The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) are on the rise. Although the existing therapeutic means can curb the progression of the disease to a certain extent, there are problems such as large adverse reactions, immunosuppression, reduced quality of life and drug resistance, which can not fully meet the clinical needs. As an outstanding representative of Chinese civilization, traditional Chinese medicine has integrated with modern medicine and gradually shown new vitality. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used in anti-CRC because of its multi-level, multi-target and multi-pathway advantages, and the active components of TCM saponins have become the focus of anti-tumor research in recent years. A large number of studies have shown that Chinese herbal saponins, such as ginsenosides, polyphyllin and anemoside, can inhibit CRC by regulating signaling pathways including Notch-Hes1, Hippo and STAT6, inhibiting CRC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transformation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, regulating energy metabolism, improving macrophage polarization and regulating intestinal guts. Based on this, this paper mainly summarized the mechanism of action and pharmacological activity of Chinese pharmaceutical saponins in the intervention of CRC in recent years, in order to provide a new idea for the drug therapy research and clinical new drug development of CRC, and also provide reference for further mechanism research.

Hongqi (Hedysari Radix) is the commonly used herb in traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients include polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids and organic acid. Pharmacological studies show that Hongqi (Hedysari Radix) has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal protective and antiviral effects. In the article, the immunomodulatory effects of Hongqi (Hedysari Radix) and its main active components were summarized and it reveals that Hongqi (Hedysari Radix) and its main active components can alleviate the inflammatory reaction and maintain the stability of the immune system by acting on the spleen, thymus, T and B lymphocytes, NK cells and macrophages. The mechanism of action may be reducing the expressions of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) -2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-1 βand nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors and promoting the production of anti-inflammatory factors. Vitro experiments have shown that Hongqi (Hedysari Radix) and its extracts can improve oxidative stress and have target organ protective effects. In addition, Hongqi (Hedysari Radix) also has good immunomodulatory effects on autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, which are caused by Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance. This paper systematically summarized the main components of Hongqi (Hedysari Radix) with immunomodulatory effects and its action mechanism in immune regulation in order to provide basis for clinical application and further scientific research.

This study was based on the scientific questions of Dihuangye (Rehmanniae Folium), including the unclear history of the medicine property and functions, the similarity and difference of chemical components in the folium and root of Dihuang (Rehmannia glutinosa), the correlation between chemical compositions, pharmacological actions and medicinal property, functions of Dihuangye (Rehmanniae Folium) . Adopting literature analytic methods, the historical evolution of medicine property and functions of Dihuangye (Rehmanniae Folium) was clarified, and their basis and scientificity were discussed. The chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of Dihuangye (Rehmanniae Folium) were systematically studied, the similarities and differences of the chemical components between Dihuangye (Rehmanniae Folium) and Dihuang (Rehmanniae Radix) were compared, and the correlation between the chemical compositions, pharmacological effects and medicine property, functions of Dihuangye (Rehmanniae Folium) was clarified.

As a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, Baihe (Lilii Bulbus) has the effect of moistening lung and relieving cough, clearing heart and calming mind. It can be used for Yin deficiency and dryness cough, insomnia and dreaminess, depression and boredom. Baihe (Lilii Bulbus) contains a variety of active ingredients, which can play the role of relieving cough and phlegm, anti-depression, anti-oxidation and so on. Clinically, it is often used in combination with Rehmannia, Zhimu, Perilla, Linderae Radix, polygonati Rhizoma, and is used in depression, insomnia, cough and other diseases. Drug pair is the simplest form of Chinese medicine compound and has been widely used since ancient times. This paper summarized the pharmacology of Baihe (Lilii Bulbus) and the clinical application of its common drug pairs, and deeply studied the use rule and compatibility theory of Baihe (Lilii Bulbus) drug pairs, so as to provide the reference for clinical, experimental and daily use of Baihe (Lilii Bulbus) drug pairs.

