2%, with relative standard deviations of 1.25%–4.53%. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation were 0.05–5.11 μg/kg and 0.18–17.04 μg/kg,respectively.

The established method is rapid, simple, sensitive and reliable, and is suitable for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative detection of sulfonamide, quinolone and tetracycline veterinary drug residues in large batches of sea duck eggs.

To evaluate the protective effects of ergothioneine against D-galactose (D-gal)-induced oxidative damage in rats and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Oxidative damage in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of D-gal (200 mg/kg) once daily for 6 consecutive weeks. Male SD rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups: The control group, which received intraperitoneal saline injection, and the model group as well as the low-dose (EGT-L, 1.4 mg/kg), mid-dose (EGT-M, 2.8 mg/kg) and high-dose (EGT-H, 5.6 mg/kg)ergothioneine groups, which were administered intraperitoneal D-gal. Starting from week 3 and continuing through week 6, each treatment group received daily intragastric administration of ergothioneine, while the control and model groups were given an equal volume of saline, for a total duration of 4 weeks. The levels of oxidative stress markers,including malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls as markers of protein oxidation, antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH), and antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in the serum and liver of rats using colorimetric assays. A preliminary network pharmacology analysis was performed to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the antioxidant effects of ergothioneine, and further validation was carried out using western blotting to assess the impact of ergothioneine on the hepatic protein expression levels of Acetyl-FOXO1, FOXO1 and SIRT1.

Compared with the model group, ergothioneine-treated groups decreased MDA and protein carbonyl levels in serum and liver,and increased SOD and CAT activities and GSH content. Western blotting indicated that ergothioneine administration reduced the ratio of Acetyl-FOXO1/FOXO1 and upregulated SIRT1 protein expression in liver tissue.

Ergothioneine exhibits significant protective effects against D-gal-induced oxidative damage in rats. The underlying mechanism may predominantly involve modulation of the FoxO signaling pathway.

To establish an pre-column derivatization-high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method for the determination of D-mannose content.

p-aminobenzoic ethyl ester (p-ABEE) was selected as the derivatization agent. The derivatization reaction conditions between D-mannose and p-ABEE were systematically optimized, and the effects of molar ratio of derivatization reactants, reaction temperature and reaction time on derivatization efficiency were emphatically investigated. Meanwhile, the HPLC detection conditions,including chromatographic column type and mobile phase composition, were optimized to realize efficient separation and accurate quantification of derivatized products.

The optimal experimental conditions were determined as follows: the molar ration of D-mannose to p-ABEE was 1:54, and the reaction was performed at a constant temperature of 75 ℃ for 1.5 h. The mobile phase consisted of 0.02% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetonitrile(77:23, V:V) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.00 mL/min. The detection wavelength was determined to be 307 nm. and the column temperature was maintained at 35 ℃. Method validation results showed that D-mannose had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 0.50–20.01 mmol/L (r²=0.998) with the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.05 mmol/L and 0.12 mmol/L, respectively. The recoveries of D-mannose were ranged from 98.55% to 101.45%, with the relative standard deviations of 3.62%–12.74% (n=3).

This method is simple to operate, with mild derivatization conditions and excellent separation effect. It also exhibits good linearity, high recovery rate and low detection limit, showing strong practicality. The method is suitable for the determination of D-mannose in in various matrices such as polysaccharides extracted from plants.

To establish a method for the flavonoid components of honey from different geographical origins by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and conduct an evaluation of antioxidant activity.

After sample preparation,UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was employed for analysis. Chemometric methods including principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to screen differential compounds of honey from different geographical origins. Additionally, the differences in their antioxidant activities were evaluated based on the scavenging rates of 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) cation radical and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical.

The 79 kinds of flavonoid compounds were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Honeys from different origins were clearly distinguished, and 17 kinds of flavonoids,including quercetin, nobiletin and kaempferol, were screened as characteristic markers for origin differentiation. Hongqi village honey (HQC) exhibited the strongest scavenging rates against ABTS radical cation and DPPH radical.

