Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive and lethal form of brain cancer, remains a formidable clinical challenge due to its molecular heterogeneity, pronounced invasiveness, the restrictive nature of the blood−brain barrier (BBB), and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Conventional therapeutic modalities comprising surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, offer limited efficacy, with the 5−year survival rate remaining below 10%. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the rational design of nanocomposite drug systems capable of penetrating the BBB, enabling site−specific drug delivery, and reducing systemic toxicity. These multifunctional nanoplatforms not only enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutics but also allow integration with immunomodulators, genetic tools, and imaging agents for synergistic multimodal therapies. This review critically examines the clinical and biological landscape of GBM, highlights recent breakthroughs in nanocomposite drug design, and discusses the translational hurdles and future directions toward clinical implementation. Together, these insights offer a forward−looking perspective on leveraging nanotechnology for precision therapy in GBM.

glioblastoma  /  blood−brain barrier  /  nanotechnology  /  nanocomposites  /  targeted delivery  /  multimodal therapy