Carthamu stinctorius L. serves as a viable raw material for health supplements but is not classified as a general food item. It is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and organic acids. Carthamu stinctorius L. exhibits significant benefits including enhancing immunity, providing antioxidant properties, maintaining healthy blood lipid and glucose levels, improving chloasma, alleviating physical fatigue, delaying aging, aiding memory improvement, and offering auxiliary protection against chemical-induced liver injury. Consequently, it has garnered considerable attention from researchers and consumers both domestically and internationally. Currently, Carthamu stinctorius L. is extensively utilized in health supplements within our country; however, there is a lack of systematic analysis regarding its application. This paper aims to examine the current status of Carthamu stinctorius L. is application in health supplements, the regulatory framework for its compliant use, and the factors influencing the efficacy of its primary active components. Additionally, it delves into the principal health functions and mechanisms of Carthamu stinctorius L., with the objective of providing insights for compliant utilization and future research and development of Carthamu stinctorius L. in the health supplement industry within our country.

Objective To develop and comprehensively evaluate the composite liquid beverage (CLB) based on the same source for Lonicera caerulea and other medicinal and edible materials. Methods Based on the binding rate of cholate, Lonicera caerulea, Auricularia and Crataegus pinnatifida were selected as the main raw materials and the ratio was optimized. Single-factor experiment, response surface experiment and more objective electronic tongue experiment were used to determine the amount of additives in the formulation, and the changes of physical properties, composition content and functional characteristics of CLB before and after sterilization were measured to evaluate the feasibility of pasteurization. Results The optimal ratio of extracts of Lonicera caerulea, Auricularia and Crataegus pinnatifida was 20:8:5 (V:V:V). The supplemental amounts of excipients were: Erythrolitol 13.00%, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 0.40%, potassium sorbate 0.03%, soybean polysaccharide 0.50%. Before and after CLB sterilization, the polymer dispersity index (PDI) was less than 1, the centrifugal stability coefficient was more than 90%, and the chroma ΔE was less than 2, which showed good stability. The differences in soluble solids, pH, turbidity, centrifugal stability coefficient, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, and active ingredients before and after CLB pasteurization were not significant, and it had good shear characteristics, indicating the feasibility of the sterilization method. Its viscosity value approached that of milk (0.01 Pa•s), and it had a good drinking taste. Conclusion This study provides a theoretical basis for expanding the development of Lonicera caerulea with poor palatability and the application of plant-derived health beverage.

Objective To establish a specific identification method for Ganoderma lucidum extract, and achieve the synchronous determination of a variety of monosaccharides. Methods The analysis of monosaccharide composition in Ganoderma lucidum extracts was conducted using a pre-column derivatization reversed-phase liquid chromatography method. A quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker method was established to determine the monosaccharide content in Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Results Ganoderma lucidum extract from 3 manufacturers contained mannose, glucose and galactose, but the proportion of monosaccharides in 4 batches was significantly different. The content of mannose, glucose and galactose could be determined by one test and multiple evaluation method at the same time. The relative deviation from external standard method was less than 5%, and there was no significant difference, which was feasible. Conclusion This study analyzes the monosaccharide composition and monosaccharide ratio in Ganoderma lucidum extract, which can serve as an auxiliary means for identifying the quality of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum extract. It provides a reference for enterprises to monitor the quality of extracts.

Objective To study the change of benzoic acid content in water extract of Paeoniae Radix Alba after decocting, and the influence of different decocting time on the content of benzoic acid. Methods The raw materials were decocted separately or in combination, and concentrate to a density of 1.15-1.20, the content of benzoic acid in the water extract after decocting and concentrating was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results Benzoic acid content was not detected (limit of quantification was 0.01 g/kg) in Paeoniae Radix Alba, the benzoic acid content in concentrated liquid of paeony increased to 2.91-3.77 g/kg after single decocting, and the benzoic acid content after two-stage decocting ranged from 3.26 g/kg to 4.02 g/kg. The content of benzoic acid in the mixed concentrate containing Paeoniae Radix Alba was 0.542 g/kg. Benzoic acid was not detected in others. Conclusion The content of benzoic acid in water extract of Paeoniae Radix Alba increased after high temperature decocting, and it's proportional to time. Therefore, when preparing food or health products with Paeoniae Radix Alba as the main raw material, attention should be paid to the control of decocting temperature and time, and the factory inspection of this item should be increased to prevent the harm caused by high content of benzoic acid.

At present, the demand for acaricides in agricultural production in China ranks second only to insecticides. As an important chemical pollutant affecting the safety of agricultural products, acaricides, represented by heterocyclic compounds, have relatively stable structures, long half lives, are not easily degraded, and are more likely to remain on the surface or inside of food, causing serious food safety problems. The development of economically effective detection methods for heterocyclic acaricides has become a current research trend, which is of great significance for ensuring the safety of public vegetable baskets, promoting green ecological agriculture, and advancing high-quality agricultural development. Immunoassay methods are widely used in the field of pesticide residue detection due to their fast, simple, efficient, and sensitive characteristics. This paper reviewed the research progress of immunological analysis methods for heterocyclic acaricides pesticides from the aspects of synthesis of haptens, preparation of antibodies, and their detection applications in agricultural product matrices, analyzed the challenges and future development prospects of immunoassay methods, which have certain reference value for the detection of heterocyclic acaricides residues.

