To explore the distribution differences of 15 kinds of inorganic elements in different processing groups of Cinnamomum cassia Presl (with bark, scraped bark and rough bark) and assess the effect of the bark-scraping process on the control of heavy metal risks.

The content of inorganic elements in the 3 groups of samples was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Difference analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and risk assessment of heavy metals and harmful elements was conducted.

The content of 10 kinds ofinorganic elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Pb, etc.) in the rough bark group was significantly higher than that in the with-bark group and the rough bark group (P<0.05). Among them, the Pb content far exceeded the standards of the 2020 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia (with a failure rate of 90.9%). OPLS-DA identified Sr, Pb, Cu and Rb as characteristic elements distinguishing the rough bark group from the other two groups.Health risk assessment showed that the daily intake of elements in the 3 groups was within the safe range, but the risk in the rough bark group was relatively higher.

The ICP-MS method adopt in this study for determining the content of inorganic elements in Cinnamomum cassia Presl simple and reliable. The rough bark has a significant enrichment effect on these 10 kinds ofelements, and removing the rough bark during processing can reduce the risk of heavy metal exposure. This study can provide references for its quality control.

To optimize the extraction process of walnut flower polysaccharides and explore its potential regulatory effect on intestinal flora.

Walnut flower polysaccharides was extracted by enzyme-assisted deep eutectic solvent method. Based on single-factor experiments, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction parameters with moisture content, enzyme concentration, extraction temperature and liquid-to-solid ratio as independent variables. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectrophotometry were employed for the preliminary structural characterization of walnut flower polysaccharides.Furthermore, in vitro fermentation experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of walnut flower polysaccharides on the diversity, structure and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production of hyperlipidemia-related intestinal microbiota. The correlation between microbiota and SCFAs was elucidated using a correlation heatmap.

The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: moisture content of 30%, enzyme concentration of 2%, extraction temperature of 50 ℃, and liquid-to-solid ratio of 21:1 (mL:g). Under these conditions, the extraction yield of walnut flower polysaccharides reached (5.91±0.42)% and the established model exhibited reliable predictive ability. The polysaccharide content of the extracted walnut flower polysaccharides was determined to be 88.03%. Structural characterization indicated that WFP contained uronic acid groups and pyranose ring structures, as well as both α- and β-glycosidic bonds. In vitro fermentation results showed that walnut flower polysaccharides significantly improved the diversity and structural composition of the intestinal microbiota, promoted the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria and increased the production of SCFAs including acetate, propionate and butyrate. Correlation analysis indicated that the aforementioned beneficial genera were strongly positively correlated with core SCFAs, which could serve as biomarkers for the recovery of intestinal beneficial metabolic functions.

The extraction process of walnut flower polysaccharides is feasible and walnut flower polysaccharides exhibits regulatory effects on the intestinal microbiota. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of functional foods in the field of intestinal health.

To elucidate the aroma characteristics and regional differences of sun-dried green tea from different producing areas in Lancang County, Yunnan Province, and to establish an interpretable framework for aroma fingerprinting and geographical origin discrimination.

Volatile profiles of sun-dried green tea samples collected from 10 producing areas in Lancang County were systematically characterized by combining an electronic nose (E-nose) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Principal component analysis (PCA) of E-nose responses showed that sensors W1W, W2W and W3S contributed predominantly to PC1, whereas sensors such as W1S and W2S contributed more to PC2, indicating that alcohols, aldehydes/ketones, aromatic compounds and methyl-related substances were major drivers shaping the overall aroma profile. The ZB samples deviated markedly from the main cluster, which was likely attributable to the stronger responses of sensors W1W, W2W and W3S. GC-MS profiling revealed that alcohols, aldehydes and ketones dominated the volatile composition, and linalool together with β-ionone were identified as key contributors to aroma differentiation.Hierarchical clustering further indicated that DKH and BPDQ formed independent branches, reflecting their distinctive volatile signatures. Region-discriminating marker sets were identified: ZB samples were enriched in nerol and 2-cyclohexen-1-one, corresponding to an “orange blossom-grassy” note; XB samples uniquely contained cedrol and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene, consistent with a “Fresh green notes to soft woody sweetness” tone; MJ samples showed elevated phenylacetaldehyde, potentially contributing to a compound honey-like aroma characterized by“honey-ripe fruit with fresh citrus-woody notes”; DKH samples exhibited high linalool levels, presenting a pronounced “floral-citrus” profile; and BPDQ samples were dominated by 1-octen-3-ol, featuring base notes reminiscent of “mushroom, wet wood and mellow sweet ripe fruit”.

The integrated E-nose and GC-MS strategy enables rapid and effective discrimination of aroma characteristics and producing areas of sun-dried green tea with good interpretability, providing reliable physicochemical evidence for quality evaluation, origin authentication and geographical indication protection of sun-dried green tea from Lancang County.

To learn the situation of pesticide residues in vegetables sold in Hohhot in 2024, and dietary exposure risk assessment should be conducted.

