In order to reveal the mechanism of flower development and provide a theoretical basis for solving the problems of flowering in the sugar apple industry, the Auxin Response Factor (ARF) family genes were identified and the expression patterns were analyzed. Based on transcriptome sequencing, 11 AsARF genes were selected and identified. The biological functions of AsARF family genes were preliminarily analyzed by homologous evolution analysis, protein domain analysis, subcellular localization, qRT-PCR, and other techniques. The AsARFs were divided into five classes based on phylogenetic analysis. The proteins had molecular weight varying from 73.85 to 112.51 kDa and isoelectric point from 5.42 to 7.63. All the AsARFs contained two domains of DBD and MR, and, except for AsARF3a, 6a and 6b, they also all contained a CTD domain. Subcellular location prediction results showed that the AsARF members were mainly located in the nucleus. Based on amino acid enrichment in the intermediate region of the protein, AsARF5a, AsARF5b, AsARF6c, AsARF6d, AsARF7 and AsARF16 were speculated to be transcriptional activators, while AsARF2, AsARF3a, AsARF3b, AsARF6a and AsARF6b were presumed to be transcriptional repressors. Three CTD domain-deleted ARF genes were identified and they may have unique biological functions. The results of subcellular location experiments showed that AsARF2, AsARF3a and AsARF6a were localized in the cell nucleus. Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that AsARF3a, AsARF3b, AsARF5a, AsARF5b, AsARF6a and AsARF7 genes were expressed more in the inflorescent meristem. AsARF2 and AsARF6b genes were highly expressed in flower buds. AsARF2, AsARF3a, AsARF5a, AsARF5b, AsARF6b, AsARF6c and AsARF16 genes were predominantly expressed in normal flowers, while the expression of AsARF3b, AsARF6a, AsARF6d and AsARF7 genes in malformed flowers was greater than that in normal flowers. These results suggest that AsARF may play key roles in regulating the flower development in sugar apple. The high expression of AsARF6b and AsARF6c in normal flowers and AsARF6a and AsARF6d in abnormal flowers indicate that they play important roles in the normal development of flowers.

Phalaenopsis is the most popular Spring Festival pot flower in China. In order to accurately regulate the flowering stage and excavate the key flowering gene in the production and cultivation of Phalaenopsis, this paper studied the effects of growth regulators GA₃ and 6-BA on the flowering of Phalaenopsis Big Chilli, and the PhPIF4 gene selected from transcriptome data was cloned, and its bioinformatics analysis and response to growth regulator GA₃ were studied. The results showed that PhPIF4 had a typical conserved domain of the bHLH_SF super family (cl00081) homobox family. PhPIF4 of Big Chilli is closely related to Phalaenopsis equestris, followed by Cymbidium ensifolium, C, sinense and Dendrobium catenatum. The protein encoded by PhPIF4 was localized in non-chloroplast organelles. GA₃ treatment increased stalk length and the maximum stalk length of the treatment group was 200 mg/L GA₃. GA₃ could bring forward flowering 9-11 d. 6-BA significantly increased the number of flowers, and the treatment group with the most flowering amount was 300mg/L 6-BA, but 6-BA had no significant effect on flowering time and stalk length. When the two growth regulators were mixed to spray, the effect on flowering time and flowering time of Phalaenopsis was between the two. PhPIF4 was closely related to the development of flowering, and its expression gradually increased with the development of flowering. After spraying GA₃, the expression of PhPIF4 in flower buds, leaves and roots increased, and the increase was the largest in flower bud stage, suggesting that the expression of PhPIF4 might be affected and regulated by GA₃, and PhPIF4 might participate in the gibberellin flowering pathway. In this paper, the effects of GA₃ and 6-BA on reproductive growth of Phalaenopsis were studied, and the expression of PhPIF4 in response to GA was investigated, which would lay a foundation for revealing the role of PhPIF4 in gibberellin regulation of growth and development regulatory network.

Simple sequence repeats (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers have been confirmed to be high sensitivity and specificity. Development of molecular markers related to different types of fruit quality traits of Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. can provide reference for its molecular assisted breeding to a considerable extent. The fully mature fruits of C. album cv. Changying and Huiyuan were collected to use as materials. After total RNA extraction and cDNA library construction, the transcriptome was sequenced on the Illumina Novaseq platform, and the SSR, SNP and InDel loci characteristics of the transcriptome were analyzed by MISA 1.0 and GATK3 software. Results showed that a total of 13 935 SSR loci were identified from 10 124 unigenes of C. album fruit transcriptome, the average 1 kb sequence appeared 0.25 SSR loci, the frequency and average length was 22.98% and 14.34 bp, respectively. Among them, the single base repeat type had the largest number of SSR loci (accounting for 66.80%), with a length of 10-64 bp, and an average length of 12.85 bp, the repeat times of repeat motifs were concentrated in 9-12, and the motif with the highest frequency was A/T (accounting for 66.67%). The number of SSR loci of six base repeat motif type was the least (0.47%), the length was 30-54 bp, which average length was 31.76 bp, the number of motif repeats was concentrated in 5-8 times, and the motif with the highest frequency was AGATGG/ATCTCC (0.04%). A total of 284 992 SNP loci were detected in the transcriptome of C. album fruit, the average 1 kb sequence contained 5.21 SNP loci; Among them, the number of SNP loci of transformation type was 166 162, including C/T and A/G. The number of SNP loci of transversion type was 118 830, including A/T, A/C, T/G and C/G. In addition, 18 548 InDel loci were found in the transcriptome of C. album fruit, the average 1 kb sequence existed 2.95 InDel loci. The number of unigenes containing one InDel locus was the largest. It was predicted that the unigene containing the most InDel loci might be the callose synthase gene. These results showed that SSR and SNP/InDel markers could be effectively developed through RNA-seq. The SSR loci and SNP/InDel loci were widely distributed in C. album fruits with different quality traits. The results would provide a data basis for the development of identification markers of C. album fruit traits.

