金属材料腐蚀防护技术的创新是实现有效防护的关键。防护技术的发展经历了从单一涂层保护到多元化防护策略的转变。当前，阴极保护、涂层保护、材料改良和表面处理等技术已广泛应用于各种工程设施的腐蚀控制。纳米技术、自修复材料、生物诱导的矿化等前沿技术的应用，为金属材料腐蚀防护提供了新的解决方案。

Due to their excellent physical and chemical properties, two−dimensional materials have become potential stocks in the fields of integrated circuits, wearable technology, medical monitoring, etc. in the "post−Moore era", and have become a research hotspot in the current academic and industrial circles. Firstly, the bottlenecks and challenges faced in the post−Moore era are introduced. Secondly, the development history, preparation methods, ultra−thinness, adjustable band gap and ultra−high mobility of two−dimensional materials are introduced, and the application prospects of two−dimensional materials in chips, flexible sensors, energy storage, optoelectronic devices and other fields are analyzed. Then, the problems faced by two−dimensional materials in practical applications, such as large−scale preparation, high process complexity, and large differences between actual tests and expected theoretical values, are discussed. It is proposed to make up for these shortcomings through new atomic catalysts, roll−to−roll transfer technology, hydrogen passivation and other means to explore the potential of two−dimensional materials. Finally, the direction and path of the development of two−dimensional materials are summarized, emphasizing the importance of silicon−based transformation of two−dimensional materials, multi−dimensional innovation and industrialization promotion.

This paper reviews corrosion big data technology and its applications in the intelligent engineering, in systematically. Corrosion serves as an essential factor, which threatening the service safety and service life of engineering materials. Corrosion data exhibits complicated characteristics, such as multi−source heterogeneity, long duration, cross−scale, and non−linearity. These characteristics, corrosion big data technology integrate various sensor technologies and establishing multi−dimensional intelligent correlation databases, which can support the mining and visualizing of material corrosion big data to achieving the construction of corrosion big data sharing platform and engineering applications services. In intelligent engineering applications, corrosion big data technology possesses three core functions. First, real−time monitoring technologies had been applied on recording the corrosion status of facilities such as bridge steel structures and oil−gas transmission pipeline sin dynamically, combined with high−throughput collection of multi−source heterogeneous corrosion data, to instantly record corrosion rates and environmental parameters for systematic data gathering; Analyzing the coupling laws between corrosion data, environmental factors, and operational conditions through multi−source data mining technology to support dynamic optimization of anti−corrosion strategies; Achieving precise prediction of the service life of engineering, based on artificial intelligence models (e.g., neural networks), combined with accumulated corrosion big data and machine learning algorithms, providing quantitative basis for engineering safety operation and maintenance. Furthermore, by integrating with digital twin technology, corrosion big data constructs a 3D virtual model of corrosion process to achieve visual warning of engineering maintenance status. The joint construction of corrosion big data sharing platforms is promoted and advancing the traditional anti−corrosion technology towards to closed−loop management system, "perception−diagnosis−decision−execution". Corrosion big data technology supports and promotes the intelligent and precise transformation of traditional anti−corrosion technologies, and support the safety operation and maintenance system of smart engineering, demonstrating broad application prospects in fields such as marine engineering and energy internet.

The thermal barrier coatings (TBC) and environmental barrier coatings (EBC) are essential for advanced gas turbine engines, and their development history is briefly reviewed in this article. In order to champion the enormous challenge from much harsher operating conditions in next generation engines, numerous innovations of coating materials and novel designs of coating microstructures have been investigated. The most potential paths to develop new generation TBC and EBC are now becoming increasingly clear. The best novel TBC system may be based bond coat of nanocrystalline γ' phase and top coat of low thermal conductivity La₂Zr₂O₇ or YTaO₄, because the former is excellent chemically and mechanically compatible to single crystal Ni−base superalloy substrates, and leads to lower thermal stresses, and the latter is structurally stable at much higher temperatures, and has superior resistance against CMAS attack and high CTE similar to YSZ. One of the best ceramic candidates for thermal / environmental barrier coatings is the high−entropy rare earth silicates based on β−Yb₂Si₂O₇, as it is resistant against CMAS and steam corrosion, and has extremely low thermal conductivity and good CTE match with CMC. A further topic of concern is dual−phase ceramics technologies, which are effective in fracture toughness enhancement and capable of improving corrosion resistance and thermal barrier capability.

