FRK1 is a marker gene downstream of the innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana (At), and FRKI's expression implies the initiation of the PTI pathway. This experiment screened eight FRK1-like genes from the cassava local genomic database via the Blastp method. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that all the eight FRK1-like genes encode receptor-like protein kinases with amino acid lengths between 804-921 aa and an average protein sequence length of 863 aa. The eight genes were found unevenly distributed on cassava chromosomes, mainly on chromosomes 11 and 4. The analysis of the gene structures showed that the eight genes could be classified into two groups, which in agreement with the results of the evolutionary tree analysis. Based on the location of the conserved motifs and the length of amino acid residues, it was found that MeFRK1, MeFRK4 and MeFRK5 shared three conserved motifs with AtFRK1, and the length of the conserved motifs was between 50 and 250 aa. By comparing with AtFRK1 and factoring in the results of protein motifs, chromosome positioning and evolutionary relationships, MeFRK1 was identified as a marker gene downstream of the innate immunity in the cassava genome. The experiment was conducted on cassava SC8 group-cultured seedlings, and the expression of MeFRK1 gene in leaves was measured by fluorescence quantitative PCR after treatment with the hormones SA, JA and the pathogenic bacteria Xam, respectively. The experiment unveiled that the expression of MeFRK1 gene after the treatment of hormones SA, JA and Xam all demonstrated an increasing trend followed by a decreasing one. After the treatment of the hormone SA and JA, the expression of MeFRK1 gene both peaked at 15 min, with the expression under SA treatment slightly higher than that of JA. While after the treatment of Xam, the expression peaked at 4 d at which time the expression was significantly higher than that of SA and JA treatments, 2.84 times that of the SA treatment and 3.06 times that of the JA treatment. It is evident that MeFRK1 has a positive regulatory effect in response to SA and JA signaling pathways for a short period of time, and the response is relatively rapid. Pathogenic Xam could better induce the expression of MeFRKI gene, thus improving the resistance of cassava to pathogenic bacteria Xam. The results may lay the foundation for further establishment of a molecular system for cassava disease resistance.

Three-line matching is the main research direction of pepper breeding, identification and development of restorer gene linkage markers in pepper is a difficult problem in restorer line breeding. In this study, the F₂ segregation population was constructed by using 014A and 014C as parents, the segregation ratio of fertility and sterility was 3∶1 by χ² test, indicating that CMS fertility recovery trait of capsicum was controlled by one pair of dominant genes. Using the BSA method to construct the mixed pool of fertile and sterile DNA, the whole genome was re-sequenced and compared with the reference genome, by SNP-index Method and Fisher Test, the cytoplasmic male sterility restorer gene was mapped in the region of 1.44-8.28 Mb at the tip of the chromosome 6. The primers were designed according to the SNP/InDel difference between parents, and the polymorphic primers were screened in both parents and extreme pools, and the molecular markers PP5 and OP59 were obtained. The accuracy of the two markers was 100% in extreme population validation; The marker OP59 was a co-dominant marker, which was located at the candidate gene T459-15819 interval of 17 232 bp. The accuracy of the marker was 100% in the sterile population and 97.21% in the fertile population; PP5 was located 318 bp downstream of the candidate gene T459-15819 of the restorer gene. The accuracy of PP5 was 100% in both sterile and homozygous fertile populations. In this study, we obtained two markers closely linked with the restorer gene, which would lay the foundation for accelerating the selection of CMS restorer lines in pepper.

A technique system for detecting the genome size of Camellia oleifera by flow cytometry was established to analyze the genome size genetic diversity between the superior lines of C. osmantha var. Yilu and C. vietnamensis var. Hongu 23, and to provide reference for selection of special germplasm and analysis of ploidy difference, based on the key links such as the type of dissociated liquid, the plant of internal reference, the tissue organ of the test material, evaluation indexes such as the nuclear dissociation, the degradation of secondary metabolites, the stability of the cell peak, the clear degree of the main peak, the separation degree of the main and miscellaneous peak, the easy degree of sampling, the difference of the genome size of the internal participating samples, the accuracy of genome size determination and the coefficient of variation. The method was used to determine the genome size of the superior lines of C. osmantha and C. vietnamensis. The disintegrating effect of WPB and mG^b was better among common dissociative fluids WPB, Tris-MgCl₂, OTTO, mG^b. Pean and corn were the favorable internal plants, and young leaf or root tip were the favorable experimental materials. The genome size of the superior lines of C. osmantha was from 5.12 to 9.31 Gb, with an average value of 7.60 Gb, the genome size distribution of the superior lines No. 1, No. 37 and No. 45 was extreme, and it was speculated that there were ploidy differences or interspecific hybridization between the parents. The genome size of superior lines of C. vietnamensis varied from 9.17 to 9.85 Gb, the mean value was 9.47 Gb. There was significant difference in genome size between the superior lines of C. osmantha and C. vietnamensis.

