Objective To analyze the characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools in Zibo City from 2019 to 2023. Methods The school food-borne disease outbreaks reported in Zibo City from 2019 to 2023 were collected through the national foodborne disease outbreak surveillance network for descriptive analysis. Results From 2019 to 2023 a total of 23 school foodborne disease outbreaks were reported, with a total of 337 cases, 35 hospitalized, and no death. Summer and autumn were the most common seasons. The incidents with clear pathogenic factors accounted for 34.78% (8/23), and the incidents caused by microorganisms and their toxins accounted for 75.00% (6/8). Staphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxin were the main pathogenic factors, accounting for 33.33% (2/6) of the outbreaks of microorganisms and their toxins. The most common causes of food were mixed food and other foods, accounting for 30.43% (7/23) and 26.09% (6/23), followed by food products, meat and meat products, accounting for 17.39% (4/23) and 13.04% (3/23). The main source of food was the school canteen (73.91%, 17/23). The main triggering factors were multiple factors, followed by the misuse of poisonous plants. Conclusions Microorganisms and their toxins are the main factors causing foodborne disease outbreaks in schools. Summer and autumn are the high incidence seasons. It is necessary to strengthen the food safety risk control of school canteens and strengthen the collaboration of multi-departments to reduce the occurrence of foodborne disease outbreaks in schools.

Objective To investigate on the pesticide residue situation of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, the Fifth Division, to Vitis vinifera L. the quality and safety status of Vitis vinifera L.. Methods From 2023 to 2024, a total of 715 batches of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, Fifth Division, were tested for 41 kinds of pesticide residues. Results The random inspection results showed that 20 kinds of pesticides were detected in 715 batches of Vitis vinifera L., with a detection rate of 48.8%, and none exceeded the standard. The food safety index of the detected pesticides and its average value were both below 1, had little impact on the quality and safety of Vitis vinifera L., and the risks were all within an acceptable range. The risk coefficients of the detected pesticides were all below 1.5, which belongs to low risk. Conclusion This study indicates that the quality and safety of Vitis vinifera L. in Shuanghe City, Fifth Division are relatively good, and pesticide residues have no impact on human health. It also provides a reference basis for Vitis vinifera L. cultivation and technical support for the supervision of the quality and safety of agricultural products.

Objective To determine the content of 27 kinds of inorganic elements in commercially available Solanum tuberosum L. in Qinzhou City and evaluate the situation of heavy metal pollution. Methods Quantitative analysis of 27 kinds of inorganic elements in Solanum tuberosum L. was conducted using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method from GB 5009.268—2016 National food safety standard—Determination of multiple elements in foods. The safety of the samples and the distribution of characteristic elements were comprehensively evaluated by combining the single-factor pollution index method, Nemerow comprehensive index method, and chemometrics based on the toxicity of the elements. Results The commercial Solanum tuberosum L. from Qinzhou City contained abundant trace elements, including the essential constants of human body such as Na (7.50-458.20 mg/kg), Mg (66.40-429.40 mg/kg), K (1620.80-7397.60 mg/kg), Ca (15.00-123.60 mg/kg); essential trace elements such as Mn (0.46-5.16 mg/kg), Fe (3.00-142.10 mg/kg), Cu (0.24-1.12 mg/kg); hazardous elements such as Pb (0-0.08 mg/kg), Cd (0-0.03 mg/kg), As (0-0.08 mg/kg), Cr (0-0.32 mg/kg). The hazardous elements Hg, Sn, Ni were not detected. The content of potentially harmful elements was low, indicating good safety. Single-factor pollution index and Nemerow comprehensive index analyses demonstrated that the single-factor pollution index values and Nemerow comprehensive index values for Pb, Cd, total Hg, total As, and Cr in all samples were less than 0.7, categorizing them as excellent grade with safe pollution levels. Principal component analysis identified Li, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, As, Mg, K, Cu, Zn, Na, Ca and Sr as characteristic inorganic elements. Cluster analysis classified the samples into two major categories. Conclusion The Solanum tuberosum L. are sold in the market in that city, which has a very low content of harmful elements and a low degree of pollution, and the content does not exceed the limit requirements of GB 2762—2022 National food safety standard—Maximum levels of contaminants in foods. Therefore, all the tested Solanum tuberosum L. samples are safe food, and their growing environment is not polluted by heavy metals.