Vegetables sold in the local market were taken as research objects. A total of 68 samples were taken to carry out pesticide residue analysis and measurement, and a model that can be used to assess chronic and acute dietary intake risks was established. The method of food safety index was used to assess vegetables’ safety risks, and the hazards of pesticide residues in vegetables for consumers were comprehensively evaluated.

The 22 kinds of pesticide residues were detected in samples, with a content between 0.012 mg/kg and 1.870 mg/kg. Parameters that exceeded standards included thiamethoxam, dichlorvos, omethoate, methylamino benzoate, parathion and phorate, with an over-standard rate of 8.82%. Except for omethoate, the chronic intake risks of other pesticides were low, with a low possibility of causing damage to human health. The chronic dietary exposure risk acceptable daily intake of omethoate was higher than 100, which should be regarded as an unacceptable risk. An acute exposure risk assessment was carried out immediately. The acute reference dose value was no higher than 100. The acute exposure risk was acceptable. The index of food safety value of omethoate in circulation was higher than 1, there was a certain risk.

Vegetable products sold in Hohhot have pesticide residues and pollution to varying degrees, and prohibited pesticides have still been detected in vegetables. This study can provide references for pesticide residue assessment of other agricultural products, thus providing scientific support for ensuring food safety.

To establish a method for simultaneous determination of Cr, Cu, As, Cd, Hg and Pb in Sanghuangporus spp. by microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Nitric acid was used as the only digestion reagent, the appropriate proportion of Au element was selected as mercury stabilizer, and ¹⁰³Rh was used as the single internal standard element for correction.

The correlation coefficients of the 6 kinds of heavy metal elements were not less than 0.999, and the method limits of detection were 0.00009-0.00090 mg/kg.The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of each element content in the sample ranged from 1.79% to 7.26%, and the recoveries of 2 different concentrations ranged from 92.2% to 105.2%. The certified reference material of astragalus(GSB–19) was detected by this method, and the measured values were all within the range of standard values, with RSDs ranging from 1.54% to 6.04%.

The method is accurate, reliable, rapid, efficient and reagent saving, and is suitable for the analysis and detection of heavy metal elements in Sanghuangporus spp..

To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 9 kinds of sweeteners(neotame, aspartame, alitame, aspartame, sodium cyclamate, acesulfame potassium, saccharin sodium, sucralose and stevioside) in chocolate by high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbital hydrazine high resolution mass spectrometry.

The chocolate samples were hydrolyzed with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid at 60 ℃ for 1 h, then passed through an HLB solid-phase extraction column. The eluate was nitrogen-blown, and the residue was dissolved in water and made up to 1.0 mL. After thorough vortex mixing, it was filtered through a 0.45 μm filter membrane. Separation was performed on a Phenomenex C₁₈ (100 mm×4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) chromatographic column using a gradient elution program with acetonitrile-water solution as the mobile phase. Mass spectrometry was conducted in negative ion mode, with a scanning range of 100–1000 m/z. The secondary scan mode was fullMS-ddMS, and quantification was carried out by the external standard method.

Under the established chromatographic conditions, 9 kinds of sweeteners could be well separated. The limits of detection for the 9 kinds of sweeteners were 7.0 μg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 20.0 μg/kg. The linear relationship was good within the concentration range of 20–200 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99. Through spiked verification, the average recovery range of the 3 levels was in the range of 75.3%–110.2%, with a relative standard deviations in the range of 3.2%–8.9%.

This method is efficiency and rapid for sample pretreatment. It can be used for high-throughput determination of 9 kinds of sweeteners in chocolate. The established method provides a reliable and accurate technical means for trace detection of sweeteners in food, and is of great significance for regulating the use of food additives in food.

To optimize the processing techniques of Vaccinium and Shayuan-Daucus carota sauce, and develop value-added products of Shaanxi Province Weinan Shayuan-Daucus carota.

Natural materials such as Shayuan-Daucus carota and Vaccinium were used as raw materials. Single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were adopted to optimize the processing techniques of Vaccinium and Shayuan-Daucus carota sauce, with the sensory evaluation as the response value. Additionally, a nutritional composition analysis was performed.

The addition of honey had the most significant impact on the Vaccinium and Shayuan-Daucus carota sauce (P<0.05), followed by the ratio of Shayuan-Daucus carota to Vaccinium. The optimal process was as follows: The ratio of Shayuan-Daucus carota to Vaccinium was 2:1 (m:m); the addition levels of lemon juice, honey and potato starch were 3.5%, 9.0% and 1.0%, respectively, based on the total mass of Shayuan-Daucus carota and Vaccinium. The nutritional analysis results showed that the Vaccinium and Shayuan-Daucus carota sauce was rich in protein, fatty acids, vitamin A, carotene, as well as minerals such as potassium, sodium and iron. The 777.25 μg/100 g of β-carotene and 46.93 mg/kg of iron (27 times more iron than in fresh Shayuan-Daucus carota) were detected in the sauce. However, neither fat nor sucrose was detected.

