Objective To investigate the generation pattern of heterocyclic amines (HAs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in plant hamburger meat under different thermal processing conditions. Methods ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to analysed the effects of different treatments (uncooked, steamed and grilled), grilling temperatures (160, 180, 200 °C), and grilling times (4, 8, 12 min) on the content of free HAs and AGEs, bound HAs and AGEs, and amino acids in the plant hamburger meat. AGEs and amino acid content of plant hamburger meat, and investigate the simultaneous generation of free and bound HAs and AGEs in plant hamburger meat under different thermal processing conditions using principal component analysis (PCA). Results The results of PCA showed that the highest levels of free HAs and AGEs and bound HAs were found in plant hamburger meat under 200 °C/12 min roasting condition in the roasted sample group. A total of (11.44±2.68) ng/g of total free HAs, (80.24±9.56) ng/g of total bound HAs, (1.99±0.29) μg/g of total free AGEs and (46.00±4.00) μg/g of total bound AGEs were detected in the raw hamburger meat. Compared with raw plant hamburger meat, there was an increase in bound N^ε-carboxyethyl-lysine (CELs) and a smaller difference in free AGEs and HAs in steamed plant hamburger meat. There was a significant increase in hazardous material content after steaming and roasting (200 °C, 12 min), which increased by 191.83%, 164.38%, 218.59% and 15.70%, respectively, as compared to the blank group. During roasting, the free and bound HAs, free AGEs in plant hamburger meat showed a increase with the increase of roasting temperature and time. The total amount of free and bound HAs and free AGEs increased by 79.14%, 23.38% and 88.05%, respectively, under the conditions of roasting temperature of 180 °C and roasting time of 4-12 min; under the condition of roasting time of 8 min, the content of hazards in plant hamburger meat at roasting temperature of 200 °C compared with that at 160 °C increased by 61.28%, 34.82% and 67.93%, respectively. Conclusion Different treatments and thermal processing conditions has significant effects on the generation of HAs and AGEs, which increase with the increase of roasting temperature and the prolongation of roasting time in plant hamburger meat. This study aims to provide theoretical and experimental basis for the reduction and control of HAs and AGEs in thermal processing of plant hamburger meat.

Objective To establish a method for determination of 7 kinds of antioxidant residues, including tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, in edible oils by QuEChERS combined with gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Methods Edible oil samples were extracted with acetonitrile, and the supernatant was purified using the QuEChERS method, followed by filtration through an organic membrane for direct analysis. Separation was achieved using a HP-5MS chromatographic column, and quantification was performed using the external standard method under electron ionization and multiple reaction monitoring modes. Results The method effectively distinguished the 7 kinds of antioxidants, including their corresponding isomers. The target compounds exhibited good linearity and peak shapes within the range of 1-300 µg/L (r²≥0.99). The limits of detection ranged from 0.11 to 2.77 µg/kg, and the limits of quantification ranged from 0.36 to 9.23 µg/kg. The spiked recovery rates ranged from 72.51% to 116.33%, with relative standard deviations of 0.36% to 5.82% (n=8). Among the actual samples, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol had a relatively high detection rate. Conclusion This method is simple, accurate, and capable of effectively distinguishing tert-butylphenol antioxidants, making it suitable for high-throughput detection of multiple antioxidants in edible oils.

Objective To study the distribution characteristics and health risk exposure levels of 6 kinds of common quinolone antibiotics in poultry eggs and chicken meat in Inner Mongolia. Methods The content of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin in poultry eggs and chicken samples randomly collected from some cities in the region. In 2021, 2022 and 2024 were determined by isotope internal standard, solid phase extraction, ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the data of quinolone residues in poultry eggs and chicken in the whole region were statistically analyzed, according to the reference value of different age groups dietary intake and detected data, the hazard quotient of each age group was calculated and the health risk to the population was analyzed. Results In 2021, the detection rate of poultry eggs was 5.00% (3/60), the exposure levels was 0.09-0.52 μg/(kg·d), and the hazard quotient was 0.004-0.021; the detection rate of chicken was 16.70% (10/60), the exposure levels was 0.23-12.39 μg/(kg·d), and the hazard quotient was 0.009-0.492. In 2022, the detection rate of poultry eggs was 6.25% (5/80), the exposure levels was 0.09-0.49 μg/(kg·d), and the hazard quotient was 0.004-0.019; the detection rate of of chicken was 3.75% (3/80), the exposure levels was 0.01-0.68 μg/(kg·d), and the hazard quotient was 0.0004-0.0270. In 2024, the detection rate of poultry eggs was 3.33% (4/120), the exposure levels was 0.13-0.70 μg/(kg·d), and the hazard quotient was 0.005-0.028; the detection rate of chicken was 6.36% (7/110), the exposure levels was 0.03-1.58 μg/(kg·d), and the hazard quotient was 0.001-0.063. Conclusion The 3 years of analysis data shows that quinolone antibiotics are detected in poultry eggs or chicken almost all cities, the average detected in chicken is higher than that in poultry eggs. The exposure risk of quinolone antibiotics in poultry eggs and chicken in 4 age groups is less than 1 and the health risk is small.

