Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous detection of hypoxanthine, guanine, xanthine, and adenine in edible fungi by high performance liquid chromatography, and use this method to the analysis of commercially available edible fungi. Methods The purines (hypoxanthine, guanine, xanthine, and adenine) from edible fungi were extracted by using acid hydrolysis. The chromatographic column was selected based on the resolution and peak shape of the 4 kinds of purines. Detection conditions, including the mobile phase ratio, flow rate, column temperature, and injection volume, were optimized, and the methodology was validated. Results The results showed that using Insert Sustain AQ-C₁₈ column with a mobile phase consisting of 50 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution (pH 4.0) and methanol (V:V=97:3), at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and the column temperature of 30 ℃, with an injection volume of 10 μL and detected at 254 nm, the 4 kinds of purines could be completely separated with good peak shapes. And the methodological validation results showed that this method exhibited a good linear relationship within the detected range. Conclusion A high performance liquid chromatography method is established through the optimization of detection conditions, which effectively differentiates and simultaneously detects the 4 kinds of purines in edible fungi. The content of hypoxanthine and xanthine (uric acid precursor substances) are very low or undetectable in the detected edible fungi. Based on the purine intake guidelines in the Encyclopedia of Chinese nutritional science, the dietary intake of the currently available commercial edible mushrooms is determined.

Bamboo shoot shells, which constitute approximately 60% of the total mass of the bamboo shoot, represent a significant byproduct of bamboo shoot processing. Currently, issues such as low utilization rates and resource wastage persist. To enhance the comprehensive utilization of bamboo shoot shells, this study summarized the key nutrients (including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) and active compounds (including flavonoids, polyphenols, sterols, and polysaccharides) found in bamboo shoot shells, based on a review of both domestic and international literature. Additionally, it outlined the extraction and processing technologies for these active substances, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. It also discussed the development and utilization prospects of bamboo shoot shells in various fields such as food, textiles, edible fungus cultivation, animal feed, and liquid fuel. Furthermore, it provided insights into future development directions of the processing and utilization of bamboo shoot shells, aiming to serve as a reference for enhancing the added value and effective utilization of bamboo shoot shells.

Objective To develop a comprehensive evaluation method for the quality of Anji white tea and explore its grading criteria. Methods A sensory evaluation and quality component analysis were conducted on 30 samples of Anji white tea. A quality evaluation model for Anji white tea was established using methods such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis, entropy weight method, and grey correlation analysis. Results The results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) in chemical indicators among Anji white tea from different sources. Moreover, there was a significant correlation (P<0.01) between total catechins, general flavone, and alkaloid components. The comprehensive evaluation model constructed using the entropy weight method and grey correlation analysis could reliably reflect the sensory quality characteristics of Anji white tea, and the fit of its regression model was as high as 0.8258. Furthermore, a grading method for Anji white tea was proposed based on cluster analysis of relative relevance, resulting in effective classification into 4 grades. Conclusion The quality evaluation model established based on entropy weight method combined with gray correlation analysis has achieved the classification of quality grades of Anji white tea and also provides reference and guidance for the quality evaluation of other types of tea.

Objective To compare the differences in the quality indicators for ediable and medicinal of different strains of Polygonatum kingianum, and conduct a comprehensive evaluation. Methods The rhizome of 3 strains of Polygonatum kingianum, including the strain of Polygonatum kingianum with white flower and green stem (PKW), the strain of Polygonatum kingianum with purple flower and green stem (PKP) and the strain of Polygonatum kingianum with red flower and purple stem (PKR), were used as experiments materials. The differences of the content of nutrient, mineral elements and the main active ingredients was analyzed, the study on comprehensive quality evaluation research was conducted based on the membership function and principal component analysis methods. Results There were significant differences in 19 quality indicators between different strains of Polygonatum kingianum. PKW had the highest content of crude protein, total starch, crude fat, Na, polysaccharides and total flavonoids, PKP had the highest content of 10 kinds of mineral elements (K, P, Ca, Mg, Al, Mn, Fe, Zn, B and Cu) and total phenols, PKR had the highest content of moisture and total saponins. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that active ingredients showed a significant correlation with mineral elements and nutrient (P<0.05 or P<0.01); however, there was no significant correlation between nutrient and mineral elements. The analysis results were obtained by using the membership function method suggested that the highest scores of food and medicinal values were PKP and PKW respectively. The principal component analysis of 19 quality indicators were carried out, and the cumulative contribution of the 3 principal components was 96.41%. The evaluation results showed that PKP had the highest comprehensive score. Conclusion The medicinal value of PKW is the highest. PKP has comprehensive high quality, is suitable for both ediable and medicinal.

Objective To establish a rapid method for the determination of 5 kinds of nucleotides (cytidine-5’-monophosphate, adenosine-5’-monophosphate, uridine-5’-monophosphate, guanosine-5’-monophosphate and inosine-5’-monophosphate) in infant formulas and dairy products is developed based on mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/ion exchange chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HILIC/IEX-UV). Methods A zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography column (Alphasil S-Xion) was used, with mobile phase consisting of 5 mmol/L KH₂PO₄ (pH adjusted to 3.0 with H₃PO₄)-acetonitrile (70:30, V:V) to detect nucleotides in infant foods and dairy products. Results The five nucleotides were baseline separated within 10 min, demonstrating efficient chromatographic performance. They exhibited good linearity within the range of 2-50 μg/mL, with limits of detection (LODs) between 0.19 and 0.66 mg/kg, and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging from 0.62 to 2.19 mg/kg. At spiked levels of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, the intraday recoveries ranged from 96.6% to 108.9%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.5%-6.3%, while the interday recoveries were between 101.0% and 108.0%, with RSDs of 2.4%-7.3%. Conclusions Compared with the traditional reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography, this method has significant advantages: Effectively reducing the matrix interference, shortening the analysis time, improving the detection efficiency, and especially improving the quantitative accuracy of cytidine-5’-monophosphate. The proposed method is rapid, accurate, and anti-interference, which provides technical support for the efficient analysis of nucleotides in infant formulas and dairy products.