Paris polyphylla var. alba, a medicinal plant of Melanthiaceae, is classed as the national second-grade protected species of China. With the increasing demand for raw materials of Rhizoma paridis, the wild resources of P. polyphylla var. alba have been seriously damaged. In order to protect the genetic resources and clarify the systematic positon of this species, Illumina Hiseq X Ten platform was used to sequence the chloroplast (cp) genome. The structural characteristics of the complete cp genome sequence and phylogenetic relationship of P. polyphylla var. alba in Paris were analyzed. The results showed that the cp genome was 163 944 bp in length with a typical quadripartite structure with a large single-copy (LSC) region of 84 179 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 12 967 bp, and a pair of 33 399 bp inverted repeats (IRs). The genome contained 134 genes, including 88 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 38 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. A total of 645 long repeats and 97 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci were detected in the complete cp genome, in which forward and palindromic repeats were the mainly long repeat types, and most of SSRs had A/T base preference. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete cp genomes showed that Paris formed a monophyletic group, and could be further divided into five major clades corresponding to five sections, respectively. The varieties of P. polyphylla are located in Sect. Euthyra, but are not clustered a monophyletic group, and P. polyphylla var. alba is closely related to P. mairei. This study would provide a scientific basis for studying the phylogeny, species identification and resource conservation of Paris.

During the evolution from lower plants to higher plants, lignification is the key to adapt to the terrestrial environment, while lignin deposition in the cell wall is an important manifestation of lignification, and MYB61 plays an important role in lignin synthesis pathway. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of MYB61 in lignin synthesis of Impatiens chlorosepala and Impatiens uliginosa, MYB61 genes, named IcMYB61 and IuMYB61 in this study, were cloned by using the RT-PCR method. The full-length cDNA was 1035 bp and 1002 bp, encoding 344 aa and 333 aa, containing an intron of 84 bp and 66 bp, respectively. Physicochemical analysis suggested that IcMYB61 and IuMYB61 were unstable hydrophilic protein. Domain analysis of protein showed that IcMYB61 and IuMYB61 contained two typical SANT conserved domains. The comparison of amino acid sequences of MYB61 with that of other species showed that there were highly conserved R2 and R3 regions at the N-terminal, which was speculated to be R2R3-MYB gene. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, it found that IcMYB61 and IuMYB61 were clustered together with I. glandulifera, confirming that the same genus is more closely related. The qPCR showed that IcMYB61 and IuMYB61 were expressed in three different parts of the two periods, and the expression levels were the lowest in roots. In I. chlorosepala, the highest expression of IcMYB61 was in the leaves at the seedling stage, and the highest expression level was in the stem at the mature stage. In I. uliginosa, the expression of IuMYB61 was the highest in the stems of both periods. By measuring the total lignin content in stems and leaves of the two species, it was found that the lignin content of both species was the highest in stems, which was consistent with the expression trend of MYB61. It is speculated that MYB61 mainly regulates the biosynthesis of lignin in the stems of I. chlorosepala and I. uliginosa. The above-mentioned results would provide some basic data and scientific basis for exploring the regulation mechanism of MYB61 on the lignin synthesis of Impatiens and the culture of new varieties.

Verticillium wilt, a soil-borne disease caused by Verticillium spp., is one of the most important diseases in eggplant production. It seriously affects the yield and quality of eggplant. At present, the control methods for eggplant verticillium wilt are limited to grafting and chemical controls, but neither of them can prevent the occurrence of verticillium wilt. The best way to control Verticillium wilt is to explore the verticillium wilt resistance genes in eggplant and to breed some resistant eggplant varieties with genetic engineering technology. Solanum symbriifolium Lam. is a wild eggplant in Yunnan, China with a high Verticillium wilt resistance. PR genes encode pathogenesis-related proteins, which are closely related to plant disease defense. Among them, PR10 protein is a nuclease-like protein, and the defense mechanism of PR10 protein in S. sisymbriifolium is still unclear. In this study, a wild eggplant S. sisymbriifolium was used as the experimental material. The pathogenesis related protein 10 (PR10) homologous gene was isolated and cloned by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) technology from the previously established transcriptome database of S. sisymbriifolium and named as SsPR-10. The cloned sequence length of SsPR-10 was 645 bp, and its coding region was 480 bp long, encoding a protein of 159 amino acids residues in total. And the bioinformatics analysis showed that SsPR-10 protein was an acidic hydrophilic protein with a molecular mass of 17.71 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 5.54. The prediction of transmembrane region and signal peptide showed that SsPR-10 protein had no transmembrane region and signal peptide. The prediction for subcellular localization showed that SsPR-10 was localized in the cytoplasm of plant cell. The results of conserved domain prediction showed that SsPR-10 contained a "P-LOOP" circle structure (sequence positions at 47-52 bp) and conserved sequence PATHOGENESIS_BETVI (sequence positions at 88-120 bp). The sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that SsPR-10 protein had the highest homology with PR10 protein from S. virginianum, followed by STH-2 protein from S. tuberosum. The expression of SsPR-10 gene was analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) experiments, and the expression level of SsPR-10 was the highest in the root than in other organs of S. sisymbriifolium, showing a tissue specificity. The expression level of SsPR-10 was multiplied to 8.16 times at 24 h after inoculation with V. dahliae, indicating that verticillium wilt might induce the expression of SsPR-10. In this study, SsPR-10 gene was cloned and its expression pattern was analyzed in the wild eggplant S. sisymbriifolium for the first time, which will provide a theoretical basis for further studying the mechanism of SsPR-10 responding to Verticillium wilt and other biological stresses.

