Objective To investigate and analyze the contamination of 8 kinds of mycotoxins in commercial popcorn from Hunan Province of China in 2024, and assess the associated health risks. Methods A total of 67 popcorn samples were collected from 14 cities and states in 2024 from Hunan Provinces of China, the content of aflatoxin B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂, fumonisins B₁, B₂, B₃, and zearalenone (ZEN) was determined by isotope dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the risk assessment was evaluated by the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method, risk assessment of chronic dietary exposure and carcinogenic risk assessment. Results In the 67 tested popcorn samples, the detection rate of fumonisins B₁ was 46.27%, with a maximum value of 285.0 μg/kg, fumonisins B₂ was detected in 5 samples, with a maximum value of 80.0 μg/kg, ZEN was detected in 10 samples, with a maximum value of 47.7 μg/kg, and no detection of 4 kinds of aflatoxin and fumonisins B₃ were found. The detection rate of fumonisins B₁ in loose packaging samples was slightly higher than that in packaged products, but there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05); the level of fungal toxin contamination in popcorn across the 14 prefecture-level cities in the province posed no obvious risk to human health. Conclusion Mycotoxin contamination is common in the popcorn sold in Hunan Province, and fumonitoxin B₁ is the main pollution toxin, and there is a co-pollution phenomenon with fumonitoxin B₂ or ZEN. In view of fumonitoxin pollution, it is recommended to pay close attention to the problem, timely traceability investigation, and take corresponding measures.

In recent years, the safety concerns arising from the illegal use of drugs in bean sprouts have become increasingly prominent. Therefore, the effective detection of various illicitly used drugs in bean sprouts is crucial to ensuring consumer health. This review introduced the categories, functions, and hazards of common prohibited additives in bean sprouts, including plant growth regulators, antibiotics, and fungicides. It provided an overview of the current situation of supervision, standard detection methods, and risk assessment. At the same time, the review analyzed the application, advantages, and disadvantages of different pretreatment and purification methods applied in the determination of various prohibited additives. Furthermore, in view of several potential hazardous substances with high detection rates in bean sprouts, the existing detection methods were expounded and evaluated with the advantages and disadvantages. Finally, this article summarized the research progress on simultaneous multi-drug residue detection in bean sprouts, and proposed future directions. The aim is to provide a reference for high-throughput screening of various additives in bean sprouts, establish relevant standards, and offer technical support for the scientific and rational quality control of bean sprouts.

Anthocyanidins are important secondary metabolites in tea plant with significant health benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as prevention of cardiovascular diseases. They play a key role in the coloration of purple tea leaves, and their biosynthesis is regulated by both endogenous and exogenous factors. This paper systematically reviewed the metabolic regulation mechanism of anthocyanin in tea plant, with emphasis on discussing different varieties and characteristics of purple tea, biosynthesis pathways, regulatory networks, the influence of external environments, degradation mechanisms, and prospected the future research direction, so as to better analyze the molecular regulation mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in tea leaves, accurately regulate leaf color in tea plant artificially, and provide reference value for cultivating anthocyanin-rich tea plant varieties.

Objective To explore the factors affecting the accuracy of sulfur dioxide detection in preserves and its quality control. Methods Adopt internal quality control measures such as blank experiments, negative matrix testing, negative matrix labeling, quality control sample testing, and personnel parallelism and external quality control to conduct sulfur dioxide testing on preserved fruits. Verifyed the experimental effect with Z value, in depth discussion and analysed of the problems encountered in the process of sulfur dioxide detection and their solutions. Propose technical points for controlling and eliminating experimental deviations. Results The laboratory had passed measurement review and proficiency testing by the series of quality control measures formulated. Conclusion GB 5009.34—2022 National standards for food safety-Determination of sulfur dioxide in food acid-base titration method for detecting sulfur dioxide in food is prone to result deviation. This study proposes the development of various quality control measures, problems encountered during the detection process and their solutions, technical points for controlling and eliminating experimental deviation, which can help improve the accuracy of sulfur dioxide detection, and provide experimental references for other testing institutions to carry out this project.

Objective To analyze the contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products in the Dalian Region and assess the acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON to the consuming population. Methods From 2019 to 2023, 287 samples of Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products were collected from Dalian. DON levels were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Combined with the 2018 Dalian City dietary consumption survey data, acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON were assessed in different age groups using point estimation and simple distribution methods. Results DON was detected in 77.0% of the Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products, with a 3.5% over-standard rate. The average DON level was 263.62 µg/kg. Acute exposure assessment indicated that DON exposure levels in all age groups did not exceed the acute reference dose. Chronic exposure assessment revealed that 3.85%, 7.30%, 1.44%, and 0.12% of consuming populations in the 3-5, 6-10, 11-17 and 18-64 age groups, exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, respectively. Triticum and its products were the primary dietary sources of DON exposure for all age groups. Conclusion DON contamination is prevalent in Triticum, Zea mays and their products in Dalian City. Acute dietary exposure of DON does not exceed the threshold values. However, chronic exposure risks are shown in low age groups. Enhanced monitoring of DON contamination in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products is recommended, along with a focus on the health risks for high-risk populations.