Objective To develop a rapid method for the determination of nitrofuran metabolites in aquatic products based on chitosan purification combined with ultra performance liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole/composite linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Methods The samples were hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid, derived by 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, extracted by ethyl acetate, rapidly purified by chitosan, and then concentrated and redissolved. Rapid separation was achieved by ultra performance liquid chromatography, measured by triple quadrupole/composite linear ion trap mass spectrometer, and quantified by internal standard method to achieve the rapid and accurate determination of nitrofuran metabolites residues in aquatic products. Results The 4 kinds of nitrofuran metabolites had a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 0.5-10.0 μg/L, the correlation coefficients were all more than 0.998, and the limit of quantification was 0.5 μg/kg. Taking carp, Scophthalmus maximus and Litopenaeus vannamei as samples, the average recovery of 4 kinds of nitrofuran metabolites at 3 different addition levels was 96.5%-116.5%, the intra-day relative standard deviation was 2.2%-9.3%, and the intra-day relative standard deviation was 2.7%-9.7%. Conclusion The method is economical, simple, efficient, sensitive and reproducible, and can be used as a routine method for the determination of 4 kinds of nitrofuran metabolites in aquatic products.

Objective To establish a rapid competitive inhibition immunochromatographic detection method for the simultaneous determination of 3 kinds of neonicotinoid pesticides with a high non-compliance rate in Musa nana Lour.. Methods The samples were extracted using a solution composed of 20% methanol, 0.05% Tween, and 0.02 mol/L phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After centrifugation at 8000 r/min for 5 min, 100 μL of the supernatant was taken and diluted according to specific dilution ratios. Subsequently, 100 μL of the diluted sample solution was added to the sample well (S). The results were read after 8 min reaction period. Results The limits of detection for imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam were 0.050, 0.020 and 0.002 mg/kg, respectively, with corresponding sample dilution factors of 2-fold, no dilution, and 5-fold. Upon evaluation, the relative accuracies were determined to be 96.7%, 98.3% and 100.0%, respectively, which were in agreement with the results obtained by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the detection of these pesticides in Musa nana Lour.. Conclusion This rapid detection method exhibits characteristics such as simplicity in operation, rapidity in detection, and portability of the instrument, rendering it suitable for on-site and rapid screening of pesticide residues in Musa nana Lour..

Objective To establish a new method for the determination of 4 kinds of non-volatile N-nitrosamines (NVNA), N-nitrosoproline (NPRO), N-nitrososarcosine (NSAR), N-nitroso-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (NTCA) and N-nitroso-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (NMTCA), in dried smoked fish products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods The samples were extracted by acetonitrile, degreased with n-hexane, separated on a MORHCHEM Caprisil C₁₈-AQ (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm)column, and detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and quantified by the external standard method of matrix standard curve. Results The linearity of the 4 kinds of NVNA was good in ranges of 1,4,10 or 50-800 ng/mL with r²>0.996, the detection limits were 1.36-56.17 μg/kg, the quantification limits were 4.52-187.2 μg/kg, and the spiked recoveries of 4 kinds of NVNA ranged from 90.34%-103.60% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.75%-6.47%. Practical applications showed that NVNAs were detected in commercially available samples of the dried smoked fish at different levels and in different species, with the weakly carcinogenic NSAR being detected at higher rates and levels. Conclusion This method is simple in sample pretreatment, good in accuracy and high in precision, which can meet the simultaneous determination of 4 kinds of NVNA in dried smoked fish, and provides a valuable technical reference for the regulation and control of the NVNA contamination level in dried smoked fish products.