Classical corrosion electrochemistry based on mixed potential theory has played an important role in advancing research on corrosion and protection. However, it is also essential to recognize the multi−reaction coupling, non−equilibrium, and irreversible nature of corrosion processes, which often leads to excessive simplifications in the Butler–Volmer and Nernst–Planck equations and a weakened focus on the individual electrode reactions that constitute corrosion. Starting from the fundamental corrosion equation, this work clarifies the connotation of corrosion electrochemistry and reviews the advantages and recent progress of four representative scanning probe techniques—scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM)—in probing corrosion reaction kinetics, monitoring spatially distributed species, and mapping corrosion activity. High−resolution scanning probe methods have been shown to detect corrosion sites as small as a few nanometers and corrosion currents at the picoampere level, enabling in−situ monitoring of the spatial heterogeneity and kinetics of corrosion processes. When further combined with computational modeling, these techniques allow for quantitative comparative analysis of corrosion data. Finally, the paper summarizes and discusses future trends in modern corrosion electrochemistry, suggesting that further research should be rooted in the intrinsic nature of multi−reaction−coupled, non−equilibrium, irreversible corrosion processes, deeply integrating multi−scale characterization, and establishing a dialectical unity between macroscopic and microscopic perspectives.

High−entropy alloys (HEAs) exhibit significant application potential in extreme service environments due to their outstanding overall properties, with corrosion resistance being a critical factor determining their service life and reliability. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the corrosion behavior and mechanisms of HEAs, highlighting the influence of alloy composition and atomic ratio adjustments on corrosion performance, as well as the effects of thermomechanical processing, such as heat treatment and rolling, on microstructure and passive film characteristics. Studies indicate that compositional design and process optimization can substantially alter the corrosion response and passivation behavior of HEAs, thereby affecting their overall corrosion resistance. Future research should focus on further elucidating localized corrosion mechanisms and the evolution of passivation films, integrating machine learning and multiscale simulations for intelligent alloy design, and establishing comprehensive evaluation frameworks that balance mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and cost−effectiveness. Collectively, this review provides a systematic overview and reference for the design and application of corrosion−resistant HEAs.

Engineering equipments serving in extremely harsh deep−sea environments will withstand complex environmental factors such as low temperature, low dissolved oxygen, low pH, pollutants, and microorganisms, as well as the effects of hydrothermal, ocean currents, hydrostatic pressure, and complex loads, which pose serious threats to the safety of these equipments in service. Titanium alloy, as a highly corrosion−resistant marine structural material, plays a crucial role in the manufacturing of deep−sea engineering equipments. However, the service behavior and failure mechanism of titanium alloy in extreme deep−sea environments are still unclear, leading to a lack of scientific basis for the selection, design, and protection of titanium alloy structures in deep−sea equipment. This paper analyzes the corrosion resistance and basic corrosion electrochemical characteristics of titanium alloys, systematically reviews the problems of microbial corrosion, crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and multi−factor coupled corrosion damage faced by titanium alloy materials in extreme deep−sea environments, and proposes the research focus and development direction of titanium alloy corrosion in deep−sea environments.

This paper reviews the latest research advancements and hot applications of Metal Additive Manufacturing in 2024, covering areas such as the development and application of new materials, breakthroughs in manufacturing processes, improvements in automation and intelligence, new progress in software development, the latest applications in key industries, and new dynamics in industry standards and policies. With the continuous emergence of new metal alloy materials, metal additive manufacturing has been widely applied in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and healthcare. Innovations in manufacturing processes and the integration of intelligent technologies have significantly improved production efficiency and quality control. Despite challenges such as high material costs and low production efficiency, metal additive manufacturing shows promising prospects in the ongoing development of technology, standards, and markets, especially in the fields of intelligent manufacturing, green manufacturing, and personalized customization, with the potential for broader applications in the future.