In order to understand the flora characteristics of wild seed plants in Mashan county, Guangxi, the wild seed plant resources were investigated. The results showed that there were 1504 species of wild seed plants in Mashan county, Guangxi, belonging to 170 families and 740 genera. Angiosperms were dominant and gymnosperms were relatively scarce. From the perspective of family and genus composition, monospecific families and oligospecies were the main body, while the genera and species of seed plants were concentrated in medium and large families, small genera and monospecific genera. The plant distribution area was rich in types, with obvious tropical nature and certain temperate components, showing a transitional nature from tropical to subtropical. Compared with neighboring areas, Mashan county has richer plant diversity, and its flora is the closest to Binyang county, Guangxi. In general, Mashan county is rich in plant diversity, with prominent tropical components, rich in life and mainly herbaceous plants, with ancient and young flora coexisting, and the unique phenomenon is prominent, reflecting the characteristics of the flora of the Beibu Gulf as a whole.

Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf is native to Hekou county, Yunnan province, with few wild individuals, and is listed as a critically endangered species. It has important protection value and good prospect of garden development and application. The stem segments of aseptic seedlings of A. gigantifolia were used as the explants to establish a propagation in vitro. The results showed that the optimal medium for callus induction was WPM+0.50 mg/L TDZ+0.10 mg/L NAA, and the induction rate of callus was 96.67%. The optional medium for callus proliferation was WPM+0.50 mg/L TDZ and the multiplication coefficient was 4.42. The optimal medium for callus differentiation was WPM+2.00 mg/L 6-BA+0.20 mg/L NAA, and the induction rate reached 100%. The optional medium for adventitious bud proliferation culture was WPM+4.00 mg/L 6-BA, the multiplication coefficient was 3.90, and the cluster buds grew well. The optional rooting medium was WPM+10% coconut water+0.20 mg/L NAA, the rooting rate reached 100%, the root system developed well and the test-tube plantlets grew vigorously. Plantlets were transplanted into the mixture substrate with the volume ratio of perlite and peat soil of 1∶3, the survival rate was 96.67% after 60 days and plants grew well. This study can provide technical support for the large-scale seedling production of A. gigantifolia, as well as theoretical basis and technical support for the protection, seedling breeding, and molecular biology research of this species.

In order to explore the growth and branching genetic variation of Casuarina equisetifolia half-sib families at seedling stage, the annual seedlings of 40 half-sib C. equisetifolia families were used as the materials. Genetic analysis was carried out on seven traits: seedling height, ground diameter, dry weight, root shoot ratio, number of lateral branches, angle of lateral branch, and length of lateral branch. At the same time, cluster analysis and multi-trait comprehensive evaluation method were used to select excellent families. The results showed that the growth and branching traits of C. equisetifolia half-sib families at seedling stage varied widely, and the differences of the seven traits among families reached extremely significant level. The family heritability of the growth and branching traits ranged from 0.36 to 0.83, which were controlled by moderate or strong inheritance. Four excellent families, 3-265, 5-373, 1-266 and 2-343, were selected at a 10% selection rate. The real gains of seedling height, ground diameter, dry weight, number of lateral branches and length of lateral branches of the selected families was 21.14%, 19.10%, 41.83%, 19.97% and 18.88%, respectively. The genetic gains were 17.55%, 15.66%, 29.70%, 15.57% and 15.10%, respectively. The effect of selection work was remarkable. C. equisetifolia seedlings have great breeding potential among families. The excellent families selected in this study not only enrich the excellent germplasm resources of C. equisetifolia, but provide better germplasm materials for the subsequent genetic improvement and forest construction of C. equisetifolia.

Rubber tree is an important economic tree species. In order to explore the reasonable amount of fertilization in rubber plantations, field experiments with different nitrogen fertilizer dosages were set up to clarify the nitrogen transportion characteristics of rubber plantations after mid- and late-stage fertilization. Four treatments were set up: ① blank control (CK), no fertilization; ② conventional fertilization (C, total fertilization 2 kg/plant, early stage∶middle stage∶late stage=5∶3∶2); ③ reduced fertilization (J, total fertilization 1.6 kg/plant, early stage : mid dle stage∶late stage=5∶3∶2), and the reduction of fertilization is equivalent to a 20% reduction in conventional fertilization; ④ simultaneous fertilization (T, total fertilization 1.6 kg/plant, early stage∶middle stage∶late stage=3∶3∶2). The results showed that the characteristics of soil nitrogen transportion in rubber plantations with different fer tilization treatments were different, mainly vertical transportion, and horizontal transportion fluctuated significantly within 5 cm, and there was no obvious change with the increase of horizontal distance. The ammonium nitrogen in the mid-term fertilization mainly transported to 40-60 cm, while the ammonium nitrogen in the later fertilization mainly stayed at 0-20 cm. The trend of inorganic nitrogen was consistent with that of ammonium nitrogen, the main form of soil inorganic nitrogen under different fertilization treatments was ammonium nitrogen. The transportation ability of both ammonium and nitrate nitrogen was reduced and the transportation to deep soil was reduced in the late fertilization. Therefore, adjusting the amount and time of fertilization is beneficial to improving the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in rubber plantations and reduce nitrogen loss.