Objective To study the change law of biogenic amines in the process of soy sauce fermentation and explore the influence of production conditions on the accumulation of biogenic amines. Methods The content of biological amines in soy sauce was analyzed at different fermentation times by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology. Meanwhile, the effects of different saltwater concentrations (15%, 20%, 25%), fermentation temperatures (20, 30, 40 ℃), and yeast additions (0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%) on the production of biological amines in soy sauce fermentation were explored. Results The content of biological amines in soy sauce presented an increasing trend first and then decreasing as the fermentation time was prolonged; the lowest content of biological amines in soy sauce after fermentation ends was 368.9 mg/L at a temperature of 40 ℃; the lowest content of biological amines in soy sauce after fermentation ends was 376.41 mg/L at a saltwater concentration of 25%; the lowest content of biological amines in soy sauce after fermentation ends was 403.45 mg/L when the yeast addition was 0.05%. Conclusion Biogenic amines are harmful substances in soy sauce fermentation process, and their excessive content can have certain impacts on human health. By adjusting the saltwater concentration, fermentation temperature, and yeast addition, it is possible to effectively inhibit the formation of biogenic amines during soy sauce fermentation, thereby effectively improving the safety of soy sauce.

Objective To evaluate the diazepam rapid detection products of 5 manufacturers with high recognition in Beijing. Methods In this study, common carp, grass carp and crucian carp were used as the substrate for technical evaluation from the aspects of sensitivity, HOOK effect, specificity, accuracy and ease of operation, etc. The evaluation results were referred to the Notice on the field verification of rapid detection products for drug residues in aquatic products in 2023 issued by the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences. Results The limits of detection for sensitivity of company I-V were 92.2%, 88.9%, 100.0%, 65.6% and 33.3%, respectively. Company II HOOK effect false negative 10%; HOOK effect did not appear in the other 4 companies. The cross-reaction rate of company III to the residues of 4 kinds of common veterinary drugs was as high as 60% to 90%, the cross-reaction rate of company II to enrofloxacin was 10%, the cross-reaction rate of company V to enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline were 10.0% and 20.0%. The other 2 companies did not have cross-reaction. The overall accuracy of all samples ranged from 79.2% to 96.9%. Company I had the highest overall accuracy (96.9%) and company V had the lowest accuracy (79.2%). The average test time of 24 samples is between 57 and 82 min, which meet the requirements of rapid detection technology. The rapid detection of diazepam in aquatic products of company I was qualified. The evaluation of company II-V was not qualified. At present, the performance of diazepam rapid detection products in aquatic products sold in Beijing was still a certain gap with the national legal confirmation method, which needed to be further improved. Conclusion This study is expected to provide reference for the purchase and application of grassroots supervision staff, and promote the application of rapid detection technology in the supervision of aquatic product quality and safety.

Objective To establish a chronoamperometry detection method for accurately determining the nitrite content in food. Methods Cobalt nanoparticles, graphene oxide, and polypyrrole were electrodeposited on the electrode surface to construct an electrochemical sensor for nitrite detecting. The detection conditions were optimized, and the linear range of chronocurrent method for nitrite detection was determined. After the specificity of the detection method was verified, the samples were tested using the optimized detection conditions. Results An electrochemical sensor for nitrite detection was prepared. The optimal potential for this method was 0.85 V, the optimal pH was 8.0, and the optimal deposition time was 300 s. The interfering substances dopamine, ascorbic acid and uric acid had little impact on the detection of nitrite, and the detection of samples found that the established method had high accuracy. Conclusion An electrochemical sensor for detecting nitrite is prepared, which has good stability and high accuracy, and is suitable for the determination of nitrite content food.

With the rapid development of the global health food market, the management of health claims for functional foods has become an essential part of food regulatory systems in various countries. The scientific basis, accuracy, and compliance of health claims not only affect consumer trust but also have a direct impact on the sustainable development of the functional food market. As a pioneer in the Asian functional food market, Japan has established a systematic and comprehensive framework for managing health claims. Through the implementation of systems such as the Foods for specified health uses, Foods with functional claims, and Nutrient function claims, Japan enforces a tiered management approach for health claims of functional foods. This tiered system not only includes clear legal frameworks but also emphasizes rigorous scientific evaluation to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the claims. This paper took Japan’s health claim management system for functional foods as the research object, systematically summarized its regulations in terms of legal frameworks, classification management and scientific evidence, provided insights into the regulatory experience and effectiveness of Japan’s system. It aims to offer valuable references for improving the health claim management system for functional foods in China.