Objective To prepare Chuzhou chrysanthemum polysaccharide CCPS-3-1 gel and investigate its relevant properties. Methods Acidic polysaccharide CCPS-3-1 was isolated and purified from Chuzhou chrysanthemum and mixed with CaCl₂ solution to form a gel via ionic crosslinking. The gel's characteristics were comprehensively analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Additionally, treatment with urea and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was employed to further elucidate its gel strength and gelling mechanism. Results CCPS-3-1 solution was relatively stable within a pH range of 6.0-8.0. Upon induction by CaCl₂, the CCPS-3-1 gel exhibited good transparency, moderate hardness, and high stability. The gel network had a dense, smooth, and uniform structure. Moreover, the thermal stability and crystalline structure were enhanced. Rheological experiments revealed that as the CaCl₂ concentration increased, the apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the CCPS-3-1 gel also increased. In addition, the loss tangent (Tanδ) decreased with increasing CaCl₂ concentration, indicating the formation of weak gels at all tested concentrations. Furthermore, electrostatic interactions played a crucial role in the formation of the gel network structure. Conclusion The Chuzhou chrysanthemum polysaccharide CCPS-3-1, isolated and purified in this study, forms a gel upon CaCl₂ induction. Its gelling mechanism likely involves the synergistic effects of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and Ca²⁺ crosslinking. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the application of CCPS-3-1 gel in food, pharmaceutical, and other fields.

Objective To study investigates the feasibility of accurately tracing the origin of Fragariaananassa Duch. using stable isotopes and regional characteristics of multiple elements. Methods Using stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry technology and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the stable isotope ratios of carbon (¹³C/¹²C), nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N), hydrogen (²H/¹H), and oxygen (¹⁸O/¹⁶O) and the content of 18 kinds of elements in Fragariaananassa Duch. samples was tested. The characteristic indicators of Fragariaananassa Duch. from different origins were analyzed, and stepwise discriminant analysis was used to establish 3 kinds of origin discrimination models for stable isotopes, mineral elements, and stable isotopes and mineral elements. The traceability of Fragariaananassa Duch. origins in Changping, Shuangliu, and Dandong was carried out. Results The correct discrimination rates of cross testing of 3 kinds of models were 88.4%, 90.7%, and 100.0%, respectively. Conclusion Research has shown that using a single technology for facility Fragariaananassa Duch. origin tracing and identification is not ideal, while simultaneously using stable isotope and elemental technologies for tracing can accurately distinguish the origin and provide a methodological basis for the feasibility of facility grown product origin tracing.

Objective To construct a reasonable pork quality evaluation system for pork grading and high quality and high price. Methods In this study, the common Dugong three-dimensional hybrid pigs were used as the control, and the longest back muscles of 7 kinds of pigs from Shanghai were collected for the determination of various indexes such as meat appearance, texture, nutrition and flavor substances, and 13 main evaluation indexes of pork quality in the real estate were determined. In order to further construct the grading standard of Shanghai real estate pork quality, factor analysis, cluster analysis and hierarchical analysis were applied to establish a comprehensive evaluation system. Results Through factor analysis, 7 indicators (moisture content, electrical conductivity, shear force, iron, fat, inosinic acid and aspartic acid) were identified as the main factors among the selected 13 indicators, and their variance contribution rate was as high as 83.829%. Using cluster analysis and chromatographic analysis, 3 different grades of scoring criteria were established according to 7 quality indicators obtained. Conclusion This study establishes a complete pork quality evaluation model and grading criteria in Shanghai, realizes the accurate control of pork quality in Shanghai, and also provides a reference for local pork quality evaluation.

Objective To explore a method that can monitor the immunoaffinity column capacity of zearalenone (ZEN) in real time during detection. Methods The 2 kinds of artificial structural analogues of ZEN (α-ZEL-G and β-ZEL-G) were synthesized by esterification of α-zearalanol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZEL) with glutaric anhydride in this study. The products were purified and identified by fluorescence, ultraviolet and high-resolution mass spectrometry. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) curve was established using the same antibody with immunoaffinity columns, and their affinity with the antibody was compared by half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀). α-ZEL-G and β-ZEL-G were used as column capacity tracers and added to the immunoaffinity column together with different concentrations of ZEN to explore a method for real-time monitoring of immunoaffinity column capacity. Results The IC₅₀ of the competitive ELISA curves of ZEN, α-ZEL-G and β-ZEL-G were 2.0, 1.3 and 10.0 ng/mL, respectively, indicating that the affinity of α-ZEL-G with antibody was slightly higher than that of ZEN, while the affinity of β-ZEL-G with antibody was significantly lower than that of ZEN with antibody. The experimental results showed that: α-ZEL-G in immunoaffinity columns with different column sizes would affect the recovery rates of ZEN. Whereas the recovery rates of ZEN with different concentration were more than 80% while the adding concentrations of β-ZEL-G was 50% of the column capacity. Conclusion β-ZEL-G with lower antibody affinity is more suitable for real-time monitoring of column volume. It shows good application results in the test of actual samples.

Objective To achieve rapid and non-destructive detection of lactic acid and total acidity during the fermentation process of sour meat. Methods Utilizing hyperspectral imaging technology, spectral reflectance images in the range of 408 to 1049 nm were collected to obtain spectral information of sour meat at different fermentation stages. After extracting the reflectance spectra from the regions of interest in the images, the kennard-stone algorithm (KS) was employed to divide the data into training and testing sets. The raw data underwent preprocessing through standard normal variate transformation (SNV) and multivariate scatter correction (MSC), followed by model establishment using partial least squares regression (PLSR). Feature wavelengths were extracted using the successive projection algorithm (SPA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and uninformative variable elimination (UVE). Models were developed based on PLSR and compared with full-wavelength prediction models. Results The optimal prediction model for lactic acid in sour meat was SNV-CARS-PLSR, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9113 and a root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 0.7236 for the training set, while the testing set yielded an R² of 0.9104 and RMSECV of 0.7342. The MSC-CARS-PLSR model for total acidity demonstrated the best predictive performance, with training set R² and RMSECV values of 0.9307 and 0.6782, respectively, and prediction set R² and RMSECV values of 0.8682 and 0.6907. Conclusion The models constructed using hyperspectral imaging technology have the potential to enable rapid and non-destructive detection of lactic acid and total acidity in sour meat, indicating significant application value.