Erigeron annuus, a member of the Asteraceae family, is widely distributed in tropic, subtropical and temperate regions of China. It is a plant native to North America, which was introduced to China at the end of the nineteenth century as an ornamental plant. E. annuus has great medicinal value. Its whole plant has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of indigestion, enteritis, epidemic hepatitis, lymphadenitis, hematuria, acute inflammation, malaria and obesity. E. annuus could be a phytoremediator for metal- and metalloid-contaminated soils. It can degrade diesel effectively, has strong tolerance and accumulation for uranium, cadmium, zinc, lead, and antimony, and can be distributed in soils with high pollution levels. Hence, In this study, it was to explore the characteristics of chloroplast (cp) genome and its phylogenetic relationship, laying a foundation for the further development of species identification, control and full utilization of E. annuus. The complete cp genome of E. annuus was assembled and sequenced by Illumina Nova Seq 6000 Sequencing platform and SPAdes v3.10. software. Taking the cp genome of E. canadensis (MT806101.1) as a reference, the genome feature and phylogenetic analysis study were investigated. The cp genome of E. annuus was a circular and quadripartite structure with a total length of 153 283 bp. The GC and AT content of the cp genome was 36.77%and 63.23%, respectively. The cp genome of E. annuus had four typical regions, containing a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25 019 bp) that were separated by the large single-copy (LSC, 84 833 bp) and small single-copy (SSC, 18 412 bp). In total, 132 genes were predicted, consisting of 88 protein-coding genes, 36 transfer RNA genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. The genes were divided into 4 categories according to the functions, including 45 photosynthesis genes, 73 self-replication genes, 6 other genes and 8 genes of unknown function. SSR site analysis revealed that the cp genome sequence contained 200 SSR loci in total, which were spaced disproportionately through the genome with the largest number of SSRs distributed in the LSC region, followed by the SSC and IR regions. LSC, SSC and IR regions had 126, 40, and 34 SSRs, respectively. The number of SSRs in LSC, SSC and IR regions was accounted with 63%, 20% and 17%, respectively. The SSRs were mononucleotides, especially for A/T. The second most abundant motif type was the trinucleotide type, especially TAA, TAT and TTA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that E. annuus was closely related to the plant of E. canadensis. This study revealed the cp genomic information of E. annuus and would provide essential data for further studies on genetics, phylogeny, utilization and prevention of this species. This study revealed the chloroplast genome information and identified the phylogenetic branches of E. annuus, which would provide molecular theoretical support for further research on population genetics, phylogenetic geography, adaptive mechanism and management of E. annuus.

In this study, 29 new sugarcane lines were evaluated on adaptation by multiple statistics analysis to select new lines with excellent overall trait performance. The variation coefficients of 10 phenotypic traits ranged from 3.52% to 184.52%, the variation coefficients of smut rate was the highest. Correlation analysis showed that the cane yield was extremely significantly positively correlated with plant height and sugar yield, the smut rate was extremely negatively correlated with sucrose content and gravity purity. The results of principal compoment analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of 4 principal component factors was 85.019%, among which the first principal component was related to cane yield, quality and diseases, the second principal component was related to sugar yield and cane yield, the third principal component was related to quality and stalk diameter, the fourth principal component was related to fiber cane. Based on cluster analysis, the 31 new sugarcane lines were divided into 5 groups, among which group Ⅰ, including 6 lines, had the highest sucrose content; group Ⅱ, including 10 lines, had the lowest agronomic traits; group Ⅲ, including 5 lines, had the lowest smut rate and the highest cane yield and sugar yield; group Ⅳ, including 4 lines, had the highest smut rate and the lowest sucrose content; group Ⅴ, including 6 lines, had the lowest cane yield and sugar yield. Stepwise discriminant analysis gave every group probability of 100%. GNZ151505, GT17-232, GT13-1154, GT17-929, GT16-151 in group Ⅲ showed good comprehensive features. HT15-5, GT15-1074, GT15-1131, GT13-1004, GT12-284, GT17-910 in group Ⅰhad the highest sucrose content and the lower smut rate, could be used as high sugar content parents and highly resistant smut parents.

