Objective To explore the effects of dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale on the gut microbiota of normal mice and to provide a reference for its rational development and application. Methods The normal mice were administrated with dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale for 7 days, respectively. The growth of mice was observed, and the mucosa-associated microbiota in the small intestine and colon was detected using the full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results The results showed that both dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale could control the weight gain of mice, but the weight-control effect of fresh Dendrobium officinale was more significant than that of dried Dendrobium officinale. Both dried Dendrobium officinale and fresh Dendrobium officinale decreased α diversity of mucosa-associated microbiota in the colon. However, fresh Dendrobium officinale increased α diversity of mucosa-associated microbiota in the small intestine, while the effect of dried Dendrobium officinale was the opposite. Moreover, fresh Dendrobium officinale significantly promoted the proliferation of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria (Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum and Roseburia inulinivorans) in the small intestine and up-regulated metabolic pathways such as lipid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, carbohydrate metabolism, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism. In colonic mucosa-associated microbiota, dried Dendrobium officinale showed a stronger inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus than fresh Dendrobium officinale. Conclusion The results show that fresh Dendrobium officinale can control body weight and maintain health by promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and up-regulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, while dried Dendrobium officinale can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, and may help reduce the potential risk of disease.

Objective To establish a specific identification method for Ganoderma lucidum extract, and achieve the synchronous determination of a variety of monosaccharides. Methods The analysis of monosaccharide composition in Ganoderma lucidum extracts was conducted using a pre-column derivatization reversed-phase liquid chromatography method. A quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker method was established to determine the monosaccharide content in Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Results Ganoderma lucidum extract from 3 manufacturers contained mannose, glucose and galactose, but the proportion of monosaccharides in 4 batches was significantly different. The content of mannose, glucose and galactose could be determined by one test and multiple evaluation method at the same time. The relative deviation from external standard method was less than 5%, and there was no significant difference, which was feasible. Conclusion This study analyzes the monosaccharide composition and monosaccharide ratio in Ganoderma lucidum extract, which can serve as an auxiliary means for identifying the quality of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum extract. It provides a reference for enterprises to monitor the quality of extracts.

Objective To optimize the preparation process of Brassica rapa L. polysaccharide oral liquid and test its quality. Methods Graded alcohol precipitation was used to study the yield of crude polysaccharides of Brassica rapa L. at different ethanol concentrations. The optimal formulation of oral solution of Brassica rapa L. polysaccharide was screened by one-way and orthogonal tests, and the quality was tested according to the pharmacopoeia. Results The extraction rates of crude polysaccharide from Brassica rapa L. were 12.8%, 9.2%, 23.2% and 24.8% for the alcohol precipitation group with ethanol concentration of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%, respectively. The optimal preparation process conditions of oral solution of Brassica rapa L. refined polysaccharide were: 2% addition of Brassica rapa L. crude polysaccharide, 15% addition of honey, 0.6% addition of citric acid and 0.6% addition of sodium citrate. The best preparation process conditions for oral liquid of Brassica rapa L. crude polysaccharide were: 2% addition of Brassica rapa L. crude polysaccharide, 15% addition of honey, 0.6% addition of citric acid, 0.6% addition of sodium citrate. The pH of the oral solution of refined polysaccharide of Brassica rapa L. and the oral solution of crude polysaccharide of Brassica rapa L. were 4-5. The relative density of the oral solution of refined polysaccharide of Brassica rapa L. was 1.106 g/mL. The relative density of the oral solution of crude polysaccharide of Brassica rapa L. was 1.100 g/mL. Conclusion The optimal preparation process conditions for refined polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L. and crude polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L. are the same, but the taste, odor, and appearance of the former are superior to those of crude polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L.. However, the extraction process for refined polysaccharides from Brassica rapa L. is slightly more complex and not suitable for mass production in factories.