The combination of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and chemometrics can effectively differentiate honey from different geographical origins. This study provides a reference for the authentication of honey origin.

To investigate the bacterial community diversity and functional differences in Litopenaeus vannamei during mid- and late-storage at room temperature and under refrigeration.

The bacterial community structure of Litopenaeus vannamei during mid- and late-storage at room temperature and under refrigeration (4 °C) was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG) database was used to predict the functional differences of spoilage bacteria in Litopenaeus vannamei stored at room temperature and under refrigeration during different storage periods.

Phylum-level analysis revealed Firmicutes as the predominant lineage (>95.5%) in spoiled Litopenaeus vannamei. At the genus level, mid-stage room temperature storage was characterized by the co-dominance of Family_XI_unclassified (32.59%), Tissierella (19.97%),Vagococcus (8.00%) and Kurthia (6.00%). This assemblage transitioned to a Peptostreptococcus (26.60%),Family_XI_unclassified (26.56%), Vagococcus (12.90%), Tissierella (5.95%) consortium at late-stage room temperature storage. Conversely, refrigeration significantly attenuated the relative abundance of spoilage-associated Kurthia and Peptostreptococcus, while concomitantly enriching Vagococcus (16.03%→22.86%), Peptoniphilu (9.24%→17.34%),Family_XI_unclassified (<0.5%→12.04%) and Tissierella (0.06%→10.11%) at terminal storage. KEGG-based functional prediction revealed that mid-stage bacterial communities under room-temperature storage upregulated nutrient acquisition, energy metabolism, and nucleotide biosynthesis pathways, conferring competitive growth advantages. Compared with room temperature storage, the abundance of certain nucleotide biosynthesis pathways was downregulated during mid-refrigerated storage, which contributed to the suppression of spoilage bacterial growth. At the end of storage, bacteria coped with adverse conditions by upregulating genetic material synthesis to repair temperature-induced DNA damage, and enhancing amino acid metabolism and cell wall reinforcement pathways to improve survival and adaptability.

The dominant spoilage bacteria in Litopenaeus vannamei stored at room temperature and under refrigeration partially overlap, yet their relative abundances differ significantly.Refrigeration exerts a certain inhibitory effect on spoilage bacteria of Litopenaeus vannamei, altering the community structure of dominant spoilage bacteria, and consequently resulting in functional differences.

To explore the nutritional characteristics and texture characteristics of 3 kinds of short-age Lentinula edodes, and conduct a comprehensive evaluation.

The 3 kinds of short varieties of Lentinula edodes cultivated in the same formula and batch, X2, F6 and Q2 were selected as experiments materials.The nutritional components, mineral elements, amino acids and texture were measured respectively. Then the quality was evaluated by the correlation and principal component analysis method.

There were some differences in nutritional components of fresh Lentinula edodes among the 3 varieties. The crude polysaccharide of X2 was the highest, reaching 31.70%. The protein content of Q2 was 24.07%, which was 18.54% and 16.86% higher than F6 and X2 respectively (P<0.05). The crude fiber of Q2 was 1.62 and 1.65 times that of F6 and X2. The 3 varieties were rich in mineral elements, among which the potassium was the highest, followed by phosphorus. The potassium and phosphorus in Q2 were 20487.80 mg/kg and 6764.23 mg/kg respectively, which were significantly higher than the other 2 varieties (P<0.05). The calcium of Q2 and X2 was 1.81 times and 1.49 times that of F6, and the zinc-copper ratios of 3 varieties were all above 6. The total amino acid content of 3 varieties was 142.11–172.36 mg/g, the glutamic acid content was the highest, the essential amino acid/non-essential amino acid was more than 60%, and the essential amino acid/total amino acid was more than 40%, which belonged to high-quality protein. According to amino acid score, methionine was the first limiting amino acid, the ratio coefficient and chemical score showed that the nutritional balance of amino acid was ordinary level. The fruit body of Lentinula edodes F6 had high hardness and elasticity, and its texture was more suitable for fresh-cut processing than X2 and Q2. Correlation and principal component analysis showed that the quality of Lentinula edodes Q2 was better than X2 and F6.