Objective To prepare colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips for the rapid detection of acetamiprid residues in vegetables. Methods The immunogen was obtained through hapten synthesis, and a highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody against acetamiprid was developed using animal immunization and hybridoma technology. Based on this antibody, parameters such as membrane-coating conditions were optimized to prepare immunocolloidal gold test strips. These test strips, combined with colorimetric analysis, were applied for the quantitative detection of acetamiprid residues in various vegetables. Results Under optimal working conditions, the established method achieved a limit of detection of 0.23 μg/kg for acetamiprid, with a linear range of 0.42-18.38 μg/kg. The recovery rates for actual sample detection ranged from 70.0% to 88.3%, and the coefficients of variation (CV) for intra-batch and inter-batch experiments were below 12.00% and 11.03%, respectively. Conclusion The rapid test strips can be directly applied for high-throughput on-site screening of acetamiprid residues in vegetables. Additionally, with the assistance of a colorimetric analyzer, quantitative acetamiprid detection can also be achieved.

Objective To establish a vegetable safety risk prediction model based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the stacked generalization (Stacking) model, and to predict the sampling results of fenthion in vegetables sold in Shanghai. Methods Based on the sampling data of fenthion in vegetables sold in Shanghai from 2021 to 2023, task type, sampling area, sampling link, sampling place, sampling month, testing institution, and vegetable variety were selected as feature variables. The target variable was whether the sampling results for fenthion in vegetables were qualified. The PSO-Stacking prediction model was constructed using ten-fold cross-validation to select effective machine learning models and resampling methods and optimized the model parameters using the PSO algorithm. Results Fenthion-positive samples were found in 55 out of 3889 vegetable samples, with an overall failure rate of 1.4%. Bean vegetables had the highest rate at 2.3%, followed by eggplant and fruiting vegetables at 0.2%. The base models were obtained through screening, including Random Forest (RF), categorical boosting (CatBoost), gradient boosting (GB), extreme gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine (LGBM). The best resampling technique was adaptive synthetic sampling (ADASYN). The PSO-Stacking model achieved the highest precision (0.91), recall (0.83), F1 score (0.87), and area under the curve (AUC) value (0.91) on the test set. Conclusion The PSO-Stacking model effectively addresses imbalanced food safety sampling data, accurately predicts the unqualified fenthion samples in vegetables, and provides technical support for vegetable supervision, sampling and risk warning.

Objective To establish a method for rapid determination of 58 kinds of pesticide residues in animal derived foods by QuEChERS-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Methods After dissolving the oil and fat in n-hexane, the sample was subjected to ultrasonic extraction with a saturated acetonitrile solution (containing 1% glacial acetic acid). The extract was purified with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, octadecyl bonded silica gel (C₁₈), and N-propylethylenediamine (PSA), and then nitrogen was blown to near dryness in a water bath. An internal standard was added and dissolved in ethyl acetate. GC-MS/MS was used for determination, and the blank matrix matching standard curve internal standard method was used for quantification. Results The linear relationship between 58 kinds of pesticides was good within the mass concentration range of 0.005-0.500 mg/L, with correlation coefficients (r²) greater than 0.9945. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were 0.001-0.005 mg/kg and 0.002-0.015 mg/kg, respectively. The average recovery rates of pork, chicken, fish, eggs and milk matrices at 3 different spiked levels ranged from 71.8% to 117.4%, with relative standard deviations of 0.7% to 8.7% (n=4). Conclusion This method has high sensitivity and good accuracy, and is suitable for simultaneous determination of 58 kinds of pesticide residues in animal derived foods.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 11 kinds of residues of benzimidazole drugs in freshwater fish and shrimp by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Methods The samples were first extracted by acetonitrile twice, purified by mixed strong cationic solid phase extraction column, then separated by Waters C₁₈ column, detected by UPLC-MS/MS, and the internal standard method was adopted for quantitative analysis. Results The 11 kinds of benzimidazole drugs showed good linear relationships at 1.0-50.0 μg/L, with correlation coefficients (r²) greater than 0.99. The ranges of spiked recovery rates for 3 concentrations of blank fish samples were between 78.4% and 104.3%, and the relative standard deviations of the recovery rates for 3 concentrations were between 2.0% and 8.8%; the recovery rates of 3 concentrations of shrimp meat blank samples ranged from 73.3% to 107.5%, with relative standard deviations between 1.5% and 8.7%. The limit of detection of the method in this study was 0.5 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification of the method was 2.0 μg/kg. Conclusion The method has good purification effect, stable reproducibility and recovery, and is suitable for the determination of 11 kinds of benzimidazole residues in freshwater fish and shrimp.

Objective To establish an analytical method for the determination of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum powder based on liquid-liquid microextraction with deep eutectic solvents (DES) combined with high performance liquid chromatography. Methods Sudan red I, Sudan red II, Sudan red III, Sudan red IV, Sudan red 7B and Sudan red G in Capsicum annuum powder were extracted by liquid-liquid microextraction. The extract was filtered through a microporous membrane and then determined by high performance liquid chromatography with external standard method for quantification. The effects of DES dilution ratio, DES molar ratio, DES addition amount, extraction time, and extraction method on the extraction efficiency of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes were investigated. Results The results showed that the optimal method conditions were: Dilution ratio of DES 5 times, molar ratio of DES 1:2.5, addition amount of DES 600 μL, extraction time 50 s, and extraction method was vortex extraction. Under these conditions, the established equation had a good linear relationship in the range of mass concentration 0.1-50.0 mg/L, the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.999, the limits of detection were 0.03-0.20 mg/kg, and the limits of quantitative were 0.10-1.00 mg/kg. The recovery rates of Sudan red G, Sudan red I, and Sudan red II were higher, ranging from 71.6% to 117.5%, with relative standard deviations of 0.6% to 4.7%. Conclusion The established method is simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly, and can be used for rapid detection of 6 kinds of Sudan dyes in Capsicum annuum.