In this study, 20 phenotypic traits of 81 Capsicum annuum germplasm resources were analyzed by genetic diversity, correlation, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The result showed that the genetic diversity index (H´) of the 20 phenotypic traits was 5.91-6.32, Shannon-Wiener diversity index of leaf shape was the highest, and one quantitative trait had the coefficient of variation (CV) of 29.28%, indicating that rich genetic diversity in the phenotypic traits of 81 C. annuum germplasms. The correlation analysis indicated that there were 65 correlation coefficients between traits reaching significant or extremely significant level, indicating that most phenotypic traits influenced and promoted each other. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first four principal components was 57.526%, and represented the main information of phenotypic traits of C. annuum, indicating that the four principal components could reflect the basic characteristics of 20 phenotypic traits. Based on the eigenvalue and contribution rate, fruit shape, fruit shoulder shape, leaf shape, nodal position of first flower, spicy taste, fruit color, cotyledon color, main stem color, anther color, hypocotyl color and style color were the main factors causing phenotypic differences of C. annuum germplasms. The cluster analysis results showed that the 81 C. annuum germplasms were divided into 5 groups at a genetic distance of 16.0 which effectively distinguished the germplasm of different genetic relationships. Group Ⅰ contained 21 germplasms that were C. chinense Jacquin, which had light green cotyledon, flat lantern fruit shape and extremely spicy taste. Group Ⅱ contained 38 germplasms which were mainly based on C. annuum var. lgrossum, and the main characteristics were no stem hair, medium branching, lantern fruit shaped and no spicy taste. Group Ⅲ contained 20 germplasms that were mainly based on C. annuum var. longum, which were mainly characterized by no shoulder shape, purple hypocotyl and spicy taste. Group Ⅳ and Group Ⅴ were composed of one germplasm, indicating that the two germplasm (L206 and L508) were far related to other germplasms and could be used for parental selection in C. annuum breeding. The research would provide an important reference for the utilization, innovation of C. annuum germplasm resources and variety breeding.

It is normally difficult to distinguish germplasms of Kadsura coccinea with morphological traits before they bear fruits because the evaluations on the specificity are mainly based on fruit and economic traits. Establishing DNA fingerprinting profile is useful for rapid and accurate identification of K. Coccinea germplasms. SSR analysis for 20 clones of K. coccinea was conducted using 15 pairs of primers, the clones were clustered based on Nei's (1972) genetic distance by UPGMA clustering method, and SSR fingerprinting profile was established through combinations of some markers. 15 pairs of primers produced 75 alleles at 15 loci from 20 clones of K. coccinea, with two to 15 alleles per locus, the Shannon diversity index varied from 0.199 to 2.456, polymorphic information index from 0.095 to 0.894, and genetic similarity coefficient from 0.328 to 0.891. The 20 clones could be divided into two groups by the UPGMA clustering method. All the 15 loci could not distinguish 20 clones separately, among which KCZ023 showed the strongest ability to distinguish. Two-loci combinations of KCZ023 with KCZ135, KCZ100 or KCZ147 as well as 28 three-loci combinations could distinguish all the 20 clones separately. The 20 clones of K. coccinea show abundant genetic diversity, and can be fully distinguished by any of three two-loci combinations or 28 three-loci combinations. The findings would provide evidences for germplasm identification and hybrid parent selection.

Salt damage is a common factor that hinders the normal growth of plants in agriculture. The southern end of Guangxi has a long coastline facing the South China Sea. Bananas are widely planted on the coastline. Seawater is often poured into the land, causing high concentrations of salt stress. Every year from August to September is the high-incidence period of typhoons. The water vapor formed from the South China Sea enters the inland with the typhoon, which will cause low-concentration salt stress. In this paper, taking Pisang Awak as the research material, the nutrient elements and soil components of each part of the Pisang Awak plant under salt stress were measured, the absorption and distribution characteristics of the elements were studied, and the mechanism of salt tolerance was analyzed. The results showed that: when the salt concentration of soil was 0.01%, the nutrient element content of each part was not significantly different from that of the control; when the salt concentration was greater than 0.01%, with the increase of the salt concentration, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, total magnesium and total calcium showed a decreasing trend, indicating that the higher concentration of salt stress reduced the ability of Pisang Awak to absorb nutrients from the soil, but the total magnesium and total calcium content of leaves decreased more slowly than those of other parts, and the proportion of the decline was lower. It was also lower than those of other parts, indicating that the leaves might have the ability to selectively absorb Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺; when the salt concentration was greater than 0.01%, the Cl and Na contents of roots and pseudostems increased rapidly, and the increase speed and amplitude were much greater than those of leaves and bulbs. Therefore, it is believed that the mechanism of salt tolerance of Pisang Awak is that more Cl and Na were stored in the root and that Cl and Na were absorbed by the stem during the transportation to the leaves. When the salt concentration was greater than 0.2%, the contents of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil showed a decreasing trend, indicating that the high concentration of salt hindered the flow of mineral ions in the soil to the root surface. The research results could provide a data basis for the changes of elements in various parts of Guangxi Pisang Awak and the changes of soil components when they are subjected to seawater inversion and typhoon weather.