There are differences among 3 kinds of Lentinula edodes varieties and each has its own characteristics. The comprehensive quality of Lentinula edodes Q2 is the best, which provides a certain reference for the development and utilization of short-age Lentinula edodes varieties.

To clarify the mechanism of the effects of cold plasma-sun drying process on pesticide residues during the drying process of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.

The 6 kinds of commonly used pesticides in Lycium ruthenicum Murr, namely acetamiprid, carbendazim, imidacloprid, pyridaben, fenpyroximate and zeta-cypermethrin, were selected as the research objects. The pesticide residues in each drying stage were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and the dynamic changes of processing factors (PF) and degradation rates were systematically analyzed. The residue change mechanism was explored in combination with the physicochemical properties of pesticides and process parameters, and a dietary exposure risk assessment was conducted.

Each drying procedure exerted significantly different effects on pesticide residues. Water washing exhibited the best residue removal performance, with degradation rates of 34.88%–73.14% for acetamiprid, carbendazim, imidacloprid and pyridaben. Only fenpyroximate and etoxazole underwent degradation after cold plasma treatment. After the drying process, all target pesticides did not show degradation effects. The dietary exposure riskassessment showed that the acute risk rate and chronic risk rate of the 6 kinds of pesticides were 0.001%–0.233% and 0.001%–0.167 % respectively, both far below the safety critical values.

The study confirms that the combined drying process of Lycium ruthenicum Murr is safe for consumption and can provide theoretical basis and data support for pesticide residue control and process optimization in Lycium ruthenicum Murr processing.

To investigate the effects of key processing parameters on product quality during bean curd stick production, and optimize the processing technology.

Single-factor experiments were carried out for the critical control points of bean curd stick production, and response surface experiments were designed according to the results. The effects of processing parameters on sensory properties and mechanical properties of bean curd stick were studied. The comprehensive score, composed of sensory score (60%), elongation at break(20%) and tensile strength (20%), was used as the response value, and the production process was optimized.

The optimal processing conditions of bean curd stick production were determined as follows:Soybean-to-water mass ratio of 1:7.3, slurry pH 8.16 and sodium hydrosulfite addition of 0.037% based on soybean milk weight. Verification tests showed that bean curd stick produced under these conditions had bright color, strong beany flavor and good chewiness. The sulfur dioxide residue was 0.10 g/kg, which met food safety requirements.

The optimized processing technology provides reliable technical support for the industrial production of bean curd stick.

To investigate the differences and changes in moisture, ash, protein, fat, 14 kinds of mineral elements and 18 kinds of amino acids in fresh, boiled and soaked (3 days) wild prickly bamboo shoots, hemp shoots, sweet bamboo shoots and hairy bamboo shoots, and comprehensively evaluate their content.

The content of mineral elements was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, amino acids were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and other nutrients were determined using national standard methods. Significance analysis and amino acid ratio analysis were performed. The protein nutritional value was comprehensively evaluated using amino acid score (AAS), chemical score (CS), ratio coefficient of essential amino acids (RC) and score of ratio coefficient (SRC).

The nutritional components of the 4 kinds of bamboo shoots were lost to varying degrees after being boiled or soaked for 3 days. The protein content(2.55 g/100g), K content (4530.87 mg/kg), Ca content (450.98 mg/kg), Mg content (191.61 mg/kg), P content(638.39 mg/kg), Fe content (5.42 mg/kg), Zn content (15.64 mg/kg) and Cu content (2.26 mg/kg) of wild prickly bamboo shoots were significantly higher than the other 3 varieties. The content of harmful elements As, Pb, Cd, Cr and Hg in the 4 kinds of bamboo shoots was within the national allowable range. The total amino acid content of 4 kinds of bamboo shoots ranged from 673.27 to 1084.21 mg/100 g. Through analysis of the essential amino acid/total amino acid and essential amino acid/non essential amino acid ratios, the essential amino acid/total amino acid and essential amino acid/non essential amino acid of wild prickly bamboo shoots were 0.40 and 0.67, respectively,meeting the standards of reference modes 0.40 and 0.60. Referring to AAS and CS, the nutritional value of wild prickly bamboo shoots was better than that of the other 3 kinds of bamboo shoots and had high development value.However, based on the analysis of RC and SRC values, the essential amino acid composition of hairy bamboo shoots was more balanced and reasonable than that of the other 3 varieties, and it could be fully utilized.