Liquid fermentation technology has garnered significant attention since the mid-20th century and continued to advance with the evolution of biotechnology. Its advantages lie in shortening culture cycles, enhancing strain activity and purity, and reducing production costs, among other benefits. As a critical component of liquid fermentation technology, edible fungus liquid fermentation enables efficient production of mycelium and bioactive metabolites through optimization of medium components, fermentation parameters and metabolic regulation pathways. This paper reviewed the research progress of edible fungus liquid fermentation technology, with a focus on its advantages, challenges and application prospects in production processes. Through liquid fermentation, not only can the production efficiency of edible fungus mycelium be improved, but also bioactive components such as polysaccharides, terpenoids and peptides can be effectively extracted. These components possess diverse biological activities, including anti-tumor, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, holding significant importance for the food and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, the application of liquid fermentation technology for edible fungi in producing fungal metabolites and flavor substances has also demonstrated remarkable potential, providing the food industry with abundant natural ingredients. Based on current research achievements, this paper analyzed the key factors, development trends and major challenges faced by liquid fermentation technology in the edible fungi industry, and prospected the application directions and prospects of this technology in food, pharmaceuticals, and other fields. This review provides a theoretical reference for the efficient production of mycelia and active metabolites, and facilitates the translational application of edible fungus liquid fermentation in various fields.

Objective To optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction process of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract, and evaluate its antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. Methods Using Eucommia ulmoides leaves as raw material, the enzyme-assisted extraction technique was employed to optimize the extraction process. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated through 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging rate, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging rate, and total antioxidant capacity assays. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using a zebrafish model. Results Under the conditions of a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20 (g:mL), enzymolysis temperature of 50 °C, enzymolysis time of 4 h, and enzyme dosage of 3%, the yield of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract was 32.15%±0.36%, with a theoretical yield of 31.781%. The small difference between the actual and theoretical yields indicates the reliability of the extraction parameters. In vitro antioxidant activity tests showed that, within the experimental mass concentration range, the extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and ABTS radicals. Zebrafish experiments demonstrated that the extract at mass concentrations of 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL protected against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury, indicating notable hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion The Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract obtained through enzyme-assisted extraction possesses excellent antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. This study provides technical support for the further application and promotion of Eucommia ulmoides leaves in the food field.

Objective To study the preparation and physicochemical properties of polypeptide-selenium chelate from Juglans regia L.. Methods Juglans regia L. protein was extracted by alkali-soluble acid precipitation method, and Juglans regia L. polypeptide was prepared by alkaline protease. Juglans regia L. polypeptide reacted with sodium selenite to produce Juglans regia L. polypeptide-selenium chelate. The preparation technology was optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test. Results When the mass ratio of polypeptide to sodium selenite was 3:1, the chelating temperature was 45 ℃, the chelating time was 50 min, and the pH was 8, the chelating rate was 58.99%±1.44%. The chelate was resistant to heat, acid and alkali, had good digestive stability and high bioavailability of selenium. Compared with Juglans regia L. polypeptide, Juglans regia L. polypeptide-selenium chelate had stronger scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, hydroxyl free radical and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation free radical. Conclusion In this study, Juglans regia L. polypeptide-selenium chelate is successfully prepared through optimized synthesis conditions. The resulting complex demonstrates favorable physicochemical properties and significant antioxidant capacity, providing a potential raw material reference for developing selenium-enriched nutritional supplements.