Zanthoxylum motuoense is a characteristic spice plant produced in Metok, Tibet, with high economic value and development potential, but the lack of seedlings is the main factor restricting its industrialization development. Therefore, it is very important to solve the problem of artificial breeding of Z. motuoense. As a common method to expand seedlings, the seed planting method has the advantages of high propagation coefficient, convenient operation and convenient transportation and storage, which is more conducive to the application of production practice. The seeds of Z. motuoense has dormancy characteristics, and it is difficult to germinate under natural seeding condition. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the dormancy characteristics, germination limiting factors and methods to break seed dormancy of Z. motuoense seeds to provide scientific basis for the production of Z. motuoense seedlings. Using Z. motuoense seeds as materials, the reasons of dormancy, dormancy types and methods to break dormancy were studied by water absorption and germination inhibitors, low temperature stratification, chemical immersion. The seed coat was thick, the outer layer was smooth oil layer, and the seed empty shell rate was 25.67%. The seed coat had obvious mechanical hindrance to the water absorption of seeds. Both the methanol extract from the intact seeds and seed coat of Z. motuoense had inhibitory effect on the germination of Brassica pekinensis seeds, and the inhibition degree of the methanol extract from the intact seeds was higher than that of the seed coat, indicating that the embryo and endosperm had germination inhibitors. Under appropriate temperature conditions, the combination of concentrated sulfuric acid + GA₃ could effectively break the dormancy of the seeds. Among them, the highest germination rate was 83.33% by soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid for 10 min + 1500 mg/L GA₃ soaking for 48 h + constant temperature culture at 30 ℃. Under the constant temperature of 30 ℃, the seed germination effect was better than that of 25 ℃ and 15 ℃/25 ℃. Conclusion: Water absorption barrier caused by seed coat and the endogenous inhibitors in the seeds are the main reasons for seed dormancy, and its dormancy type belongs to compound dormancy (PY+PD). Concentrated sulfuric acid treatment for 10 min + 1500 mg/L GA₃ soaking seeds for 48 h + 30 ℃ constant temperature culture can effectively break seed dormancy and improve seed germination rate.

The evaluation index system of heat resistance of Camellia gauchowensis Chang was studied to screen out varieties with strong heat resistance, and to provide theoretical basis for the breeding and cultivation of heat resistant varieties. Using six Camellia gauchowensis Chang clones as the test materials, 14 leaf morpholog, anatomical structure and leaf stoma related indexes were measured by image software analysis, paraffin section and nail polish blotting methods. Cluster analysis and correlation analysis were performed by SPSS software to screen out the main indicators related to heat resistance. The average membership function was calculated by EXCEL software for comprehensive evaluation of heat resistance and ranking. The leaves of C. gauchowensis Chang were composed of upper and lower epidermal cells, mesophyll tissue cells and leaf midribs. The leaf was ectopic leaves, the thickness of the upper epidermis was greater than that of the lower epidermis, the stomata was distributed in the lower epidermis, the palisade tissue was closely arranged 1-2 layers, and the spongy tissue was loosely arranged. leaf midribs were mainly composed of upper and lower epidermis and closely arranged vascular bundles. There were significant differences in leaf morphology and anatomical structure among the six clones (P<0.05). The 14 indicators were divided into four categories by systematic clustering. Leaf length, leaf width and leaf area were in the first category, leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, leaf structure compactness and palisade-sea ratio were in the second category, thickness of the upper epidermis, the thickness of the lower epidermis, leaf structure porosity, sponge tissue thickness and stomatal density were in the third category, and thickness of the leaf midrib and the thickness of the vascular bundle were in forth category. Leaf area, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness and vascular bundle thickness were found to be the typical indicators of heat resistance of C. gauchowensis Chang by correlation coefficients analysis. The membership function formula was used to calculate the four typical indicators, and the comprehensive calculation and sorting were carried out according to the average membership degree. The heat resistance ranking of the six C. gauchowensis Chang clones was A16>A5>HMZ24>A11>HM19>HMZ25. The leaf indicators affecting the heat resistance of C. gauchowensis Chang are mainly leaf area, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness and vascular bundle tissue thickness. There is a big difference in the analysis of a certain index, and the comprehensive comparative analysis through the membership function method can reflect the difference in heat resistance of Camellia gauchowensis Chang.

Six different germplasms of Aquilaria sinesis (Lour.) Spreng. (three approved improved varieties: Haixiang 1, Haixiang 2 and Haixiang 3, and three pre-varieties: Piyou type, Big leaf type and Nangpao type) were used as the research objects. Among them, Piyou type came from Jieyang city, Guangdong province, Big leaf type species came from Ding'an county, Hainan province, and the rest came from Wenchang city, Hainan province. The pH, starch content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and cellulose content of the wood from trunk were determined by GB/T 6043—2009 (Determination of wood pH), anthrone colorimetric method, Coomassie bright blue method and nitric acid-ethanol method respectively. SPSS 26.0 was used to conduct variance analysis, multiple comparison analysis (Waller-Duncan method, LSD method) and Pearson correlation analysis on the measurement results of the above five indicators. The test results indicated that the wood from the trunk of six different A. sinensis germplasms were acidic, and the pH ranged from 5.40 to 6.06. The pH of the trunk was the highest in Haixiang 3 and the lowest in Big leaf type. The starch content ranged from 13.16 to 33.85 mg/g. Among them, the trunk starch content of Big leaf type was the highest, and that of Haixiang 3 was the lowest. The soluble sugar content ranged from 3.60 to 20.16 mg/g. Among them, the trunk soluble sugar content of Big leaf type was the highest, and that of Haixiang 1 was the lowest. The soluble protein content ranged from 0.17 to 0.25 mg/g. Among them, the trunk soluble protein content of Haixiang 1 was the highest, and that of Piyou type was the lowest. The cellulose content ranged from 0.46 to 0.61 g/g. Among them, the trunk cellulose content of Haixiang 1 was the highest, and that of of Haixiang 2 was the lowest. The analysis results indicated that there were significant differences in pH, starch content, soluble sugar and cellulose content among different A. sinensis germplasms (P<0.05), but no significant differences in soluble protein content. There was a very significant negative correlation between pH and soluble sugar content, starch content (P<0.01). There was a very significant positive correlation between starch content and soluble sugar content (P<0.01). The content of soluble protein and cellulose content had no significant correlation with other physiological traits. This study could provide basic data for varieties breeding, upgrading and adjustment of planting industrial structure, DUS test guidelines and so on.