Objective To develop and comprehensively evaluate the composite liquid beverage (CLB) based on the same source for Lonicera caerulea and other medicinal and edible materials. Methods Based on the binding rate of cholate, Lonicera caerulea, Auricularia and Crataegus pinnatifida were selected as the main raw materials and the ratio was optimized. Single-factor experiment, response surface experiment and more objective electronic tongue experiment were used to determine the amount of additives in the formulation, and the changes of physical properties, composition content and functional characteristics of CLB before and after sterilization were measured to evaluate the feasibility of pasteurization. Results The optimal ratio of extracts of Lonicera caerulea, Auricularia and Crataegus pinnatifida was 20:8:5 (V:V:V). The supplemental amounts of excipients were: Erythrolitol 13.00%, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 0.40%, potassium sorbate 0.03%, soybean polysaccharide 0.50%. Before and after CLB sterilization, the polymer dispersity index (PDI) was less than 1, the centrifugal stability coefficient was more than 90%, and the chroma ΔE was less than 2, which showed good stability. The differences in soluble solids, pH, turbidity, centrifugal stability coefficient, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, and active ingredients before and after CLB pasteurization were not significant, and it had good shear characteristics, indicating the feasibility of the sterilization method. Its viscosity value approached that of milk (0.01 Pa•s), and it had a good drinking taste. Conclusion This study provides a theoretical basis for expanding the development of Lonicera caerulea with poor palatability and the application of plant-derived health beverage.

Objective To establish a quantitative analysis method for determining the content of 5 kinds of lactose derivatives (3'-galactosyllactose, 4'-galactosyllactose, 6'-galactosyllactose, 3'-sialyllactose, 6'-sialyllactose) in milk and dairy products by pre-column derivatization-high performance liquid chromatography. Methods The proteins in milk and dairy products were precipitated. The 5 kinds of lactose derivatives were reacted with 2-aminobenzamide at 55 ℃ for 120 min to label the fluorescent groups. The 5 kinds of lactose derivatives were separated by high performance liquid chromatography with an amide column and quantified by external standard method. Results The 5 kinds of lactose derivatives exhibited good linear relationships within the concentration range of 0.025-5.000 mg/L, with correlation coefficients (r) all exceeding 0.999. The limits of detection and quantification for the 5 kinds of lactose derivatives ranged from 3.5 to 7.5 mg/kg and 12.0 to 25.0 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery rates for the 5 kinds of lactose derivatives were between 90.8% and 103.3%, with relative deviations in detection results ranging from 2.8% to 5.3% (n=3). Conclusion This method demonstrates good precision, recovery rate, and sensitivity, making it suitable for determining the content of 5 kinds of lactose derivatives in milk and dairy products.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 2-hexylpyridine content in the milk and dairy product by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Methods The sample was extracted by acetonitrile vortex extraction, and the analytical solution was purified by QuEChERS dSPE EMR Lipid degreasing tube. After centrifugation, it was tested on a membrane machine. The acetonitrile primary water as the mobile phase was used, the flow rate was set at 0.25 mL/min, the gradient elution procedure was applied, the GL Sciences InertSustain C₁₈ chromatographic column was used for separation, the electro spray positive ion (ESI⁺) mode, the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used for detection, and the matrix matching external standard method was used for quantification. Results The methodological validation indicators were well that the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5-20.0 ng/mL with the correlation coefficients (r²) larger than 0.998. The average recoveries of 2-hexylpyridine were 94.45%-109.63% and the relative standard deviations were 3.93%-9.53% at 0.005, 0.010 and 0.050 mg/kg with 3 kinds of spiked levels. Conclusion The accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the method meet the requirements for residue detection.

Benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers (BUVs) are a new class of persistent organic pollutants, which are widely used as light stabilizers in various industrial products with good ultraviolet absorbing ability and thermal stability, among which 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV-328) has been listed in the Stockholm Convention. Currently, there are a large number of domestic and international studies on the exposure of BUVs in the environment and living organisms, and the concentration of BUVs in sediments and soils generally reaches hundreds of ng/g, and they are frequently detected in water bodies and fish. Humans have an exposure risk through dietary intake and respiratory tract intake, but there are few reports on the load of BUVs in human urine and blood, and it is noteworthy that the load of BUVs in human breast milk can reach up to thousands of ng/g. In view of the bioaccumulation and potential toxicity of BUVs, this paper provided a detailed overview of the exposure to BUVs in various types of environmental, biological, and human tissue samples. This paper briefly summarized the potential hazards of BUVs, such as liver and kidney target organ toxicity, endocrine disrupting effects, and immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity, aiming to provide a reference for the assessment of the health risk of BUVs in human beings.