Root exudates are one of the important sources of plant autotoxic substances. Studies have shown that phthalic acid is a well known allelopathic autotoxic substance, and it is also one of the substances with higher content in rubber tree root exudates. In order to explore whether phthalic acid has an autotoxic effect on rubber tree, the effects of different concentrations (0.05, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 mmol/L) of phthalic acid solutions on the seed germination and seedling growth of rubber tree RRIM600 were investigated. Phthalic acid delayed the initial germination time of rubber tree seeds, and reduced the germination rate, germination speed and uniformity of seeds germination. Compared with the control, the germination rate, germination index, germination speed, and uniformity of seeds germination of 2.00 mmol/L phthalic acid trestment decreased by 23.60%, 42.75%, 37.18%, 58.69%. All concentrations of phthalic acid treatment inhibited the growth of shoot length, diameter of shoot base, root diameter, and reduced the seedling biomass accumulation. In the concentration range of 0.05-2.00 mmol/L, the shoot length, diameter of shoot base, root diameter, shoot weight and root weight reduced by 12.91% to 40.70%, 20.05% to 21.59%, 7.89% to 34.13%, 16.18% to 26.47%, 20.00% to 36.00%. The content of soluble sugar, proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased gradually with the increase of phthalic acid concentration, along with the degree of cell membrane lipid peroxidation gradually increased. The pigment content and catalase (CAT) activity of rubber tree seedlings increased first and then decreased with the increase of phthalic acid treatment concentration, while peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities decreased with the increase of phthalic acid treatment concentration. 0.05 mmol/L phthalic acid promoted the accumulation of chlorophyll b in seedlings, decreased the content of chlorophyll a, increased the activity of CAT, reduced POD and SOD activity. When the concentration reached 0.50 mmol, the content of chlorophyll a, total amount of chlorophyll, and carotenoid accumulated to the maximum, and decreased the activities of POD and SOD, at 2.00 mmol/L, the activities of POD and SOD continued to decrease. In conclusion, phthalic acid delayed the initial germination time of rubber tree RRIM600 seeds, decreased the seed germination rate and germination rate, led to the disorder of the physiological function of rubber tree seedlings, and inhibited the growth and development. The results could provide basic data support for the evaluation of the autotoxicity of phthalic acid on rubber trees.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food and bioenergy crop globally. One of the most significant methods for germplasm development and variety selection is hybridization. However, a series of problems including difficulty in seed germination hinder severely the development of new cultivars. Thus, in present study, seed dormancy characteristics as well as dormancy breaking methods were investigated with freshly harvested natural hybrid seeds of SC124. The cassava seeds are oval and contain a seed coat, endosperm and embryo according to the observation of anatomy and scanning electron microscopy. The outer epidermis is smooth and contains epidermal layer, spongy parenchma and densely arranged palisade parenchma from outside to the inside. The seed coat and seed caruncle slow down the water absorption of cassava seeds, while the primary reason for inducing seed dormancy is the mechanical hindrance of seed coat and the existence of the inhibitor, which could be classified as physiological dormancy. Treatments by scarified seed micropyle, removing seed coat and scarified seed micropyle + two alternating cycles of moist cold temperature (0 ℃) for 2 h followed by moist warm temperature (30 ℃) for 2 h could effectively break seed dormancy and improve seed germination percentage. Treatment by scarified seed micropyle was the most effective methods, which promoted seed germination from 2% to 88% and germination rate was also the fastest. The optimum temperature for germination of cassava seeds was 35 ℃, and the germination percentage and germination index was 88% and 36.6, respectively. The research could provide scientific basis for understanding seed structure, seed dormancy characteristics and the best broken method for cassava seeds in production practice, and also provide a theoretical reference for the expression of excellent traits of cassava hybrid offspring.

