Hong Shilü(1894—1955) was an outstanding pathologist and parasitologist in China, as well as one of the founders of human parasitology and parasitological research institutions in the country. This paper sorts out his life experiences, academic contributions, and the noble scientific spirit embodied in his deeds. Devoting his entire life to medical education and parasitological research, he achieved remarkable accomplishments in parasitological examination, epidemiological investigation, prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases, and the establishment of parasitological research institutions, laying a solid foundation for the development of parasitology in China. Rigorous in scholarship, pioneering in research and dedicated to public health, Hong Shilü embodied the lofty spiritual demeanor of the older generation of scientific researchers, who served the country with sincerity, dedicated themselves selflessly and forged ahead in the face of hardships.

Stable thermal protection for thousands of seconds in an aerobic environment exceeding 2000°C represents a critical requirement for ultra−high temperature ceramic (UHTC) coatings designed to protect C/C composites. For the ZrC−TaC−SiC coating system applied to C/C composites, two strategies were employed to achieve long−term thermal protection: single−layer coating technique and substrate modification and coating technique. The single coating technique involves directly fabricating a coating system on the C/C composite surface, consisting of a SiC transition layer and a ZrC−TaC−SiC outer coating. Substrate modification and coating technique refers to preparing a ZrC−TaC−SiC coating on the surface of ZrC−modified C/C composites. Results show that the single coating system failed after 720 s of ablation due to the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the outer ZrC−TaC−SiC coating and the SiC transition layer, as well as the formation of pores and cracks caused by the release of gaseous byproducts from SiC oxidation. In contrast, the synergistic protection strategy combining C/C composite substrate modification with a multiphase ZrC−TaC−SiC UHTC coating promoted the formation of a dense oxide film on the coating surface after 1080 s of ablation. The linear ablation rate was on the order of 10⁻⁴ mm/s, enabling oxidation and ablation resistance for over 1000 s in a high−temperature airflow environment above 2000°C. This demonstrates outstanding ultra−high−temperature thermal protection performance and lays a technical foundation for practical applications under extreme operating conditions.

Embodied robot teleoperation will remain indispensable before robots can achieve fully human−level autonomy. This paper first categorizes human–machine interaction modalities for teleoperation, including exoskeletons, virtual/mixed reality, motion capture/inertial sensing, and vision−based interfaces. It then analyzes the evolution of teleoperation control paradigms, covering direct control, shared control, imitation−learning−based approaches, and the recent introduction of generative strategies, highlighting their underlying principles and application domains. Next, representative system architectures and technical implementations are introduced, encompassing perception and mapping, control algorithms, and communication modules, while discussing the role of multimodal feedback—such as vision, force, and touch—in enhancing immersion. Furthermore, performance evaluation methods and the latest benchmarks are reviewed, emphasizing the significance of open−source software/hardware platforms and data resources in advancing the field. Finally, the paper summarizes key challenges and future directions, including improving the level of intelligence, reducing costs and barriers to adoption, and establishing standardized frameworks.

Semiconductor technology is crucial to national economic security and defense capabilities. Facing increasingly fierce global competition, the U.S. government has enacted multiple legislative acts since 2021 with unprecedented intensity to support domestic semiconductor industry development, aiming to restore America's global leadership in semiconductors. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), serving as the United States' national metrology institute while also functioning as a comprehensive national−level technical research institution, has been designated as the primary implementing agency for the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 (referred to as the CHIPS Act), playing a critical role in the Act's implementation. This paper systematically analyzes NIST's organizational transformation, project deployment, funding investment, and implementation effectiveness over the three years since the CHIPS Act's implementation, examining NIST's functional expansion from a provider of national measurement standards and reference materials to a core coordinator for semiconductor industry revitalization. The research finds that NIST has fully leveraged its technical advantages in the semiconductor field and industry chain integration capabilities, successfully constructing a comprehensive semiconductor industry support system through systematic planning and coordination of key innovation elements including funding, projects, platforms, and talent. This system encompasses regional innovation ecosystem development, commercialization pathway expansion, and high−level talent cultivation. Through comparative analysis of the U.S. government's innovative practices in supporting NIST, this study reveals the pivotal role of national metrology institutes in modern industrial innovation systems, providing important implications for China's development in related fields.

The new generation of high−Mach aerospace vehicles faces severe challenges posed by the "new thermal barrier" under extreme thermo−mechanical−chemical multi−field coupling, demanding stringent requirements for thermal protection systems (TPS), including lightweight design, high−efficiency thermal insulation, reusability, and multifunctional integration. Focusing on the core objective of "integrated thermal protection and insulation", this review systematically outlines the evolutionary logic of material technologies—from passive load−bearing to active management, and from single−function to synergistic protection. Four key material systems are critically analyzed: lightweight ablative thermal protection/insulation composites, reusable rigid insulation tiles and their integrated structures, high−temperature resistant aerogel composites, and flexible thermal protection composites. This paper not only summarizes recent advances but also highlights an ongoing paradigm shift from "optimizing individual material properties" to "synergistic material−structure−process co−design". Finally, future research directions are proposed, including multi−scale co−design, deepening understanding of reusable mechanisms, intelligent multifunctional integration, and cost−effective manufacturing, aiming to provide theoretical support and a clear technological roadmap for the systematic innovation and leapfrog development of aerospace TPS.

With the accelerating global aging population, aging-related diseases have become a major challenge in public health. Regenerative medicine, as an ideal strategy for tissue damage repair, faces a series of special challenges in aging organisms. The development of regenerative biomaterials under aging conditions has been selected as one of the top ten industrial and technolagical challenges by the China Association for Science and Technology in 2025, highlighting the strategic significance of this field. Based on the underlying logic of regenerative repair in aging states, this paper systematically analyzes the core scientific issues and summarizes the dual dilemmas of "scale mismatch" and "ecological deterioration" faced by existing technologies in addressing systemic aging. Furthermore, it proposes an innovative approach inspired by ecological governance thinking—constructing a "microenvironment remodeling" system. Integrating perspectives from biology and engineering, this paper elaborates on the critical role of the new generation of regenerative biomaterials in bridging the multi-scale gap from molecules to organs and facilitating the paradigm shift of regenerative medicine from "structural replacement" to "ecological restoration". Finally, it discusses challenges such as cross-scale technology integration, clinical translation pathways, and multidisciplinary collaboration, aiming to provide deep reflection and practical guidance for overcoming technological bottlenecks and fostering new industries in life and health.