Lagerstroemia speciosa Zichan is a new variety of Lagerstroemia speciosa. In order to provide theoretical basis for its cultivation and promotion application, the physiological characteristics would been explored. The paper used the Li-6400 XT photosynthetic apparatus to determine the light response curves, diurnal variation and chlorophyll of biennale L. speciosa Zichan and L. speciosa sapling. The results showed that: (1) The contents of chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), carotenoid (Car), chlorophyll content (Chl) and chlorophyll a/b (Chla/Chlb) of L. speciosa Zichan were higher than those of L. speciosa, and there were significant differences in the above indexes. (2) Diurnal change of photosynthetic rate of L. speciosa Zichan displayed a unimodal curve, and the peak appeared at around 10:00 am, which was 17.11 μmol/(m²·s); diurnal change of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate showed unimodal curves as well. The diurnal variation of intercellular CO₂ concentration was high in the morning and evening, low at noon, and the diurnal variation of stomatal limitation value was low in the morning and evening, high at noon. (3) Diurnal change of photosynthetic rate of L. speciosa displayed a bimodal curve, and the peak appeared at around 8:00 am or 12:00 am, which was 14.41 μmol/(m²·s) and 13.16 μmol/(m²·s); diurnal change of stomatal conductance showed bimodal curve as well, and the peak appeared at around 8:00 am or 12:00 am. The diurnal variation of transpiration rate showed unimodal curve, and the peak appeared at around 10:00 am. The diurnal variation of intercellular CO₂ concentration was high in the morning and evening, low at noon, and the diurnal variation of stomatal limitation value was low in the morning and evening, high at noon. (4)Grey relational analysis showed that the order of correlation degree between P_n and environmental factors of the two materials was PAR>C_a>RH. The order of correlation between P_n and physiological factors was T_r>G_s>T_a>C_i, while G_s>T_r>T_a>C_i. (5) The light saturation point of L. speciosa Zichan was 2388.729 μmol/(m²·s) and the light compensate point was 55.590 μmol/(m²·s); The light saturation point of L. speciosa was 2080.597 μmol/(m²·s) and the light compensate point was 29.871 μmol/(m²·s). Compared with L. speciosa and L. indica, L. speciosa Zichan showed the strong photosynthetic assimilation ability, but its adaptability to low light environment was weak. L. speciosa Zichan needs plenty of light, which is suitable for planting in the region with abundant light supply.

Mulching with plant residues is a common method used in agricultural and forestry production, which has significant effects on soil moisture conservation, soil fertility improvement, plant growth promotion and solving the problem of soil bareness. In recent years, the application of green waste to urban green land mulching is the focus of landscape industry in China and abroad and the main application and development direction of compost besides returning to soil. At present, the research and application of green waste mulch mainly focus on composting mulch and dyeing mulch, and there are few reports on the systematic comparison of the mulch effects of different components of native materials. For proven after simple processing green waste native materials mulching influence on plant growth, taking Ixora chinensis Lam. as the research object, the green wastes were collected according to turfgrass clippings (TCS), leaves (LVS), mixture of branches and leaves (MBL), branches (BCS), and then were crushed, air-dried as native mulches material to test and set up three mulching thickness (3 cm, 6 cm and 9 cm), with bare soil without mulch as the control. The effects of different treatments on growth parameters, mineral nutrients and SPAD of above-ground parts of I. chinensis Lam. were analyzed after 21 months of planting. The results showed that compared with the control, mulches significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, biomass, SPAD and N content in stem and leaf of I. chinensis Lam. The variation trend of P content in stem and leaf and K content in stem of each treatment was different due to the difference of mulch material type and thickness, but had no obvious effect on leaf K content. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a very significant positive correlation between the growth parameters and the N content of stems and leaves and SPAD, and the P content was significant positive correlated with the weight of fresh leaves. Comprehensive evaluation by principal component analysis indicated that mulches treatments on each index of the comprehensive performance of I. chinensis Lam. was superior to the control. Treatments could be divided into two categories according to principal component comprehensive, category one, MBL & BCS with the thickness of 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm LVS with 6 cm and 9 cm with better effect on promoting the growth of Ixora chinensis Lam., and category two, TCS with thickness of 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm and LVS with thickness of 3 cm with relatively poor growth promoting effect. This study screened out the components and mulching thickness of green waste raw materials suitable for organic mulch through comparative evaluation of the indexes affecting the growth of I. chinensis Lam., which could provide reference for the promotion and application of green waste as organic mulch.

