Objective To construct a reasonable pork quality evaluation system for pork grading and high quality and high price. Methods In this study, the common Dugong three-dimensional hybrid pigs were used as the control, and the longest back muscles of 7 kinds of pigs from Shanghai were collected for the determination of various indexes such as meat appearance, texture, nutrition and flavor substances, and 13 main evaluation indexes of pork quality in the real estate were determined. In order to further construct the grading standard of Shanghai real estate pork quality, factor analysis, cluster analysis and hierarchical analysis were applied to establish a comprehensive evaluation system. Results Through factor analysis, 7 indicators (moisture content, electrical conductivity, shear force, iron, fat, inosinic acid and aspartic acid) were identified as the main factors among the selected 13 indicators, and their variance contribution rate was as high as 83.829%. Using cluster analysis and chromatographic analysis, 3 different grades of scoring criteria were established according to 7 quality indicators obtained. Conclusion This study establishes a complete pork quality evaluation model and grading criteria in Shanghai, realizes the accurate control of pork quality in Shanghai, and also provides a reference for local pork quality evaluation.

Objective To prepare Chuzhou chrysanthemum polysaccharide CCPS-3-1 gel and investigate its relevant properties. Methods Acidic polysaccharide CCPS-3-1 was isolated and purified from Chuzhou chrysanthemum and mixed with CaCl₂ solution to form a gel via ionic crosslinking. The gel's characteristics were comprehensively analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Additionally, treatment with urea and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was employed to further elucidate its gel strength and gelling mechanism. Results CCPS-3-1 solution was relatively stable within a pH range of 6.0-8.0. Upon induction by CaCl₂, the CCPS-3-1 gel exhibited good transparency, moderate hardness, and high stability. The gel network had a dense, smooth, and uniform structure. Moreover, the thermal stability and crystalline structure were enhanced. Rheological experiments revealed that as the CaCl₂ concentration increased, the apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the CCPS-3-1 gel also increased. In addition, the loss tangent (Tanδ) decreased with increasing CaCl₂ concentration, indicating the formation of weak gels at all tested concentrations. Furthermore, electrostatic interactions played a crucial role in the formation of the gel network structure. Conclusion The Chuzhou chrysanthemum polysaccharide CCPS-3-1, isolated and purified in this study, forms a gel upon CaCl₂ induction. Its gelling mechanism likely involves the synergistic effects of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and Ca²⁺ crosslinking. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the application of CCPS-3-1 gel in food, pharmaceutical, and other fields.

Objective To develop a pre-cooked seasoned chicken product and optimize its formulation.. Methods Using chicken and cod as the main ingredients with corn starch, salt, eggs, carrots, corn, green beans and horseshoes as the auxiliary ingredients, the formulation of the processing process of the prefabricated nutritious chicken cod and vegetable patties was optimized through one-way and response surface tests with sensory evaluation and cooking loss rate as the evaluation indexes. Results The order of influence of each single factor was: Cod meat addition>salt addition>starch addition, and the optimal formula was 0.86% salt addition, 5.14% corn starch addition, and 20.91% cod meat addition, and at this time, the flavor, tissue state, texture, and color of the precooked chicken cod and vegetable patties reached a better effect. Conclusion In this study, a nutritionally balanced product with unique flavor and better organoleptic quality of pre-prepared chicken cod and vegetable patties is developed, which provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the development of pre-prepared seasoned meat products.

