Objective To optimize the processing technology of red glutinous sorghum cookies by response surface methodology. Methods Based on single-factor experiments, the sensory score of red glutinous sorghum cookies was taken as the response value, and the process of red glutinous sorghum cookies was optimized by response surface methodology. Results Based on the basic ratio of total flour 500 g, with other ingredients accounting for the proportion of total flour as butter 75.6%, powdered sugar 37.8%, milk 5.5%, and whole egg liquid 16.8%, and using a 12-tooth piping tip for shaping, the optimal process was that the proportion of red glutinous sorghum flour in the total flour was 53%, the baking time was 24 min, and the baking temperature was 158 ℃. Through verification, the cookies made under these conditions had a complete shape, an attractive color, a crispy texture, and the best sensory quality. Conclusion This process is stable and reliable for processing glutinous sorghum cookies, and the research results can provide theoretical support for the processing of glutinous sorghum cookies.

Objective To optimize the extraction process of total polyphenols in Artemisia capillaris and study the content of it in Henan Province. Methods A single factor optimization combined with response surface optimization was used to establish the optimal method for extracting total polyphenols from Artemisia capillaris, mainly examining the effects of solid-liquid ratio, ethanol volume fraction, extraction time and extraction temperature on the extraction of total polyphenols from Artemisia capillaris. The samples of Artemisia capillaris were taken from 18 cities in Henan Province, and the total polyphenol content in Artemisia capillaris was analyzed based on soil type and distribution area. Results The best values of 4 factors were as follows: Solid-liquid ratio 1:30 (m:V), ethanol concentration 50%, extraction time 72 min, extraction temperature 63 ℃, and the best extraction rate of total polyphenols was 1.85%. With the best values of 4 factors, the total polyphenols in Artemisia capillaris from 18 regions in Henan was determined and analyzed. The highest value appears in Anyang and the lowest value appears in Zhengzhou. According to the types of soil, the tide soil had the highest value of total polyphenols, which was 7.51 mg/g, and the paddy soil had the lowest value of total polyphenols, which was 6.15 mg/g. Conclusion The method optimized by this study is stable, reliable and economy. The model established can predict the extraction rate of total polyphenols well. The content of total polyphenols in Artemisia capillaris from different regions in Henan is discrepant. But the discrepancy is not significant according to the soil types.

Objective To develop an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of Nisin residues in various foods. Methods The samples were extracted with 0.1% formic acid solution+acetonitrile (80:20, V:V), delipid with n-hexane, eluted with 0.1% formic acid solution and acetonitrile as mobile phase gradient, and separated by ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C₁₈ (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). Electrospray ion source and positive ion multi-reaction monitoring mode were used for detection, and matrix matching standard curve external standard method was used for quantification. Results The linear relationship between Nisin A and Nisin Z was good in the range of 0.5 to 50.0 μg/mL, and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.995. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.05 to 0.30 mg/kg and 0.15 to 1.00 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 88.8% to 106.2% and the relative standard deviations were 1.32% to 8.85% at the 3 added levels of 1.0, 5.0 and 200.0 mg/kg. Conclusion The established method is fast, efficient, repeatable, sensitive and accurate, and can be used for the determination of Nisin A and Nisin Z in batch food samples.

Carbamate pesticides are synthesized by substituting amino group onto the carbonyl group of carbamic acid derivatives, and are widely used in agriculture because of their short environmental persistence and low residue accumulation. However, due to unreasonable use, the residues of such pesticides and their metabolites in agricultural products far exceed the national standard limits. Long-term consumption of food containing carbamate pesticide residues will induce nervous system diseases, along with carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects on the human body, and lead to death in serious cases. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the residues of carbamate pesticides and their metabolites in agricultural products in real time to ensure food safety. This paper summarized and analyzed the commonly used pre-treatment technologies and detection methods of carbamate pesticides in agricultural products, introduced the characteristics of different pre-treatment technologies such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS method for the extraction of these pesticides, and introduced the detection methods of enzyme inhibition assays and instrument analysis method respectively. The application characteristics of different detection methods for pesticide residues were analyzed, and new detection technologies and methods were prospeced, in order to provide references for the detection and safety supervision of carbamate pesticide residues in agricultural products, so as to ensure food safety and public health.

Objective To investigate the differences in mineral element content between sole fish and basa fish and establish an authenticity identification method. Methods Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were employed to determine 25 kinds of mineral elements in 29 sole fish samples and 24 basa fish samples. Principal component analysis were performed using SPSS 25.0 software on the measurement results, and comparative analysis were conducted on mineral element contents among 3 kinds of different genera of sole fish. Results The total mineral element content in sole fish were significantly higher than that in basa fish. Na, K and Ca were identified as the primary mineral elements in both species, with Sr, As, Mn, Fe and Zn serving as secondary elements. Notably, Sr, As, Mn and Fe were detected exclusively in sole fish but absent in basa fish. Significant differences were observed in 9 kinds of elements: Mg, Ti, Zn, As, K, Ca, Na, Mn, and Fe. Principal components of sole fish within the same genus exhibited relative clustering, with marked differences in 7 kinds of elements: V, Mn, B, Ba, Fe, As and Sr. Conclusion Mineral element analysis can effectively distinguish sole fish from basa fish for authenticity verification.