In order to clarify the difference of jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signal pathway genes expression in pepper before and after aphid feeding, the molecular mechanism of JA pathway-mediated resistance to aphid in pepper was preliminarily clarified based on the effects of aphid densities and infestation time. The aphid-resistant pepper variety ZDC and aphid-susceptible pepper variety DYJJ were used as the materials. The expression changes of JA synthesis pathway genes (LOX2, AOS, AOC and OPR3) and signal pathway genes (COI1 and JAR1) related to plant defense were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR after aphid density (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 aphids/leaf) and feeding time (6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h). The results showed that under different aphid population densities and infestation time, the expression levels of the four genes in JA synthesis pathway in ZDC were generally significantly higher than those in DYJJ, while the expression levels of the two genes in signal pathway were generally significantly lower than those in DYJJ. Under the condition of low aphid damage level, there were significant differences in the expression levels between resistant and susceptible pepper varieties, and the peak and trough time of some gene expression were basically the same under the same aphid population density. Under high level of damage, the difference between resistant and susceptible pepper varieties decreased significantly. The above results showed that JA synthesis and signaling pathways AOS, AOC and JAR1 genes might have the potential to be used as molecular indicators for the identification and evaluation of aphid resistance in pepper, which could provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation and innovative utilization of aphid-resistant germplasm resources in pepper in the future.

In order to research the biological characteristics of the pathogen and fungicide screening for Sedum morganianum of Corynespora cassiicola, the effects of temperature, pH, light condition and different carbon and nitrogen sources on mycelial growth were studied with the mycelial growth rate method, and the toxicity measurement of six fungicides to C. cassiicola was determined. The results showed that the optimum temperature for the mycelial growth of the pathogen was 30 ℃, the optimum pH for mycelial growth was 7, light was conducive to mycelial growth, the optimum carbon was glucose and nitrogen source was peptone. Toxicity measurement results showed that the six fungicides had different toxicity on the pathogen of C. cassiicola. Among them, the toxicity of mefentrifluconazole was the best, with EC₅₀ 0.0129 mg/L, followed prochloraz, with EC₅₀ 0.0135 mg/L. The toxicity of difenoconazole and fludioxonil were strong, with EC₅₀ 0.0273 mg/L and 0.0296 mg/L respectively. The toxicity of pyraclostrobin was mild, with EC₅0 0.0768 mg/L. The toxicity of carbendazim was the weakest, with EC₅₀ 0.9353 mg/L. The study could provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the cultivation of succulent plants and the comprehensive management of black rot.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a major factor leading to the yield reduction of Solanaceae crops. In order to explore edible fungus-derived polysaccharide materials for the prevention and control of Tobacco mosaic virus, the control effect of six crude polysaccharides against TMV was determined by the half-leaf method, five-point injection test and systematic host infection activity evaluation. Among them, the extraction rate of crude polysaccharide from Agaricus blazei, 24.32%, was the highest, followed by Pleurotus ostreatus 18.56%, and that from Pleurotus eryngii, 10.04% was the lowest. The total sugar content of A. blazei was significantly higher than that of other species, reaching 37.71%, followed by that of P. igniarius and G. Lucidum, exceeding 32.00%. In addition, the sulfate content of A. blazei crude polysaccharide was also as high as 2.10%. In this research, the inhibitory effect of the crude polysaccharides was determined by the half leaf method. Among the 6 tested polysaccharide treatments, the polysaccharides that were inoculated after treated for 48 h had a good inhibition on TMV. The preventive effects of P. ostreatus, C. versicolor and A. blazei reached more than 60.00%. Especially, the preventive effect of 24 mg/mL A. blazei crude polysaccharide was up to 92.04%, and the number of dead spots on the leaves was significantly less than those in the clear water control group. In the five-point injection test, the inhibition rate of A. blazei crude polysaccharide was 38.18%. The brightness of the fluorescent spots was weaker than that in the control group, the fluorescent area did not change much, and did not appeared in the new leaves. A. blazei crude polysaccharide had an inhibitory effect in the early stage of virus infection, which could delay the moving speed of TMV and slow down the system invasion process. On NC-89, the control effect of agaricus antler polysaccharide on TMV was as high as 76.81%, which was better than that of 0.5% lentinan water agent and 1.8% octinamine acetate water agent. When the concentration was 48 mg/mL, the plants were damaged, and the excessive concentration of polysaccharide formed precipitation on the surface of the plants, causing the plants to yellow. Field test showed that the treatment effect of A. blazei crude polysaccharides on TMV was 70.31%. The plants with twisted, curled leaves and stopped growing had an obvious improvement. At the same time, it had a certain inhibitory effect on TMV, the onset time of sprayed tobacco was delayed, the tobacco grew well, and the leaves were extended. The results of this study would lay a foundation for further study on the action mode and mechanism of fungal polysaccharides against Tobacco mosaic virus.

Soaking the harvested fruit with chemical fungicides is a general method for fruit preservation. However, due to the concerns of consumers about chemical residues and the lack of postharvest treatment conditions in litchi producing areas, there is an urgent need to develop green, environment-friendly preservation techniques for litchi, which is also easy to apply. In this study,'Jingganghongnuo' litchi was sprayed with 5 mmol/L sucrose solution at the latter stage of fruit development (10 days before harvest), and stored at room temperature (20 ℃) after harvest. The results showed that, compared with the control, pre-harvest sucrose treatment reduced the browning index, disease index and decay rate of harvested litchi, decreased the chromaticity a^* value and increased the L^* and b^* values, indicating that sucrose treatment improved the appearance quality of litchi. The sucrose-treated litchi was not significantly different from the control in the content of soluble solid (TSS) and titratable acid (TA), although they were slightly lower than that of the control in the content of Vc, suggesting that it had no significant adverse effect on nutritional quality. Sucrose treatment inhibited the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in litchi pericarp, reduced the contents of relative conductivity (REC), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion (), and increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and total phenol content in litchi pericarp, so as to delay the browning and decay of litchi. This study shows that pre-harvest sucrose treatment, as a new litchi preservation technology, has a certain prospect for application in litchi producing areas in China.