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different fertilization and irrigation rates on plant growth, nutrient uptake, yield and fruit quality of MD-2 pineapple. The goal was to deal with the seasonal drought in the main producing areas of pineapple, and determine the appropriate rates of fertilization and irrigation for high-yield and high-quality pineapple variety growth, which can increase the yield and efficiency. MD-2 pineapple was subjected to a field plot experiment with eight treatments: (1) CK (no fertilization and no irrigation), (2) F₁W₀ (no irrigation with conventional fertilization), (3) F₁W₁ (fertigation with 50%-60% of field capacity), (4) F₂W₁ (25% reduction in fertilizer application with 50%-60% of field capacity), (5) F₃W₁ (50% reduction in fertilizer application with 50%-60% of field capacity), (6) F₁W₂ (fertigation with 30%-40% of field capacity), (7) F₂W₂ (the amount of fertilizer was reduced by 25%, 30%-40% of field capacity), and (8) F₃W₂ (the amount of fertilizer was reduced by 50%, 30%-40% of field capacity). The results showed that the total number of leaves, root, stem, leaf, stalk, fruit and plant dry biomass accumulations, and plant N, P, K accumulations of MD-2 pineapple of F₁W₁ treatment were significantly higher than those of CK. Compared with F₁W₀, F₁W₁ treatment significantly increased the plant height, stem height, stem diameter, D leaf length, D leaf width, peduncle diameter, and stem, leaf, peduncle, fruit and plant dry biomass accumulations, and N and K accumulations of plant. The transverse diameter, vertical diameter, fruit weight and fruit yield of MD-2 pineapple of F₁W₁ treatment were significantly higher than those of CK and F₁W₀. And the fruit yield of F₁W₁ was 117.46% higher than CK and 99.40% higher than F₁W₀, while there was no difference between F₁W₀ and CK. The fertilizer contribution rate and agricultural efficiency of each fertigation treatment were significantly higher than those of F₁W₀. The contents of vitamin C and titratable acid of F₁W₀ were the highest, but the sugar-acid ratio was the lowest. Under the same irrigation level, there were no significant differences in growth, dry biomass accumulation and fruit quality of MD-2 pineapple among different fertilization levels. The yield of F₁W₁ treatment was the highest, which had no significant difference with that of F₃W₁ treatment. The irrigation water productivity of F₃W₁ treatment was equivalent to that of all treatments with low irrigation level. Under the same fertilization level, the soluble sugar content and sugar-acid ratio of treatments with high irrigation rate were significantly higher than those of treatments with low irrigation rate. Considering the growth situation, yield and quality of MD-2 pineapple, irrigation water productivity and fertilizer contribution rate, F₃W₁ treatment was the optimal combination of fertilization and irrigation, which was beneficial to realize high yield, quality and efficiency of MD-2 pineapple.

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) is an important vegetable and condiment, but the current cropping pattern makes its continuous cropping obstacles increasingly prominent. Most studies show that reasonable rotation is an effective method and means to solve the continuous cropping obstacles of chili pepper. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) is an ideal rotation plant, but the effect of industrial hemp rotation on alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of chili pepper is not clear. In order to explore the effect of industrial hemp-chili pepper rotation on the growth and physiology of chili pepper, this study took the industrial hemp variety Yunma 1 and two local chili pepper varieties Taiyanghong and Yangjiaola as the materials in the agronomic experiment greenhouse of Yunnan University from 2018 to 2019. Pot experiments were carried out on chili pepper continuous cropping and industrial hemp-chili pepper rotation, respectively. The morphological growth and physiological and biochemical indexes of chili pepper after industrial hemp rotation were comparatively analyzed, and the effect of industrial hemp rotation on the growth and physiology of chili pepper in the later season was preliminarily explored. The results showed that the main physiological and biochemical indexes of chili pepper in the rotation group and the continuous cropping group had the same trend. However, compared with the chili pepper continuous cropping, the chlorophyll content of the two chili pepper varieties increased to a certain extent at 40, 50, 60 and 100 days after seedling thinning, while the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and POD) and root activity also increased correspondingly, especially in the harvest period (100 days after seedling thinning) in the industrial hemp-chili pepper rotation. After the industrial hemp rotation, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) and transpiration rate (T_r) of the leaves of the two pepper varieties were significantly increased at 40, 50 and 60 days after seedling thinning, resulting in a significant increase in plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and root shoot ratio at harvest stage. Compared with the chili pepper continuous cropping, the plant height of Yangjiaola and Taiyanghong increased by 20.65% and 16.85%, the stem diameter increased by 16.32% and 19.94%, the aboveground dry weight increased by 15.39% and 27.50%, and the root shoot ratio increased by 33.26% and 25.47% in the industrial hemp-chili pepper rotation, respectively. In conclusion, the industrial hemp rotation enhanced the physiological activity of late season chili pepper and better maintained the normal growth and development of chili pepper. The results have a guiding significance for the selection of reasonable planting mode of chili pepper in the future.