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 19 kinds of common preservatives, sweeteners and synthetic colorants in beverages by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods HPLC was employed with an ACE Excel 5 C₁₈ column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Gradient elution was performed using 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate (pH 7.5) and methanol as the mobile phases, and detection was carried out using a diode array multi-wavelength detector. Results Effective separation of all 19 kinds of food additives was achieved. The linear range of the method was 0.5-50.0 μg/mL, with correlation coefficients above 0.9998. The average recovery rates ranged from 92.26% to 104.59%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 0.45% and 1.67%. The limits of detection were 0.07-0.29 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitation were 0.23-0.96 mg/kg, both of which were below the national standards and met the detection requirements. Conclusion This method is simple to operate, requires short pre-treatment time, provides good separation efficiency, accurate data, and high sensitivity, making it suitable for the simultaneous determination of 19 kinds of food additives in beverages.

Objective To study on the improvement of incubation time and plate load capacity for molds enumeration. Methods Mold quality control samples were tested according to GB 4789.15—2016 National food safety standard-Food microbiological examination-Enumeration of moulds and yeasts, with additional colony counting performed on the second day of incubation. The plate size was increased from 90 mm to 150 mm, and statistical analysis was employed to assess the differences between colony counts and the reference value of the quality control samples. Results Significant discrepancies were observed between the fifth-day counting result at the critical dilution (1:10) and the reference value. A sharp decline in colony counts was noted when the colony-forming units exceeded 30 CFU per 90 mm plate, which was defined in this study as the maximum load capacity of mold plates under acceptable accuracy. By adopting 150 mm plates with a 2-day incubation period, the original load capacity was overcome, yielding counting results that aligned well with the reference value. Under these optimized conditions, the linear coefficient of determination (R²) between sample means and dilution factors improved from R²₉₀=0.614 to R²₁₅₀=0.998. Conclusion The optimized testing conditions effectively addressed the issues of colony overgrowth and poor linearity in mold plate count experiments, thereby enhancing the accuracy of test results.

Objective To investigate on the pesticide residue situation of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, the Fifth Division, to Vitis vinifera L. the quality and safety status of Vitis vinifera L.. Methods From 2023 to 2024, a total of 715 batches of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, Fifth Division, were tested for 41 kinds of pesticide residues. Results The random inspection results showed that 20 kinds of pesticides were detected in 715 batches of Vitis vinifera L., with a detection rate of 48.8%, and none exceeded the standard. The food safety index of the detected pesticides and its average value were both below 1, had little impact on the quality and safety of Vitis vinifera L., and the risks were all within an acceptable range. The risk coefficients of the detected pesticides were all below 1.5, which belongs to low risk. Conclusion This study indicates that the quality and safety of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, Fifth Division are relatively good, and pesticide residues have no impact on human health. It also provides a reference basis for Vitis vinifera L. cultivation and technical support for the supervision of the quality and safety of agricultural products.

Objective To explore the change of quality characteristics of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. and establish its evaluation system. Methods The 35 quality indexes of 59 samples of Yunnan plateau fresh Capsicum annuum L. were selected to determine and analyze, and the differences among the quality indexes of different samples of Capsicum annuum L. were investigated. The quality of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. was comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), and the evaluation model of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L. quality was established. Results There were significant differences in quality indexes among samples of Capsicum annuum L. (P<0.05), and the coefficient of variation of the quality indexes were different, indicating that the plateau fresh Capsicum annuum L. presented varieties between different quality attributes. PCA showed that 5 principal components represented the 35 quality indicators Capsicum annuum L., making 89.005% cumulative contribution to the total variance. Based on the CA results, indicators such as spiciness, capsaicinoids, dietary fiber, protein, soluble solids, carotenoids, amino acids and organic acids could be used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yunnan plateau specialty fresh Capsicum annuum L.. Conclusion Among 59 different samples of Capsicum annuum L., ‘Ca38’ has the best quality. ‘Ca55’ has the worst quality. The comprehensive evaluation method of PCA and CA can provide reference for the quality evaluation of different Capsicum annuum L. varieties, and provide the oretical basis for the breeding of special plateau Capsicum annuum L., and the development and utilization of the germplasm resources of Yunnan plateau specialty Capsicum annuum L..

Objective To investigate the effects of zeaxanthin (Zea) on apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and Akt/GSK3β pathway of SH-SY5Y cells induced by tunicamycin (TM). Methods The cells were divided into 4 groups: The control, TM-induced injury (5 μg/mL TM), Zea (5 μmol/L Zea) and injury plus protection group (5 μmol/L Zea pretreatment+5 μg/mL TM co-treatment). The intracellular reactive oxygen species level was detected by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial dysfunction was analyzed by Seahorse XF cell energy metabolism instrument. The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2 and Bax, oxidative stress-related proteins Nrf2, Akt, p-Akt, GSK3β and p-GSK3β were determined by Western Blot. Results Zea (5 μmol/L) exerted a protective effect against apoptosis, increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and decreased the pro-apoptotic protein Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; alleviated cellular oxidative stress, decreased TM-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and up-regulated the expression of the antioxidant protein nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2); and increased the rate of oxygen consumption of the damaged cells, enhanced proton leakage capacity and spare respiratory capacity. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) decreased Akt activity, while down-regulating the phosphorylation level of its Ser473 site, which in turn weakened the phosphorylation level of the downstream GSK3β Ser9 site, leading to an increase in GSK3β activity, and Zea exerted a mitigating effect on TM-induced changes in this pathway. Conclusion Zea significantly alleviated TM-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress injury through multiple mechanisms, with potential applications in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in the early pathological process.