GaN Schottky diodes offer significant advantages, including high electron mobility, low on−resistance, and high integration capabilities. These characteristics make them well−suited for applications in power electronics and microwave radio frequency (RF) fields, positioning them as a key enabler for advancing cutting−edge technologies. This paper provides an overview of recent research progress on GaN Schottky diodes, with a particular emphasis on how device structure influences performance. Through continuous structural optimization, the performance of GaN Schottky diodes has been substantially enhanced, demonstrating improvements in both forward and reverse characteristics. Their application scope has expanded from high−voltage environments to RF circuits. Meanwhile, it is recommended that future efforts focus on overcoming existing technical limitations by improving material quality, enhancing device reliability, and reducing manufacturing costs. With the sustained growth of China's integrated circuit industry, GaN Schottky diodes, benefiting from their superior high−frequency and high−voltage performance, are expected to become core components in next−generation electronic devices. In the future, these diodes will find broader applications across various domains and play a more significant role in addressing practical challenges and advancing industrial innovation.

Recently, the XR industry has demonstrated a thriving development trend in all aspects and at multiple levels, achieving remarkable progress in the fields of hardware, software, and content. At the hardware level, pivotal breakthroughs have been made in micro−display technology, significantly enhancing the visual experience indicators of XR devices. Meanwhile, multi−modal intelligent interaction has greatly expanded the dimensions and precision of the interaction between users and the XR environment. In the software aspect, the competition in the open−sourcing of XR operating systems has intensified, accelerating the evolution of the industry ecosystem towards a more open and diversified direction. In the field of content, diversified cultural and tourism large−scale space projects have instilled substantial vitality into the XR content creation ecosystem. The research reveals that during the deep integration of core software, content creation, and industry applications, bottleneck issues such as inconsistent technical standards and poor compatibility exist. Based on these findings, this paper proposes that it is necessary to increase investment in research and development in key areas such as chip and display technologies, enrich the content creation ecosystem, deepen and expand industry application scenarios, strengthen the collaboration between the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain, and improve the relevant standard system. Finally, it is concluded that the XR industry is moving towards the coordinated development of the entire industrial chain and is expected to establish a high−quality industrial development pattern featuring advanced technologies, diverse products, excellent services, and extensive applications.

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive and lethal form of brain cancer, remains a formidable clinical challenge due to its molecular heterogeneity, pronounced invasiveness, the restrictive nature of the blood−brain barrier (BBB), and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Conventional therapeutic modalities comprising surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, offer limited efficacy, with the 5−year survival rate remaining below 10%. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the rational design of nanocomposite drug systems capable of penetrating the BBB, enabling site−specific drug delivery, and reducing systemic toxicity. These multifunctional nanoplatforms not only enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutics but also allow integration with immunomodulators, genetic tools, and imaging agents for synergistic multimodal therapies. This review critically examines the clinical and biological landscape of GBM, highlights recent breakthroughs in nanocomposite drug design, and discusses the translational hurdles and future directions toward clinical implementation. Together, these insights offer a forward−looking perspective on leveraging nanotechnology for precision therapy in GBM.

Unsustainable modern−day agriculture has emerged as a crucial driving force behind the deterioration of the global ecological environment. Existing research is predominantly confined to single−disciplinary perspectives and lacks a comprehensive framework for systematically evaluating the feedback mechanisms between agricultural−induced environmental issues and climate change. Based on the planetary boundaries framework theory, the study systematically assesses agricultural ecological−environmental challenges and their multidimensional manifestations under climate change. It thoroughly examines action mechanisms, impact magnitudes, and geographical distribution patterns while analyzing interactive feedback effects among key elements. Furthermore, development pathways and policy recommendations are proposed to address climate challenges, encompassing: promoting smart agriculture initiatives, advancing green agricultural supply chain transformation, guiding sustainable dietary transitions, enhancing scientific innovation and Research and Development investment, and improving policy systems for agricultural green transition. Additionally, five critical research directions are identified to advance this field, aiming to provide theoretical foundations and practical guidance for sustainable agricultural development under climate change. These proposals seek to facilitate agriculture's transformation into a climate−resilient and sustainable system while offering strategic references for global stakeholders in agricultural sustainability.

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun "for the discovery of miRNA and its role in post−transcriptional gene regulation". The article reviews the discovery journey of miRNA and its role of regulation, proposing that always pursuing one's own interests and constantly delving deeper, not afraid to pause temporarily, learning to simplify complex research are all crucial factor for supporting researchers to climb the peak of scientific research.