The nutritional differences among the 4 kinds of bamboo shoots varieties are significant, and their nutritional values has their own advantages and disadvantages. The protein, fat, K, Ca Mg, P, Fe, Zn, and Cu content of wild prickly bamboo shoots are all higher than those of the other three bamboo shoots. The amino acid supply capacity of wild prickly bamboo shoots is optimal, and the amino acid composition of hairy bamboo shoots, hemp shoots and sweet bamboo shoots is more balanced.

To investigate the reproductive toxicity of potassium perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS-K) on peripubertal male rats.

Based on a previous experiment using peripubertal male rats exposed to PFOS-K, total testicular proteins were extracted from the control group and the PFOS-K-exposed group(18 mg·kg^–1·bw^–1). For each group (n=15 per group), tissues from 5 animals were pooled in equal proportions,resulting in 3 samples per group. Proteomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify protein differences, and the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database was used for pathway enrichment analysis.

A total of 3320 proteins were identified, of which 213 were differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 102 significantly downregulated and 111 significantly upregulated proteins. PFOS-K exposure led to the downregulation of protein clusters such as Col14a1-Col6a5-Col12a1, Fn1-Col6a5-Col6a2, and key proteins involved in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Meanwhile, PFOS-K induced the upregulation of protein clusters including Upf2-Pym1-Casc3-Wdr33, Nup107-Upf2-Pym1-Casc3, Cul4b-Rfc3-Polr2i and Gtf2e1-Taf7l.

PFOS-K inhibits the expression of proteins related to protein synthesis pathways, cytoskeletal structure and cell adhesion and downregulates key proteins in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Simultaneously, PFOS-K upregulates proteins involved in RNA metabolic regulation, nucleocytoplasmic transport and DNA damage repair.

To investigate the community structure and diversity characteristics of bacteria and fungi in bulk spices marketed in Yunnan Region.

The 30 samples of bulk spices covering 6 categories, namely,star anise, chili pepper, white pepper, Amomum tsao-ko, Sichuan pepper and cumin, were collected from Yunnan Region. Using whole-genome sequencing, the diversity of bacteria and fungi was analyzed, and the microbial community structures of bacteria and fungi were investigated at the phylum and genus levels.

The dominant bacterial communities of the 6 spices at the phylum level were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota,Actinobacteriota, and white pepper samples had high diversity in bacterial community. At the genus level, the dominant bacterial community was Delftia. The dominant groups of fungal communities of 6 spices at the phylum level were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and star anise samples had high diversity in fungal community. At the genus level, the dominant community of different spices were different. The main pathogenic bacterial contaminants in the spices were Bacillus cereus and Cronobacter spp., and there was varying degrees of mold contamination.

Spices have high diversity in bacterial and fungal communities, and the dominant communities of bacterial and fungal are more consistent at the phylum level in different spices, while they may be different at the genus level. The bacterial and fungal communities in the spices covered both human pathogenic and plant pathogenic genera.

To optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for folic acid in infant formula via the microbiological method using response surface methodology.

Taking ultrasonic temperature,ultrasonic duration, folic acid content in the sample, and pH of the extraction solvent as research objects, response surface analysis was conducted through Plackett-Burman design, the steepest ascent path method, and Box-Behnken design.

The 3 most significant factors influencing ultrasonic extraction and the optimal extraction conditions were: Ultrasonic temperature of 32 ℃, extraction time of 135 min, and sample folic acid content of 657 ng. Under these conditions, validation tests yielded a mean folic acid content of 148.12 μg/100 g with a standard deviation of 1.39 μg/100 g, aligning closely with predicted values and sample specifications. The 17 commercially available samples were analyzed using both optimal and national standard extraction conditions.The results demonstrated an average improvement of 13.7% with the optimal extraction protocol compared to the national standard method.