The effects of mixed silage of Stylosanthes Guianensis Reyan No. 2 and Pennisetum purpureum × P. glaucum cv. Reyan No. 4 on fermentation quality and nutrient composition were studied to screen out the appropriate proportion of mixed silage, and provide theoretical basis for the preparation of high-quality silage. The experiment was divided into 4 groups. The mixed silage ratios of Reyan No. 4 and Reyan No. 2 were 100∶0 (CK), 85∶15 (A₁), 70∶30 (A₂) and 55∶45 (A₃), respectively. Ensilage was unsealed for 30 days and sampled for detection. A₂ had the best sensory evaluation. With the increase of the ratio of Reyan No. 2, pH and NH₃-N/TN values gradually increased, and there were significant differences between A₁, A₂, A₃ and CK (P<0.05). The lactic acid (LA) content of A₃ was significantly lower than that of CK (P<0.05). The lactic acid/acetic acid (LA/AA) value was greater than 2.6 in all experimental groups. Butyric acid (BA) in A₂ was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05). With the proportion of Reyan No.2 increasing, the content of crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM) and ether extract (EE) in all groups increased, and were significantly higher than those of CK (P<0.05). Water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content showed an increasing trend, and there was no significant difference among groups (P>0.05). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased gradually, and there was no significant difference among all groups (P>0.05). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) in all groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The ash content of each group decreased, and there was no significant difference among A₁, A₂ and A₃ compared with CK (P>0.05). In conclusion, the mixed silage of Reyan No. 2 and Reyan No. 4 can improve the fermentation quality and nutritional value of silage. Considering the fermentation quality and nutritional value, it is suggested that A₂ is suitable for silage.

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs), the main efficacy components of G. lucidum body, have remarkable efficacy in improving immunity, anti-tumor and liver protection and so on. In order to reveal the effect of gradient ethanol precipitation process on the structural characteristics and biological activity of GLPs, the crude GLPs were extracted from G. lucidum body using anhydrous ethanol to removal impurities such as pigments and hot water extraction process. GLPs were classified by gradient ethanol (40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%) precipitation, and 6 GLPs, including GLP40, GLP50, GLP60, GLP70, GLP80 and GLP90, were obtained. The structural features of GLPs such as composition, functional group characteristics, molecular weight distribution, and biological activities such as in vitro antioxidant activity and the growth effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG were characterized by GC-MS, near infrared GC-MS, NIR spectroscopy, gel chromatography and other modern instruments. The results showed that the 6 GLPs contained rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose, with glucose, mannose and xylose predominating, GLP40 mainly consisted of mannose and xylose, GLP50, GLP60, GLP70, GLP80 and GLP90 mainly consisted of glucose and mannose, and the highest percentage of glucose was found in GLP80 and GLP90. The typical functional groups of the 6 GLPs fractions at 892.9 cm^-1, 1048-1084 cm^-1, etc. were intact and did not differ significantly from each other, and all of them were β-type glucan conformations. The molecular weight of the 6 GLPs was different, and the heavy average molecular weight, number average molecular weight and peak molecular weight showed positive correlations. 97-14 925, 99-49 410, 98-32 030, 3614-19 589, 3614-10 795, 4385-11 084 g/mol, with preferential precipitation of high molecular weight GLPs at low ethanol concentrations. 6 GLPs had stronger DPPH radical scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and total antioxidant capacity, and GLP90 had stronger antioxidant activity than the other fractions. The 6 GLPs helped to promote the growth of L. rhamnosus LGG. The above findings would provide data support for the study of GLPs extraction process and product development.

Solanum xanthocarpum fruits are used as the test material, and the extraction process of chlorogenic acid is studied in detail by using the ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction test method. Values of four group parameters for the volume solubility of ethanol aqueous solution, ratio of liquid to the material, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic temperature were adjusted, and then the proposed extraction process parameters of chlorogenic acid from single-factor experiments and the corresponding results were optimized. The optimized parameters were ethanol concentration 65%, ratio of liquid to material 50 mL/g, ultrasonic temperature 60 ℃ and ultrasonic time 40 min. On the basis of the above single factor optimization results, the final quadratic multiphase mathematical model was obtained further by optimization from the Box-Behnken response surface method. The extraction process parameters were ethanol concentration 64.7%, liquid-to-solid ratio 55.8 mL/g, and ultrasonic temperature 56.0 ℃ for 40.5 min, and the optimal extraction rate of chlorogenic acid was 6.81%. The extract of S. xanthocarpum fruits had good antioxidant capacity to DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging with IC₅₀ values of 55.7 mg/L and 20.1 mg/L, respectively.