Pleurotus giganteus is a kind of rare edible fungus newly developed in China. It has typical high temperature resistance and plays an important role in the development of edible fungus industry in tropics. With the large-scale cultivation of P. giganteus in tropics, two strains with different fruiting temperature types were selected, which are suitable for cultivation in hot season and cold season respectively, and can effectively ensure the annual supply of the local P. giganteus market. In order to fully understand the nutritional needs and suitable culture conditions of P. giganteus mycelia, the screened high-temperature strain (PG46) and med-temperature strain (PG79) of P. giganteus were used as the materials to compare and analyze the biological characteristics and liquid fermentation conditions with single factor and orthogonal experimental methods, and the dynamic changes of mycelia growth in liquid fermentation were further studied. The experimental data were analyzed by SPSS 26 software. The experiment results of biological characteristics showed that in the single factor experiment, the growth conditions of PG46 and PG79 were basically the same, the optimal carbon source was maltose, the optimal nitrogen sources were yeast extract powder and peptone, the optimal pH was 7, and the optimal temperature was 25-28 ℃. However, the mycelia of PG79 began to suffer from heat stress at 30 ℃, and the colony morphology became irregular. The orthogonal experiment proofed the single factor results, and the impact order of each factor on the mycelia growth of P. giganteus was: nitrogen source > pH > temperature > carbon source. The experimental results of liquid fermentation showed that on the basis of biological characteristics, when the rotating speed was 150 r/min, the liquid volume was 120 mL, and the inoculation amount was 12%, it was more suitable for the mycelia growth of P. giganteus. The mycelial growth of PG46 and PG79 showed a dynamic pattern of "logarithmic growth", and the highest mycelia biomass was obtained at 15 d (0.95 g) and 13 d (1.09 g) respectively. The mycelia biomass of PG79 was always higher than that of PG46, which was consistent with the difference in growth rate between them (PG79>PG46). The study could provide references for the large-scale cultivation of P. giganteus strains with different temperature types, the optimization of heat stress conditions, cross breeding, and the further study of the phenotype and genotype of P. giganteus.

Phosphorus is an indispensable element in the process of plant growth and development, but it is mostly in the form of ineffective bound phosphorus in the field. The microorganisms in soil can convert the ineffective phosphorus into free effective phosphorus, and fully improve the utilization rate of phosphorus. In this study, a phosphate-solubilizing fungus XZY3PSF was isolated and purified from the corn rhizosphere soil using the phosphorus-solubilized halo method, and the strain was identified. The activity of the strain to dissolve 2.5-20.0 g/L tricalcium phosphate and the phosphate solubilization ability of 10-10⁵ spores/mL to tricalcium phosphate in 1-25 d were analyzed. The mineralization ability of 2.5 g/L and 5.0 g/L calcium phytate was evaluated, and the interaction between it and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and the pathogen of banana Fusarium wilt disease was evaluated. Based on the morphological characteristics combined with ITS and β-tubulin gene sequences, the strain XZY3PSF was identified as Talaromyces purpureogenus. The highest content of available phosphorus dissolved by phosphate-solubilizing strain under different concentrations of tricalcium phosphate was between 500 and 570 mg/L. The content of available phosphorus in the medium decreased with the prolongation of culture time. The decreasing range of the available phosphorus content in the tricalcium phosphate medium was weakened. On the 25th day, the available phosphorus content in the 15.0 and 20.0 g/L tricalcium phosphate medium was significantly higher than that of the other concentrations. With the increase of the spore concentration in the medium, higher peak value of the available phosphorus content in the culture medium appeared, and its decreasing range expanded with the increase of the spore concentration. During the test period, with the extension of culture time, the mineralization ability of XZY3PSF to calcium phytate was stronger. XZY3PSF and Bacillus X5 had antagonistic effects on the pathogen of banan Fusarium wilt, but the phosphate solubilizing fungus and Bacillus spp. also antagonized each other. The research results would lay a foundation for the development of microbial fertilizers composed of phosphorus-solubilizing fungi and antagonistic bacteria. At the same time, the mineralization of XZY3PSF on calcium phytate would provide a basic theoretical basis for subsequent studies on whether it can degrade organophosphorus pesticides.

This study aimed to identify the pathogen which causes Areca catechu Linnaeus leaf spot and study its biological characteristics. The pathogen was isolated and purified from disease samples by the tissue isolation method, and the pathogenicity of the strain was tested. Combined with morphological characteristics and multi gene (ITS-TUB-TEF) joint analysis, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to identify the pathogen, and to study its biological characteristics under different culture conditions. Leaf spot of A. catechu was caused by Neopestalotiopsis sonneratae. The hyphal growed the fastest on CA medium and the aerial hyphal was the most developed on MEA medium. The optimum temperature for both hyphal growth and spore germination was 28 ℃. 24 h illumination was most favorable for the hyphal growth. Hyphal growed the best at pH 5, and the optimum pH for spore germination was 6. The study would provide a theoretical basis for the control of the leaf spot on A. catechu.