Objective To optimize the mixed acid extraction process of pectin from Akebia trifoliate peel and evaluate the structure, and antioxidant properties of pectin. Methods Using Akebia trifoliate peel as raw material, which was extracted by the mixed acids hydrolysis. The effects of the types of inorganic acids, the volume ratio of the mixed acid, solid-to-liquid ratio, pH, extraction time and temperature were studied, and Box-Behnken response surface method was used to optimize the extraction process parameters on the basis of single factor experiment. The structure of the peel pectin of Akebia trifoliate obtained under the optimal extraction conditions was characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and its antioxidant activity was investigated. Results The optimal extraction conditions were: The volume ratio of the mixed acid [V(citric acid):V(sulfuric acid)] 2:1, solid-to-liquid ratio 1:30 (g:mL), pH value 1.0, extraction time 2.0 h and temperature 94 ℃, and the extraction rate reached 14.22%, which were about 1.24% and 4.17% increase compared with single sulfuric acid and citric acid, respectively. FT-IR showed that the absorption peaks of sulfuric acid and citric acid extraction of pectin (CSEP) were more consistent with its structural characteristics than sulfuric acid extraction of pectin (SEP) and citric acid extraction of pectin (CEP) at 1754 cm^-1 and 1624 cm^-1, and its content of galacturonic acid (81.94%) and degree of esterification (82.41%) more higher. CSEP own superior antioxidant biological activity, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) for hydroxyl radical of CSEP was lower than that of commercial pectin (CP), which were 2.248 mg/mL and 4.114 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion Using the mixed acid to extract pectin from Akebia trifoliata peel has good improved on extraction rate, content of galacturonic acid and antioxidant activity.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of ethanol extract of Chuangxiong tea on the 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) (1 mmol/L) on oxidative stress injury of proximal renal tubule epithelial cells of pigs. Methods LLC-PK1 cells were co-cultured with ethanol extract of Chuanxiong tea (labeled CXTEE) with different mass concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μg/mL for 24 h, and then placed in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) containing AAPH for 4 h to establish the cell damage model. The cell survival rate was measured by tetramethyl azazole blue (MTT) method. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the level of total reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by thiobarbituric acid colorimetry and 2',7'-dihydrodichlorofluorescein yellow diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe technique, respectively. In addition, the activity of several antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GST), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCs), and the concentration of glutathione (GSH), were also evaluated using specific kits. Results The results showed that the cells pretreated with CXTEE showed a higher survival rate, and the total ROS level and MDA production in the cells were significantly reduced. At the same time, the extract also enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (such as CAT, SOD, GSH-Px and GST) in the damaged cells, promoted the activity of γ-GCS and increased the content of GSH. Further experiments showed that CXTEE could also up-regulate the mRNA expression levels of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT in oxidative damage LLC-PK1 cells. Conclusion The ethanol extract of Chuangxiong tea may reduce the levels of MDA and ROS by strengthening the antioxidant defense system of cells, thus alleviating the oxidative stress damage caused by AAPH to LLC-PK1 cells. This study can provide a basis for further application and development of Chuangxiong tea.

Objective To investigate the effects of Tuo tea flavonoids on D-galactose-induced aging mice in delaying aging and inhibiting inflammation. Methods The anti-aging efficacy of Tuo tea flavonoids were evaluated by measuring weight change, organ index and specific indicators in serum and tissue samples of aged mice treated with Tuo tea flavonoids. Results Tuo tea flavonoids could effectively prevent weight loss caused by aging, and also had a significant effect on preventing the shrinkage of key organs such as the thymus and brain. In addition, the compound also increased the levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the blood and liver of aging mice, while reducing the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO). At the same time, the levels of inflammation-related interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) cytokines in serum of aging mice were decreased. Further studies showed that in liver tissues, the expression levels of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), copper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and catalase (CAT) mRNA increased. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) showed a decreasing trend. Especially when the dose reached 100 mg/kg, the Tuo tea flavonoids showed better effects than the same dose of vitamin C. Conclusion As a natural product with potential life-prolonging function, the Tuo tea flavonoids show good biological activity.

Carbamate pesticides are synthesized by substituting amino group onto the carbonyl group of carbamic acid derivatives, and are widely used in agriculture because of their short environmental persistence and low residue accumulation. However, due to unreasonable use, the residues of such pesticides and their metabolites in agricultural products far exceed the national standard limits. Long-term consumption of food containing carbamate pesticide residues will induce nervous system diseases, along with carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects on the human body, and lead to death in serious cases. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the residues of carbamate pesticides and their metabolites in agricultural products in real time to ensure food safety. This paper summarized and analyzed the commonly used pre-treatment technologies and detection methods of carbamate pesticides in agricultural products, introduced the characteristics of different pre-treatment technologies such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS method for the extraction of these pesticides, and introduced the detection methods of enzyme inhibition assays and instrument analysis method respectively. The application characteristics of different detection methods for pesticide residues were analyzed, and new detection technologies and methods were prospeced, in order to provide references for the detection and safety supervision of carbamate pesticide residues in agricultural products, so as to ensure food safety and public health.