In order to clarify the effects of tropical organic materials on the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of latosol, pineapple leaves, banana stems, coconut husk and organic fertilizer were selected as the test materials in this study and carried out organic materials-soil mixture incubation experiment with 90-day. After that, the effects of organic materials on soil pH, available phosphorus, aggregate, microbial community structure change and enzyme activity were compared with those of CK. The results showed that banana stems and organic fertilizer could increase soil pH value and available phosphorus content, and pineapple leaf aggravated soil acidification in the short term. Pineapple leaves and banana stems were helpful to promoting the formation of diameter > 0.25 mm aggregates. Pineapple leaves, banana stems and organic fertilizer increased the activities of soil xylanase, cellulase and leucine aminopeptidase, as well as the G⁺ strains, G^- strains, eukaryotes and fungi in soil. The average proportion of G⁺ strains in banana stems and pineapple leaves was 27.8% higher than that in CK (21.4%). Compared with CK, the proportion of fungi in banana stalk, pineapple leaf, coconut bran and organic fertilizer increased by 300.2%, 232.1%, 165.0% and 51.9%, respectively. The application of organic fertilizer significantly increased the proportion of AM fungi, while pineapple leaves and banana stems helped to increase the number of eukaryotic organisms in soil.

Based on the investigation of communities, the community type, species composition, diversity, succession degree and diameter breast-high structure of alpine wetland from wet herbaceous to woody plant stage in alpine wetland of Mao'er Mountain, Guangxi and exploring the succession process and trends of plant communities were analyzed using the quadrat method. 136 vascular plant species, belonging to 103 genera and 62 families, were recorded in the survey area. The proportion of single family and single species was large. Simpson index was high and the species diversity was rich. It had important status and high research value in the alpine wetland of Mao'er Mountain. The geographical composition of species was complex, with transitional characteristics of tropical, subtropical and north temperate zones, which containing the endemic genera of Latouchea, Notoseris and Tsuga chinensis. Wetlands of T. chinensis was rare, and the wetlands in this area remained pristine, which had great conservation significance. It was a composite structure which including grass, scrub and tree layers. Flora was divided several different communities by calculating the importance values of the species. Plant species richness was not an accurate measure of community succession. The number of plant species generally increased and then decreased as succession progresses. And the maximum value occurred in the middle and late period of succession. It can be inferred that the succession sequence from wet herbaceous plant stage to woody plant stage is Juncus prismatocarpus grass→Carex nemostachys grass→Rubus caudifolius shrub→Acer sinense shrub→Fargesia nitida shrub→theropencedrymion of T. chinensis community→laurilignosa of Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana + Bennettiodendron leprosipes community→Mixed evergreen deciduous forest of Gamblea ciliata var. Evodiaefolia community. It was the forward succession under natural conditions. By analyzing the DBH structure of the dominant species in tree communities, the community succession was in process. T. chinensis community was large fluctuations, C. stewardiana and B. leprosipes was stable community, and there was a tendency of decline in population development of G. ciliata var. Evodiaefolia community. The end result of succession was formed a climax community. So it's still in the progress of succession in alpine wetland of Mao'er Mountain, the final stable forest community had not been formed so far.

Based on the survey data in 2003 and 2019, the diversity of wetland vascular plants in Jianhu Provincial Nature Reserve in Yunnan was studied. The wetland plants were determined according to the standards issued by the State Forestry Administration and the division of relevant literatures. The results showed that there were 129 species of wetland vascular plants belonging to 83 genera and 34 families in Jianhu wetland, which could be divided into 12 distribution types and 12 forms. The temperate species accounted for 75.19% of the total number of wetland vascular plants in the reserve; There were 13 species endemic to China, accounting for 10.08% of the total number of wetland vascular plants in the reserve, including 4 species endemic to Yunnan, accounting for 3.10% of the total number of vascular plants in the wetland reserve. According to the classification and statistics of life forms, 92 species of hygrophytes, 19 species of submerged plants, 9 species of emergent plants, 5 species of floating plants and 4 species of floating leaf plants were obtained. The wetland vegetation consisted of 5 vegetation subtypes, hygrophyte type, emergent plant type, floating plant type, floating leaf plant type and submerged plant type, and 17 formations, for example, Polygonum hydropiper, Oenanthe javanica and Carexbolting sp. formation and Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum amphibium and Polygonum strindbergii formation. According to the species habits, morphological characteristics, habitats and sources in the field investigation, it is determined that there were 4 categories and 63 species of secondary vascular plants in Jianhu wetland, and the floristic secondary degree was 48.84%. There were 39 species of wetland vascular plants in Jianhu Lake and Lashihai in Northwest Yunnan, with a species similarity of 22.29%, and 18 species of wetland vascular plants in Chenghai in Central Yunnan Province, with a species similarity of 10.00%, with a higher similarity with Lashihai. The results show that the vascular plants in Jianhu wetland are characterized by high species richness, significant temperate components, extremely low endemic rate, complete life forms, diverse community types, high floristic secondary degree and obvious components in Northwest Yunnan. The main reasons for the diversity of wetland vascular plants in Jianhu Lake are the high altitude, north latitude and serious human impact on Jianhu Lake, which are directly related to the characteristics of Jianhu Lake, such as shallow water, fast water replacement, low pollution, gentle lake bed inclination, large bank curvature and thick sludge at the bottom.