Cassava is an important food crop and economic crop in the world. Tetranychus urticae is one of the important alien invasive pests and one of the four major cassava pests in China. Breeding and utilization of mite resistant varieties is an important means to realize green integrated pest control. The exploitation and utilization of secondary metabolites with mite resistance function and their regulation genes can effectively breed mite resistant varieties in crops. Flavonoid play an important role in plant defense against phytophagous pests, however, there is little knowledge about the function of flavonoid pathway genes in cassava resistance to mite. Based on this, this study used mite-resistant and mite-susceptible cassava cultivars were used to analyze the flavonoid pathway genes related to plant insect resistance and to analyze the difference of gene expression after mites fed for 1 d and 4 d, respectively. The results showed that, compared with before those mites fed, the relative expression of CHS, PGT1, F3H, FLS, LAR, C3'H and CYP93B_16 genes in the cassava cultivars of BREAD, SC9 and BAR900 showed a trend of first decreasing (1 d) and then increasing (4 d) to the levels before the mites feed (0 d), while the relative expression of the above genes in the mites-resistant cassava cultivars C1115, SC9 and Myanmar showed a trend of first significantly increasing (1 d) and then decreasing (4 d). However, they were all significantly higher than those of the levels before the mites feed (0 d). Further comparison of the differences in the expression of the flavonoids synthesis pathway gene in the mites-resistant and sensitive tapioca cultivars before and after mites was infested, it was found that after the pest of the two-spotted spider mites was harmed for 1 d, the expression of CHS, PGT1, FLS and C3'H in the mites-resistant cassava cultivars was significantly higher than that in the sensitive mites cassava varieties. Correlation analysis showed that the expression of the four genes was significantly and positively correlated with cassava mite resistance. Before mites (0 d) and 4 days after mites infestation, the expression of the above genes in mites-resistant cassava varieties was generally higher than that of the tapioca cultivars. The results speculated that mite-resistant cassava cultivar could activate flavonoid pathways to defend T. urticae infestation. This study would lay a theoretical foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of cassava resistance to mite, and for breeding and creating mite-resistant cassava cultivars.

Pitaya has both edible and medicinal value, the major fruit in tropical and subtropical regions of China. But it is susceptible to diseases during storage. Pitaya soft rot disease is a common major disease in storage. To clarify the pathogen of pitaya soft rot, the antagonist activity and inhibition effect of antagonistic actinomycetes against pathogen, pitaya with soft rot characteristics were used to isolate pathogens by tissue separation, purification and identification. The pathogenicity of pathogen was determined by inoculated without injuries and fruit acupuncture inoculation. 26 Streptomyces spp. as the antagonist strains were tested. The inhibitory effects of cell-free filtrate on mycelial growth of the pathogen were studied by agar block method and growth rate methods. Control effect of LWL1827 cell-free filtrate spraying of different concentration and PPO, POD and PAL activity of concentration 1∶10 were carried out. ZYW18 was the pathogenic fungus according to the pathogenicity test, which was identified as Fusarium verticillioides based on morphological characteristics and molecular identification. LWL1827 could significantly inhibit the mycelia growth of ZYW18, the radius of inhibition zone was (18.32±2.13)mm, and the colony extension was inhibited significantly, the inhibitary rates of sterile fermentation filtrates with different concentrations of 1∶5、1∶10、1∶50 was 91.23%±3.11%, 87.21%±3.22%, 80.22%±2.03%, respectively. LWL1827 cell-free filtrate (1∶10) significantly improved the activity of PPO, POD and PAL, even 2-3 times higher than that of the control. Meanwhile, LWL1827 could reduce disease index and improve its control effect. Conclusively, the pathogen that causes pitaya is identified as F. verticillioides. This is the first report of pitaya caused by F. verticillioides. The Streptomyces sp. LWL1827 has significant antagonistic effect, and the antagonistic strain LWL1827 has potential value in biological control against pitaya soft sot.

In order to clearify the potential of entomopathogenic nemotodes (EPNs) on the control of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, the pathogenucity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06 against all stages of R. ferrugineus and the behavior of the invading red palm weevil larvae was studied using laboratory bioassay methods. The results showed that the mortality of eggs was the highest in all stages after R. ferrugineus was infected by EPNs, and LC₅₀ was 104.85 IJs/mL, followed by 1-2 instar larvae, 3-4 instar larvae and 5-6 instar larvae, LC₅₀ was 165.34 IJs/mL, 215.31 IJs/mL and 292.26 IJs/mL respectively; No significant differences were observed in the sensitivity between 7-10 instar larvae and pupae to EPNs. Among the effects of inoculation site on the mortality of different instar larvae, the mortality of the 3rd instar larvae was the highest when inoculated with spiracle and anus, which was 91.11% and 78.89% respectively, while the lethal rate of inoculation with mouthparts was the highest in the treatment of the 6th and 8th instar larvae. No significant difference presented in the mortality of different instar R. ferrugineus larvae when treated with vent inoculation. The R. ferrugineus body color changed to red or reddish brown, no spontaneous response when touching, and the body wall of R. ferrugineus shrinked after treated by EPNs. When the nematode approached the spiracle of R. ferrugineus larval, it stayed around the spiracle for a moment, and finally entered the insect body, and the number of EPNs successfully invaded was about 33.33%.