Objective To analyze the nutritional components of traditional sour whey and its products and explore its comprehensive utilization value. Methods The traditional sour whey was separated step by step into a variety of homogeneous and stable whey products by composite membrane separation technology. The content of protein, fat, peptide, mineral and lactose was used as evaluation index to analyze the nutritional characteristics and availability direction of these products. Results Four kinds of whey products: Thin cream RQ-1 for milk standardization (fat content 47.4 g/100 g); microfiltration membrane interception liquid RQ-3 was a high-protein and polypeptide drink (protein content 3.52 g/100 g; peptide content 0.92 g/100 g); ultrafiltration membrane interception liquid RQ-5 was a pure peptide type drink (peptide content 0.87 g/100 g); the reverse osmosis membrane interception liquid RQ-9 could be used for the development of mineral drinks (ash content 0.88 g/100 g, 5 major elements detected) and the recycling of lactose (lactose content 3.92 g/100 g). Conclusion “Turning waste into treasure” of traditional sour whey is directly related to the increase of herdsmen's income. The membrane separation method provides a new solution for its comprehensive utilization.

Houttuynia cordata, known as a dual-use plant for both medicine and food, contains various functional components such as flavonoids and polysaccharides. It exhibits multiple bioactivities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and immune-regulating effects. The mechanisms underlying its bioactivities are complex and involve the regulation of multiple biological signaling pathways. Currently, Houttuynia cordata is widely used in traditional medicine, functional foods, and cosmetics. Its diverse bioactivities and complex mechanisms suggest a broad application potential. However, further in-depth studies are necessary to elucidate its specific mechanisms of action and ensure safety, thereby promoting its applications in the fields of medicine and health care. This article reviewed the biological activity and mechanism of action of Houttuynia cordata, and summarized the current application status of Houttuynia cordata in medical and healthcare fields, in order to provide reference for further development of Houttuynia cordata.

In recent years, bioactive peptides with potential edible values have received widespread attention as consumer demand for functional foods grows. The bioactive peptides in fermented soybean foods (FSF) have attracted much attention because of their safe and non-toxic properties. Nowadays, a large number of FSF peptides have been identified through isolation and purification, which not only contain rich nutritional value, but also have a variety of physiological activities such as hypoglycemia, hypotension, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and have a good prospect for development in the field of food and health care products. This paper systematically classified and analyzed the biological activities of the active peptides in FSF in the light of the research progress of FSF in recent years, summarized the separation and purification methods of FSF peptides, and summarized the hypoglycemic mechanism of the active peptides in FSF, in order to provide ideas for the deeper study of FSF, and to provide theoretical foundations and support for the production of FSF active peptides and their development and application in the field of functional foods in the future.

In the economic shellfish farming on coastal mudflats in China, the Sinovovacula constricta occupies an important position. In recent years, due to the rapid urbanization and industrialization in China, marine pollution has threatened the living environment of Sinovovacula constricta. Polluted Sinovovacula constricta can accumulate toxins in their bodies, which can be transmitted through the food chain and ultimately endanger human health. Therefore, the food safety issue of Sinovovacula constricta has received widespread attention. With the continuous improvement of the transportation network and the gradual maturity of the live-keeping technology system, more and more Sinovovacula constricta are being sent to inland areas, expanding the consumer market. Therefore, Sinovovacula constricta must undergo purification treatment before entering the circulation process. As consumers' demands for the taste and quality of fresh Sinovovacula constricta continue to increase, the purification and live-keeping processes of Sinovovacula constricta have become particularly important. This article reviewed the current research progress in the purification methods of Sinovovacula constricta in China, the advantages and limitations of different purification processes, the influences of environmental parameters on purification, and live-keeping technologies, providing a reference for in-depth research on the purification and live-keeping technologies of Sinovovacula constricta.

In recent years, with the increasing emphasis on health and the increasing awareness of environmental protection, people have gradually explored and put forward more stringent and comprehensive requirements in the analysis of the total amount and form of elements in food and medicine. Although traditional extraction methods can meet the needs of analysis to a certain extent, they often accompanied by various problems. Therefore, exploring more green, efficient and environmentally friendly element extraction technology has become an important thing. As a biocatalyst, enzyme has attracted increasing attention in the field of element extraction because of its unique advantages, such as high specificity, mild reaction conditions and environmental friendliness. Enzymatic extraction is a method that using the biochemical action of enzymes to destroy the structure of the sample and breaking the macromolecules into amino acids, so as to extract metal elements. This paper reviewed the application of enzymes in the extraction of elements in cereal foods, vegetables, traditional Chinese medicine, seafood and feed, and discussed which enzymes are suitable for different matrices, the advantages and disadvantages of enzymatic extraction methods, so as to better understand the compatibility of enzymes with different samples. It provides a reference for the future use of enzymatic extraction in the total amount and form of elements in different substances.