The incidence of osteoporosis continues to climb under the dual influence of the rising proportion of the elderly population and the unregulated use of hormone drugs in China. As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Duzhong (Cortex Eucommiae) is well known for its ability to nourish liver and kidney, and strengthen the muscles and bones. Clinicians have widely used Duzhong (Cortex Eucommiae) in the treatment of osteoporosis, mainly due to its key active ingredients such as saponins, phenols and sterols. These components can effectively regulate the growth and differentiation of osteoblasts, influence the process of bone metabolism, optimise the internal environment of bones, and play a key role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis by influencing the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, the cytokine signaling pathway related to bone metabolism, and the estrogen signaling pathway. In this paper, it provided an overview of the latest research progress of Duzhong (Cortex Eucommiae) and its active ingredients in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, aiming to provide new research directions for Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Xinyi (Magnoliae Flos), as one of Chinese Eight Great Nanyang Medicines, has a long history of medicinal use and is widely applied in the treatment of rhinitis, sinusitis, colds, headaches and other respiratory-related diseases. Its primary chemical components include volatile oils, lignans, alkaloids and flavonoids, which exhibit significant pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, analgesic, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Modern research indicates that these bioactive compounds in Xinyi (Magnoliae Flos) play crucial roles in preventing and treating various diseases. Based on the concept of quality markers (Q-Markers) in traditional Chinese medicine, this study analyzed and predicted the Q-Markers of Xinyi (Magnoliae Flos) from several perspectives, including its main active ingredients, plant phylogenetics, differences in geographical origin and harvesting season, traditional medicinal properties, chemical traceability and compatibility in compound formulas. The aim is to provide a scientific basis for establishing an effective and systematic quality control framework for Xinyi (Magnoliae Flos).

As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb with a long history of documented use, Sangjisheng (Taxilli Herba) has been widely applied in various clinical practices. It is rich in chemical active components, including flavonoids, volatile oils, phenylpropanoids, vitamins and trace elements. Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that it possesses multiple therapeutic effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporotic, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering and anti-tumor properties, with no significant toxic side effects observed in clinical applications. In gynecological practice, it is commonly used to treat conditions such as prolonged menstruation, amenorrhea, infertility and recurrent miscarriage, demonstrating favorable therapeutic outcomes. This review summarized the research progress on the active components, pharmacological effects and clinical applications of Sangjisheng (Taxilli Herba) in gynecology, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for its clinical use and to offer insights for further research on its components and pharmacological mechanisms.

Alcoholic liver injury (ALI) is defined as liver damage resulting from the short-term or long-term ingestion of excessive amounts of alcohol. Flower medicines are derived from the entire or partial flowers of the plants. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, the flower medicines has a light texture and cooling properties, which can help to counteract heat, dampness and phlegm produced by alcohol to some extent. Additionally, they possess a sweet flavor and are less likely to cause side effects. Modern research has also found that flower medicines are rich in various active ingredients, which can alleviate ALI through antioxidant effects, regulation of lipid metabolism abnormalities, anti-inflammatory actions and modulation of gut microbiota. By summarizing the theoretical basis of TCM, the main action mechanisms and related research progress on the use of flower medicines in the prevention and treatment of ALI, this review aimed to provide ideas and directions for the ongoing development of flower medicine for preventing and treating ALI.

The pathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a dynamic process characterized by temporal and spatial dimensions. In the temporal dimension, NAFLD begins with liver dysfunction due to blockage by phlegm-dampness, progressing over time to the generation of pathological products such as blood stasis and turbid toxins, ultimately resulting in liver deficiency. In the spatial dimension, NAFLD evolves from affecting the liver and spleen to involving the liver, spleen, and kidneys, and may eventually spread to other organs in the body. The“multiple strikes”theory of NAFLD pathogenesis aligns with the spatial and temporal integration observed in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) . The“first strike”of obesity and insulin resistance corresponds to spleen deficiency, dampness, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The“second strike”involves oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation in hepatocytes, turbid toxins accumulation in the liver, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to liver-kidney yin deficiency. This paper aims to use the spacetime-medicine theory as a guide to bridge TCMwith modern life science, elucidating the TCMperspective on NAFLD's pathologic mechanism.