Objective To provide a theoretical basis and beneficial reference for the formulation of the local specialty characteristic dairy mooncake standard and the product development of the production and processing enterprises. Methods Dairy mooncakes from Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia was used as experimental samples, the sensory, nutritional, quality, and microbiological characteristics using national food safety standards were analyzed. Results Dairy mooncake samples had a strong milky aroma and high protein content. The results showed that the sensory organs, protein, moisture, sodium, peroxide value, acid value, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, saccharin sodium, lead, total bacterial count, coliform bacteria, mold, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella levels in the dairy mooncake samples all met the national limits set by national safety standards. Conclusion The above-mentioned indexes indicate that the local specialty dairy mooncakes exhibit good quality and safety throughout production, processing, storage and distribution. The Xilingol milk-based mooncakes are an innovative combination of dairy products and pastries, which not only broadens the variety of local specialty dairy products but also expands the fusion of milk and flour flavors. More importantly, the Xilingol milk-based mooncakes fill the GB/T 19855—2023 General rules for mooncake quality for “Mongolian-style” milk-based mooncakes with high protein content.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance of foodborne disease cases and pathogens in Jinshan District of Shanghai. Methods The case information of foodborne diseases in 15 sentinel medical institutions in Jinshan District was monitored in 2023, and the positive bacteria in the stool samples of patients were rechecked, identified, and tested for drug sensitivity. Results In 2023, a total of 408 cases of foodborne diseases were reported in Jinshan District, the male to female ratio was 5:4, most of them were 18-34 years old, the occupation was mainly workers, migrant workers and farmers, and the incidence was high from May to September. Except for multiple and mixed foods, vegetables and fruits accounted for a relatively high proportion in suspicious exposed foods. The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria was 21.46% (47/219), diarrheagenic Escherichia coli was the main pathogen, and norovirus was 18.72% (41/219). The results of drug sensitivity showed that the proportion of multi-drug resistant strains in Salmonella was 83.33% (10/12). Conclusion In the 2023 foodborne disease surveillance in Jinshan District, norovirus and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli are the main pathogenic agents. Among the pathogenic bacteria, both Salmonella and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli shows varying degrees of drug resistance. It is necessary to continue strengthening the monitoring of foodborne diseases. Meanwhile, relevant departments shall enhance public awareness of antibiotic resistance, and strengthen the management, rational use and sensitivity testing of various antibiotics.

Objective To establish a simple and efficient method for the determination of 6 kinds of eugenols in infant formula milk powder by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Methods After ultrasonic extraction with acetonitrile, the sample was purified and degreased using acetonitrile saturated n-hexane. The n-hexane was discarded, and acetonitrile was extracted and concentrated to a volume of 1 mL. DB-1701 chromatographic column was used to separate without splitting the sample, with an injection volume of 1 μL. Ion monitoring mode for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination and external standard method for quantification was used. Results The 6 kinds of eugenols showed a good linear relationship within the range of 20-500 ng/mL, the limit of detection of the 6 kinds of eugenol compounds in this method was 0.007 mg/kg, and the limit of quantitation was 0.02 mg/kg. In 2 matrix samples of milk powder and sheep milk powder, the average recoveries of 6 kinds of eugenols at 3 different concentration levels were between 97.3% and 105.0%, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was between 0.3% and 3.7%. Conclusion The pretreatment operation of this method is simple and fast, and the detection method has high sensitivity and good stability, meeting the requirements of national standards, in order to provide reference basis for establishing national standards or methods for the detection of 6 kinds of eugenols in infant formula milk powder.