Under the optimized conditions, the accuracy and inter-laboratory consistency of folic acid determination by the microbiological method are significantly improved, effectively eliminating the systematic errors associate with the national standard method. This provides a reliable technical basis for ensuring the authenticity of nutrition labeling in infant formula.

To investigate the pesticide residue levels and exposure risks of Fragaria ananassa in Qingdao.

A total of 150 batches of fresh Fragaria ananassa from the production bases in Qingdao were randomly selected. Based on the results of visits and investigations, typical pesticides in the 150 batches of samples were tested, and dietary intake risk assessment of typical pesticide residues in Fragaria ananassa was conducted.

It was found that 17 kinds of pesticide residues were detected in 150 batches of Fragaria ananassa in Qingdao, and 10 kinds of pesticides were registered for use in Fragaria ananassa, accounting for 58.8% of the total number of pesticides detected. The 7 kinds of unregistered pesticides were detected in Fragaria ananassa, accounting for 41.2% of the total detected pesticides. The types and quantities of pesticides detected were fungicides>insecticides>acaricides, and plant growth regulators were not detected. In the 5 different harvest periods,the highest pesticide residue levels and the detection frequency were detected in Februry and March. The risk coefficients of the 17 kinds of detected pesticides were all less than 1.5, indicating that the detected pesticides were at a low risk. The dietary intake risk of the detected pesticide residues in fresh Fragaria ananassa was also relatively low. This suggested that the impact of the 17 kinds of detected pesticides on the safety of Fragaria ananassa was acceptable.

Through the monitoring of pesticide residues of Fragaria ananassa in Qingdao, it is found that the qualified rate of pesticide residues in Fragaria ananassa is relatively high, the quality and safety status of Fragaria ananassa is good and acceptable. However, judging from the monitoring data, the use of unregistered pesticides in Fragaria ananassa still occurs, so the supervision of the use of unregistered pesticides in Fragaria ananassa should be further strengthened.

To investigate the pollution conditions of neonicotinoid pesticides in fruits and vegetables sold in Xingtai, and assess the dietary exposure risk of neonicotinoid pesticide residues to local residents.

A total of 210 vegetable and fruit samples were collected from markets in Xingtai from 2021 to 2024. The 12 kinds of neonicotinoid insecticides were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The detection and over-limit situations of neonicotinoid pesticides were evaluated in accordance with GB 2763—2021 National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food. Chronic and acute dietary exposure risk assessments of neonicotinoid pesticides were conducted by the point assessment method. Hazard evaluation of the detected pesticides was performed by the food safety index.

Among the 12 kinds of neonicotinoid insecticides monitored in this study, 8 were detected at varying levels, with detection rates ranging from 0.5% to 34.8% and exceedance rates from 1.0% to 6.7%. Moreover, multiple pesticides were detected in a single sample. Both the chronic and acute dietary intake risk values of the 12 kinds of neonicotinoid insecticides were below 100%, the food safety index of each individual pesticide was less than 1, and the overall food safety index was also below 1.

Certain neonicotinoid insecticides are detected and found exceeding standard limits in vegetables and fruits sold in Xingtai City. However, the dietary intake risks identified in this monitoring are all within acceptable ranges, indicating an overall good safety level.

To understand the status of fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables sold in Xingtai City, and conduct acute and chronic dietary intake risk assessments on the detected fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables.

A total of 399 samples of fresh fruits and vegetables were collected in Xingtai City from 2021 to 2025. Liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was used to detect 10 kinds of common fungicides, and the percentage of acute reference dose and the percentage of acceptable daily intake were calculated to conduct acute and chronic dietary intake risk assessments.

From 2021 to 2025, the detection rate of 10 kinds of fungicides in fruits and vegetables sold in Xingtai City was 39.35%, and the non-compliance rate of samples was 0.25%. Fungicide residues were detected in 8 categories of vegetables and 4 categories of fruits. Among vegetables, the detection rate of leafy vegetables was the highest, reaching 56.47%; and among fruits, the detection rate of stone fruits was the highest, reaching 50.00%. Among the 10 monitored fungicides, dimethomorph had the highest detection rate of 24.56%. The calculated ranges of acute and chronic dietary intake risks were 0.2016%–84.1602% and 0.1264%–47.2337%, respectively, both of which were less than 100%.