The optimized processing technology developed in this study can yield Vaccinium and Shayuan-Daucus carota sauce with high nutritional content and free from chemical additives. The research will lay a solid theoretical foundation for the enhancement of added value and the promotion of industrial development of Shayuan-Daucus carota in Weinan, Shaanxi Province.

To establish a qualitative and quantitative analytical method for determination of 6 kinds of microplastics (MPs) in packaged drinking water by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Diatomaceous earth was used as a diluent, and cryogenic grinding technology was applied to prepare 6 kinds of solid MPs standard substances. Characteristic pyrolysis product ions corresponding to each MPs were identified using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, serving as the basis for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The established method was subsequently applied to determine MPs in commercially available packaged drinking water.

Characteristic pyrolysis product ions for the 6 kinds of MPs were successfully identified. The constructed quantitative calibration curves all exhibited good linearity, the limits of detection were 0.10–1.10 μg/L, the spiked recovery rates were 65.2%–89.5% and the relative standard deviation was less than 10%. Polystyrene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyvinyl chloride were detected in 8 kinds of commercially available packaged drinking water samples, with polyethylene terephthalate being the most abundant.

The pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry pretreatment method established in this study is simple and efficient, featuring high sensitivity and good repeatability. It is suitable for the quantitative detection of MPs in packaged drinking water

To investigate the mechanisms of mercury accumulation, speciation transformation and metabolic depuration in Magallana gigas, clarify the kinetics of methylmercury formation and elimination.

A two-compartment kinetic model was employed to simulate the accumulation, transformation, and depuration processes of mercury in Magallana gigas. Label-free quantitative proteomics technology combined with MaxQuant software was used to identify and analyze differentially expressed proteins in the digestive gland of oysters from the high-concentration mercury exposure group (Hg-H). Analyses included subcellular localization prediction, domain prediction, gene ontology (GO) Functional enrichment analysis and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) Database Pathway enrichment analysis. The expression dynamics of metallothionein (MT) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) genes in the digestive gland over 0–60 d were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

The results of mercury accumulation and depuration experiments indicated that the content of mercury and methylmercury in the digestive gland of oysters were positively proportional to the stress concentration, and a lag effect occurred in the peak content of methylmercury. qPCR results showed temporally coordinated changes in Hsp70 and MT gene expression: Hsp70 was rapidly up-regulated (7.15-fold) on 5 d of stress and peaked (32.09-fold) on 40 d of depuration; MT expression showed a bimodal pattern (5.81-fold on 10 d of stress and 3.55-fold on 40 d of depuration), consistent with proteomic findings. Proteomic analysis identified 5487 proteins, and differentially expressed proteins were significantly enriched in subcellular locations such as the nucleus, extracellular region, and plasma membrane, and were associated with domains including heat shock proteins (Hsp20/Hsp70), C-type lectins, catalase, and C1q. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that these proteins were primarily involved in biological processes such as stress response, immune response, antioxidant processes, amino acid metabolism and signal transduction (e.g., PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways). The arachidonic acid metabolism pathway might be closely associated with mercury elimination.

Mercury stress significantly alters the protein expression profile in oyster digestive glands, triggering a coordinated response involving molecular chaperones, immune factors, and metabolic enzymes, which is closely related to the accumulation, transformation, and elimination of mercury/methylmercury. Through integrated analysis of proteomics, qPCR, as well as mercury bioaccumulation and depuration processes, this study systematically elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which oysters cope with mercury stress, providing a theoretical foundation for toxicological studies on shellfish contamination and safety surveillance of aquatic products.

To investigate the antioxidant activity of lecithin by optimizing the process of ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction of lecithin from defatted egg yolk powder.

This study optimized the ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction process using response surface methodology, investigating the effects of 3 factors: Ultrasonic time, ethanol concentration and solid-to-liquid ratio on the extraction efficiency of egg yolk lecithin. The resulting product was further purified via zinc chloride precipitation and acetone purification. The fatty acid composition, structure and antioxidant activity of the purified egg yolk lecithin were characterized.

The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: Ultrasonic time of 33 min, ethanol concentration of 94% and solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:22 (g:mL). Under these conditions, the lecithin content was 354.179 mg/g. Egg yolk lecithin was composed of 12 kinds of fatty acids, among which saturated fatty acids accounted for 53.32% of the total, and unsaturated fatty acids account for 46.68%. The infrared spectrum of egg yolk lecithin (in the wavelength of 4000–400 cm^–1) was basically consistent with that of standard. The same characteristic group stretching vibrations appeared at wave numbers of 1089.5, 1220 and 2851 cm^–1. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the content of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the egg yolk lecithin sample were 268.9, 23.6 and 100.3 mg/g, respectively. The proportion of PC was approximately 89.65%, indicating that the prepared egg yolk lecithin had high purity. Lecithin exhibited good scavenging rates against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical and superoxide anion free radicals, which were positively correlated with the sample concentration. The maximum scavenging rates were 52.02% and 82.2%, respectively, and the total antioxidant capacity was 80.81%.

The ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction method can extract egg yolk lecithin with high purity and good antioxidant activity from defatted egg yolk powder, which improves the utilization rate of defatted egg yolk powder.