Five different light filter bags including red, green, blue, white and double kraft bag were selected to study the effects of different color filter bags on the sunburn incidence and fruit quality of pomegranate. The sunburn index of pomegranate fruit decreased from 62.42% to 100%, comparing to non-bagged fruits. Principal component analysis showed that bagging mainly affected four quality indicators of pomegranate fruit, including titratable acid, soluble solids content, soluble sugar and seed hardness. The content of soluble sugar increased by 26.72% in the red bag, the seed hardness decreased by 35.58%, and the SSC and titratable acidity did not change significantly. The content of titratable acid, SSC and soluble sugar in the green bag fruit increased by 5.80%, 7.03%, 15.40% respectively, seed hardness decreased by 56.30%. The content of titratable acid, SSC and soluble sugar in the blue bag increased by 11.59%, 9.38%, 23.55%, and the seed hardness decreased by 16.26%. Titratable acid, SSC of fruits and seed hardness in the white bag decreased by 17.39%, 2.89% and 35.63%, respectively. The titratable acid and soluble solids of the fruits in the kraft bag increased by 8.70% and 11.17%, respectively, and the seed hardness decreased by 38.91%. The comprehensive analysis of the sunburn incidence and the internal and external quality of the fruit found that the red bag significantly improved the appearance quality of the fruit, reduced the fruit sunburn index by 91.80%, significantly increased the soluble sugar content, and reduced the seed hardness. Therefore, the red bag is an ideal fruit bag for Hongyushizi.

The current preservation methods of Phallus rubrovolvatus not only result in short shelf life and rapid quality deterioration but also greatly limit its market sales. Consequently, exploring the characteristics of quality deterioration during the preservation of P. rubrovolvatus and corresponding key control points is essential to slow down the deterioration and prolong the shelf life. In this study, the samples were processed with no treatment (control), silica gel desiccant treatment, ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment, silica gel desiccant and preservative paper treatment, and silica gel desiccant, active paper, and preservative paper treatment, respectively. After treatment, the samples were preserved at low temperature (4 ℃) and normal temperature (25 ℃), respectively, and were collected regularly for sensory evaluation, enzyme activity determination, and texture determination. The quality deterioration characteristics and key control points of P. rubrovolvatus during preservation were revealed based on the changes in sensory indexes decay rate, weight loss ratio, color and odor, the changes in enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chitinase, etc., and the changes in texture indexes such as hardness, elasticity, and chewability. The results showed that silica gel desiccant treatment at normal temperature, ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment at low temperature had a significant effect on maintaining the weight of P. rubrovolvatus, with the 4.82% and 7.36% at low temperature, respectively, followed by ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment at normal temperature, silica gel desiccant treatment at low temperature with a weight loss ratio of 7.66% and 7.42%, respectively. With ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment, the decay rate was 13% at normal temperature at 2 d and 0% at low temperature at 22 d. The sensory evaluation under ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment demonstrated that the yellowing degree and odor deterioration score were the lowest, and the changes in yellowing degree and odor intensity were slow. According to the texture determination, ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment presented the highest comprehensive score and had the best inhibitory effect on deterioration-related enzymes, which effectively prolonged the shelf life of P. rubrovolvatus from 5 d to 20 d. Based on the results, ozone treatment at the initial stage can effectively reduce the species and quantity of miscellaneous bacteria on the surface of fruiting bodies of P. rubrovolvatus, and slow down the proliferation rate of miscellaneous bacteria during subsequent preservation, thus inhibiting the decay and yellowing of the fruiting bodies of P. rubrovolvatus. In addition, silica gel desiccant treatment can decrease the surface humidity, slow down the damage of chitinase to the cell wall, and inhibit the reproduction of miscellaneous bacteria on the surface, thereby delaying the softening, collapse, and yellowing of P. rubrovolvatus. The best treatment for the preservation of P. rubrovolvatus is ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment at low temperature.

Beiyuan Tribute tea (BTT), originated from Jian'ou city in Fujian province, is a bright pearl in the history of tea development in China. In this paper, the fresh leaves of Shuixian tea varietiy in Jian'ou were used as the raw materials, cake tea (Dragon and Phoenix cake tea) and loose tea (Nanlu Shuixian tea) were produced by the traditional process of ground tea and the modern process of Oolong tea in Jian'ou of Northern Fujian, respectively. The cake tea was then taken as the material to obtain tea foam and liquid with the Diancha technique. To provide scientific data supporting for the quality and cultural mining of BTT and its Diancha, the content of the main quality components of cake tea and loose tea, as well as the difference in the composition of the tea foam and liquid of cake tea, were compared and analyzed by using a series of biochemical component determination methods and extensive targeted metabolome detection technique. The results showed that there was no significant difference in water content, water extract content and total free amino acids between cake tea and loose tea, but the total polyphenol and caffeine contents of cake tea were significantly higher than that of loose tea, and the contents of theaflavin, thearubin and theafuscin were significantly lower than that of loose tea. Moreover, 1245 common metabolites in 12 categories were detected from the tea liquid and foam of the cake tea, and no specific substances were detected. Through principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, 26 differential metabolites in 5 categories were screened. Among them, except that the content of astilbin in tea liquid was significantly higher than that in tea foam, 25 differential metabolites in tea foam were significantly higher than that in tea liquid, mainly including lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, free fatty acids and other lipid substances. The differential metabolites were mostly reticular, lighter than water, and easy to float on the upper layer of tea liquid, and they were the good foam stabilizers that mainly acting as emulsions and surfactants. Therefore, tea foam can be formed and stably suspended on tea liquid. The results of this study would provide a theoretical basis and scientific support for the industrial development, cultural inheritance and innovation of BTT