From 2021 to 2025, the overall situation of 10 kinds of fungicide residues in fruits and vegetables sold in Xingtai City,Hebei Province is good, and the detected fungicide residues are within the acceptable range for the safety status of fruits and vegetables sold in Xingtai City. However, there are varying degrees of fungicide contamination and mixed use in fruits and vegetables. It is necessary to focus on leafy vegetables, solanaceous vegetables, stone fruits and other categories. Additionally, the intake risk of consumers in the 2–10 years old children group is significantly higher than in other age groups, which requires particular attention.

To understand the content of benzo(a)pyrene in commercially available edible vegetable oils in a city of Guangxi.

A total of 113 samples of edible vegetable oils sold in large supermarkets and farmers’ markets across 8 counties (districts, cities) of a certain city were collected from 2024 to 2025. Molecular imprinting solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography was used to detect the content of BaP. The study analyzed the impact of the type of vegetable oil, processing methods and packaging methods on the BaP content in edible vegetable oils.

The detection rate of BaP in the 113 commercially available edible vegetable oils sampled was 69.0%, with detection ranges of 0.21–5.60 μg/kg and an average of 0.56 μg/kg, all meeting GB 2762—2022 National food safety standard-Limits of contaminants in foods. However, 5 samples exceeded European Union standards,accounting for 4.4% of the total sample population. BaP levels varied significantly among different edible vegetable oils depending on brand, production process and packaging. The detection rates, ranked from highest to lowest, were:Blended oil>peanut oil>corn oil>camellia seed oil>rapeseed oil. The average content, ranked from highest to lowest,was: Camellia seed oil>blended oil>peanut oil>corn oil>rapeseed oil.

The study find that the BaP content in commercially available bulk camellia seed oil is significantly higher than that in other types of edible vegetable oils, highlighting the high-risk characteristics of small-scale workshop-pressed oils and bulk oils. This finding warrants heightened attention from regulatory authorities, who should strengthen oversight of commercially available edible vegetable oils, enhance food safety awareness campaigns, improve monitoring efforts, facilitate public supervision channels and continuously reinforce food safety safeguards.

To analyze the formula registration data for formula milk powder for older infants from 2017 to 2024, investigate the differences between domestic and imported products and their compliance with standards.

Registration data for 786 formula milk powder for older infants disclosed released by the State Administration for Market Regulation during 2017—2024 were summarized. Compliance analysis was conducted according to the current GB 10766—2021 National food safety standard-Follow-up formula for older infants and other relevant standards. A comprehensive comparison of nutritional components was performed between compliant domestic and imported products. Furthermore, the test results were compared with the Chinese dietary reference intakes and European Union standards.

From 2017 to 2024, the overall qualified rate of formula milk powder for older infants reached 46.06%. Among them, there were 289 qualified domestic products with a qualified rate of 46.50%, and 73 qualified imported products with a qualified rate of 44.51%. The product compliance level showed an upward trend year by year. Both compliant domestic and imported products met the national standard GB 10766—2021 but exhibited differences. Domestic products had relatively higher content of protein, carbohydrates and polyfructose, while imported products had relatively higher contents of fat, certain minerals (e.g., sodium,potassium) and optional components like lactoferrin. Vitamin content were largely consistent.

The continuous improvement of China’s infant formula registration management system and standard framework has significantly enhanced the overall compliance level of the industry. Currently, compliant domestic and imported follow-up formulas on the market can provide safe and balanced fundamental nutrition, meeting the growth and development needs of infants. However, they exhibit differentiated characteristics in specific nutritional design and functional ingredient addition, reflecting different market positioning and nutritional concepts. The study suggests that enterprises can optimize formula design accordingly, regulatory authorities can establish long-term tracking mechanisms, and consumers can make informed choices among compliant products based on individual needs under professional guidance.