Objective To analyze the contamination levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products in the Dalian Region and assess the acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON to the consuming population. Methods From 2019 to 2023, 287 samples of Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products were collected from Dalian. DON levels were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Combined with the 2018 Dalian City dietary consumption survey data, acute and chronic dietary exposures of DON were assessed in different age groups using point estimation and simple distribution methods. Results DON was detected in 77.0% of the Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products, with a 3.5% over-standard rate. The average DON level was 263.62 µg/kg. Acute exposure assessment indicated that DON exposure levels in all age groups did not exceed the acute reference dose. Chronic exposure assessment revealed that 3.85%, 7.30%, 1.44%, and 0.12% of consuming populations in the 3-5, 6-10, 11-17 and 18-64 age groups, exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, respectively. Triticum and its products were the primary dietary sources of DON exposure for all age groups. Conclusion DON contamination is prevalent in Triticum, Zea mays and their products in Dalian City. Acute dietary exposure of DON does not exceed the threshold values. However, chronic exposure risks are shown in low age groups. Enhanced monitoring of DON contamination in Triticum, Zea mays and their processed products is recommended, along with a focus on the health risks for high-risk populations.

Caffeine is an important functional active substance in tea. The caffeine content in different types of tea varies, which is related to the tea raw materials and different processing techniques. Separating and extracting caffeine from tea leaves can not only obtain tea with low caffeine content, but also meet a wider range of tea drinking needs. On the other hand, it is to obtain high-purity caffeine for use in fields such as medicine and food. The extraction and separation of tea caffeine involves various new extraction methods, including chemical, physical, biological, and others. The key to efficient, high-purity separation and protection of other active substances in tea is the extraction and separation technology. Caffeine also plays an important role in the basic quality, flavor, sensory perception, and activity of tea. Different amounts of caffeine can have an impact on various systems in the human body, and moderate intake can bring beneficial effects. Its functions and applications in antibacterial, catalytic, plant biostimulant, and food packaging materials are also very extensive. This article summarized the synthesis, metabolism, content, and influencing factors of caffeine in tea, summarized the extraction and separation techniques of caffeine in recent years, and evaluated the efficiency and applicability of various methods. In addition, to explore the influence of caffeine on tea quality and its various functional activities and applications, in order to break through some drinking restrictions of tea and better develop and utilize caffeine in tea.

Objective To clarify the impact of gastrointestinal fluid digestion on the biological activity of Flammulina velutipes, to investigate the effect of in vitro digestion on the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity of Flammulina velutifolia powder. Methods In this study, Flammulina velutipes powder was simulated in vitro digestion of intestine and stomach and analyzed. With 1,1-diphenyl-2-picylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, OH free radical, O₂^- free radical and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS⁺) free radical, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition were used as indexes to study the antioxidant activity of Flammulina velutipes powder at different digestion stages. Results After in vitro digestion, the antioxidant activity of Flammulina velutipes powder was enhanced and the free radical scavenging ability of DPPH, OH, O₂⁻ and ABTS⁺ free radical increased. The antioxidant capacity of the digested group was higher than that of the non-digested group. Its inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase was also enhanced and positively correlated with the concentration, and the strongest inhibitory effect on 2 kinds of enzymes was observed after intestinal digestion. Conclusion The antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory activity of Flammulina velutipes powder are enhanced after in vitro digestion, which indicate that the digestion process can release and enhance the bioactivity of Flammulina velutipes. However, in vitro antioxidant activity is not directly related to the actual antioxidant activity of the material. This study provides a basis for the processing and utilization of Flammulina velutipes and its activity research.

Objective To investigate and analyze the contamination of 8 kinds of mycotoxins in commercial popcorn from Hunan Province of China in 2024, and assess the associated health risks. Methods A total of 67 popcorn samples were collected from 14 cities and states in 2024 from Hunan Provinces of China, the content of aflatoxin B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂, fumonisins B₁, B₂, B₃, and zearalenone (ZEN) was determined by isotope dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the risk assessment was evaluated by the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method, risk assessment of chronic dietary exposure and carcinogenic risk assessment. Results In the 67 tested popcorn samples, the detection rate of fumonisins B₁ was 46.27%, with a maximum value of 285.0 μg/kg, fumonisins B₂ was detected in 5 samples, with a maximum value of 80.0 μg/kg, ZEN was detected in 10 samples, with a maximum value of 47.7 μg/kg, and no detection of 4 kinds of aflatoxin and fumonisins B₃ were found. The detection rate of fumonisins B₁ in loose packaging samples was slightly higher than that in packaged products, but there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05); the level of fungal toxin contamination in popcorn across the 14 prefecture-level cities in the province posed no obvious risk to human health. Conclusion Mycotoxin contamination is common in the popcorn sold in Hunan Province, and fumonitoxin B₁ is the main pollution toxin, and there is a co-pollution phenomenon with fumonitoxin B₂ or ZEN. In view of fumonitoxin pollution, it is recommended to pay close attention to the problem, timely traceability investigation, and take corresponding measures.

Objective To study investigates the feasibility of accurately tracing the origin of Fragariaananassa Duch. using stable isotopes and regional characteristics of multiple elements. Methods Using stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry technology and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the stable isotope ratios of carbon (¹³C/¹²C), nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N), hydrogen (²H/¹H), and oxygen (¹⁸O/¹⁶O) and the content of 18 kinds of elements in Fragariaananassa Duch. samples was tested. The characteristic indicators of Fragariaananassa Duch. from different origins were analyzed, and stepwise discriminant analysis was used to establish 3 kinds of origin discrimination models for stable isotopes, mineral elements, and stable isotopes and mineral elements. The traceability of Fragariaananassa Duch. origins in Changping, Shuangliu, and Dandong was carried out. Results The correct discrimination rates of cross testing of 3 kinds of models were 88.4%, 90.7%, and 100.0%, respectively. Conclusion Research has shown that using a single technology for facility Fragariaananassa Duch. origin tracing and identification is not ideal, while simultaneously using stable isotope and elemental technologies for tracing can accurately distinguish the origin and provide a methodological basis for the feasibility of facility grown product origin tracing.

Objective To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 70 kinds of pesticide residues in vegetable wastes by QuChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe) and ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods Vegetable wastes samples were extracted and purified by QuChERS method, then the samples were detected by UPLC-MS/MS, and the electrospray ionization source was used simultaneous scanning, detected under multiple reaction monitoring mode, matrix-matched calibration curve, and quantified by external standard method. Results The 70 kinds of target pesticides exhibited great linear relationships within the concentration range of 2.0-200.0 μg/L, with linear correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99. The average recoveries ranged from 61.7% to 109.9%, the relative standard deviations were 0.4%-9.7%, with 3 addition levels at 0.002, 0.004 and 0.020 mg/kg. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.0001 to 0.0020 mg/kg, and the limits of quantification were in the range of 0.0003-0.0060 mg/kg. Conclusion This method is easy operation, fast, accurate, and good sensitivity, which is suitable for the simultaneous detection of pesticide residues in a large number of vegetable wastes samples.

Objective To establish a method for determination of 2 kinds of new carbadenafil analogue in tablet candies and solid beverages by high performance liquid chromatography. Methods The sample was extracted by methanol ultrasound, the extract was centrifuged, filtered through a microporous membrane, and analyzed by the high performance liquid chromatography. The separation was performed on a Waters Xbridge C₁₈ column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution by using 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution and methanol as the mobile phase, and quantified by external standard method. Results The 2 kinds of new carbadenafil analogue demonstrated good linearity in the range of 0.5-100.0 μg/mL, with the correlation coefficient values (r²) being higher than 0.999. The limits of quantification were found to be 5 mg/kg. The recoveries at 3 spiked levels of 1, 2 and 10 times the limits of quantification in blank matrix were in the range of 87.32%-93.92%, with the relative standard deviations between 1.19%-4.08%. A total of 8 batches of positive samples were detected using this method, with a content range of 218-2170 mg/kg. Conclusion The method is convenient, accurate and efficient. It can meet the identification requirement of illegally added 2 kinds of new carbadenafil analogue in tablet candies and solid beverages, and provide effective technical support to combat the illegal addition of new carbadenafil analogue in food.